Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook 4th Edition Answers

Answers to end-of-chapter
questions
Chapter 1 Planet Earth 4 a by fractional distillation of liquid air [2]
b i H—H → 2H [1]
1 The carbon cycle is part of the natural exchange and ii O + H → O—H [1]
recycling of materials in the environment. It relies iii endothermic [1]
on energy to bring about the changes involved. In c i can be produced from water; doesn’t
the case of the carbon cycle this energy comes from produce any pollutants when burnt [2]
chemical changes one of which is photosynthesis – ii not easily/cheaply available [1]
a photochemical reaction dependent on sunlight. [Total = 8]
Discussion could include reference to the major
sources of energy that maintain the temperature 5 a methane [1]
of the planet, i.e. energy from the Sun and from b Respiration is burning sugar in the cells of the
radioactive decay in the Earth. body to produce energy:
sugar + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide [3]
c The combustion produces carbon dioxide but,
2 a use cobalt chloride paper – turns from blue
as crops re-grow, the carbon dioxide is used
to pink; or use anhydrous copper sulfate
by photosynthesis. [2]
powder – turns from white to blue [2]
d more burning of fuels producing carbon
b as a coolant, or any other correct
dioxide at a faster rate than plants can take
industrial use [1]
it up [2]
c a substance that dissolves another to form a
solution [1] [Total = 8]
d i burning coal in power stations or other
correct source [1]
ii kills fish in lakes, erodes statues/buildings [2]
iii 64 [1]
e 1: filtration to remove solid particles [2]
2: chlorination to kill bacteria/germs [2] [4]
f 21% [1]
[Total = 13]
3 a i decay of vegetation; digestive processes in
animals such as cows [2]
ii carbon dioxide and water [2]
b respiration and combustion output carbon
dioxide; photosynthesis consumes carbon
dioxide; these processes balance each other [4]
[Total = 8]
© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 1 1
questions
Chapter 2 The nature of matter 3 a A: thermometer; B: beaker [2]
b to keep the temperature the same throughout [1]
1 Both ways of categorising substances have their use c i 48 °C [1]
to a chemist. ii 72 °C [1]
d The particles are close together but irregular
◆ Knowing whether a substance is a solid, liquid [1]; the molecules are able to move about
or gas at room temperature – and how easily with slow movement [1]. [2]
a substance can change its state – helps us e i The third statement is correct: its melting
in handling the different substances and in point is different from pure stearic acid. [1]
separating them and purifying them from ii in testing medicines or food additives, or
mixtures. It is important to realise that any other correct [1]
substance can exist in any of the three states, [Total = 9]
depending on the conditions of temperature
and pressure.
4 a i The particles are in fixed positions [1];
◆ Knowing whether a sample is an element,
they vibrate about their fixed position [1]. [2]
compound or mixture helps us in knowing
ii Add water, stir to dissolve salt and filter to
and predicting the chemical properties of a
obtain sand as the residue. [3]
substance. These distinctions are mutually
b distillation, lower, volatile, condenser, vapour [5]
exclusive and therefore are more fundamental
[Total = 10]
to our understanding.
5 Both crystals dissolve in water; particles of each

2 The word ‘particle’ is needed when talking in
substance diffuse through the water; eventually
generalisations about the structure and movement
particles of the two meet and they react to form
of the constituents of matter. The context should
a yellow compound, silver iodide. [4]
always be defined to distinguish this scientific use
[Total = 4]
of the word from the more everyday use when it
can be a speck of dust etc. The one key experiment
where the two uses interact is in the description of 6 a An isotope is an atom of an element with
Brownian motion. a different nucleon (mass) number but the
same proton number (or the same number of
Here the unseen motion of atoms and molecules in
protons but a different number of neutrons). [1]
a fluid is demonstrated by the jerky, random motion b
of the dust particles as they are hit by the sub-
microscopic particles that make up matter. Number of Number of Number of
Isotope
protons electrons neutrons
One aspect that can be discussed, and needs to
be referred to, is the key definition of the size of 50
V 23 23 27
23
the ‘particles’ involved when the term is used.
Descriptions such as ‘sub-microscopic’ and 51
23 V 23 23 28
‘subatomic’ are useful.
[3]
c non, medicine, cancer [3]
[Total = 7]
7 a balloons [1]
b i nucleus [1]
ii The third statement is correct: helium has
a complete outer shell of electrons. [1]
iii 18 [1]
34
iv 18 Ar [1]
c The atoms are arranged irregularly [1] and
are close together/touching [1]. [2]
[Total = 7]
8 a Bromine slowly evaporates into a gas, the

molecules of the gas spread away from the
liquid until eventually all the space is filled
and the particles move randomly. [3]
b Diagram 2: Hydrogen in the beaker moves
into the pot faster than the air moves out so
the liquid moves down. [3]
Diagram 3: Air in the pot moves out of the
pot faster than the surrounding carbon
dioxide moves in so the liquid moves up. [3]
[Total = 9]
questions
Chapter 3 Elements and 3 a i lithium + water → lithium hydroxide +
hydrogen [-1 for each error] [2]
compounds ii 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 [1]
b increasing reactivity from lithium to sodium
1 Mendeleev knew nothing of atomic structure
to potassium [1]
and had no concept of proton number (atomic
lithium floats and fizzes [1]
number). He based his arrangement of the elements
sodium floats, fizzes and melts [1]
into groups on their atomic masses and the patterns
potassium floats, fizzes, melts and ignites [2]
he saw in their properties. It was his analysis of
or other correct observations
the repeated (periodic) patterns in physical and
[Total = 8]
chemical properties that made his achievement so
remarkable.
4 a Period 2 [1]
This was difficult because not all the elements had
b i O
been discovered – for instance, the whole group
ii F
of noble gases had not yet been discovered. But he
iii Li
realised that there were elements that were still to be
iv C
found and left gaps for these. Indeed, he predicted
v Be
the properties of some elements in anticipation of
vi N [6]
their discovery.
c atoms, protons [2]
[Total = 9]
2 Electrical conductivity in metallic elements
and alloys requires that their bonding results in
there being free mobile electrons that can move 5 a Br2 [1]
through the structure to carry the current. In b Particles leave the liquid to become
other elements and compounds, the electrons are vapour [1]. Gas particles move into all areas
all held in fixed bonding positions and cannot of the flask [1] by diffusion [1]. [3]
move through the lattice. The exception to this c colourless [1] to orange-brown [1] [2]
is carbon, in the form of graphite, where there d Iodine is less reactive than bromine. [1]
are electrons free to move between the layered e i NaBr [1]
sheets of the structure. This type of electrical ii zinc bromide [1]
conductivity can take place in the solid and iii covalent [1]
liquid states. iv A and D [1]
v because the ions can move to the
electrodes [1]
3 There is another form of conductivity – electrolytic
[Total = 12]
conductivity – which takes place when ionic
compounds are melted or dissolved in water. Here
it is the ions that move between the electrodes to 6 a i D
carry the current. There must be ions present for ii E
this to happen, so covalent liquids (such as ethanol) iii F
cannot conduct in this way. They are made up of iv B
neutral molecules. v A [5]
b i Correct electron structure of the F− ions
(electrons from outer orbit of C moved to
the two F atoms, one electron to each to give
8 electrons in the outer shell of each) [1]
Correct charges on each ion: - on F and
2+ on C [2]
−
[C]2+ −
[3]
ii high melting point, soluble in water,

conducts when dissolved or molten, brittle
(any two of these possible answers) [2]
[Total = 10]
questions
Chapter 4 Chemical reactions 3 a black solid [1]
b magnesium + carbon dioxide →
1 a There is a colour change which shows that there magnesium oxide + carbon [1]
might be a reaction, and new substance(s) are c i carbon dioxide [1]
formed / a gas is given off. ii magnesium [1]
b The most reliable evidence for a chemical d MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
reaction is that a gas is given off which can be [correct formulae but unbalanced = 1] [2]
identified as carbon dioxide. e i Zn2+ + Mg → Mg2+ + Zn [2]
c copper carbonate → copper oxide + carbon ii Magnesium reduces zinc ions [1] by
dioxide donating/giving electrons to them [1] [2]
zinc carbonate → zinc oxide + carbon dioxide [Total = 10]
d Zinc oxide is a white solid which turns yellow
when heated. When cooled, the solid turns 4 a sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
white again. [1 for reactants; 1 for product] [2]
e No, it is a physical change. b SO2 is oxidised to SO3 and O3 is reduced
to O2 [2]
2 a The definition in terms of oxygen gain or c SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 [1]
loss is the most obvious – and is the origin of [Total = 5]
the terminology. However, the definition in
terms of electrons is the broader and more 5 a aqueous sodium chloride, copper, graphite
widely applicable of the two. It is relevant to [−1 for each incorrect answer] [3]
more situations, including the important ones b insulator [1]
involved in electrolysis and the generation of c i anode [1]
electricity in batteries. ii negative = zinc [1]; positive = chlorine [1] [2]
b Whichever definition is used, it is impossible to iii carbon [1]
have oxidation taking place without something [Total = 8]
else in the reacting mixture being reduced. If
something is gaining oxygen or losing electrons,
6 a carbon/platinum [1] because unreactive [1] [2]
then another reactant must be losing the oxygen
b bubbles [1] at both electrodes [1] [2]
or gaining the electrons. This follows the general
c hydrogen at cathode [1], chlorine at anode [1] [2]
principle that matter cannot be created or
[Total = 6]
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
The processes of oxidation and reduction can
7 a Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 [2]
be physically separated in an electrolytic cell, for
b i Some elements have more than one
instance, but the overall reaction of the cell is still
oxidation state. [1]
a redox reaction.
ii 3Cu2+ + 2AsO43− → Cu3(AsO4)2 [2]
[Total = 5]
questions
Chapter 5 Acids, bases and salts 4 a pH 3 [1]
b Add blue (or neutral) [1] litmus [1]; if it
1 The process of dissolving takes place when the turns red, it is acidic [1]. [3]
molecules of water are able to break up the lattice c i calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid →
structure of the ions in the solid salt. If the bonding calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
between the ions in the solid is too strong, then [1 mark for each product] [3]
the water molecules are not able to break up the ii in a blast furnace for producing iron [1]
structure. The strength of the bonding in an ionic iii lime/calcium oxide, or slaked lime/
solid depends on the size and charge of the ions. calcium hydroxide [1]
d Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 [2]
There are some guidelines that help us know which
[Total = 11]
salts are soluble in water and which are not.
5 a acidic: < 7, any appropriate e.g. SO2

2 In understanding the different uses of the word
basic: > 7, any appropriate e.g. CaO
‘strong’ in these cases, we have to focus on the way
neutral: 7, any appropriate e.g. H2O [6]
the adjective is being applied.
b i an oxide/substance that will react with/
In the first case, the term is being applied to the
dissolve in both acids and alkalis. [1]
solution – ‘the coffee is strong’ means that it is
ii any strong acid (e.g. HCl) + any strong
concentrated. A weak cup of coffee would have a
alkali (e.g. NaOH) [2]
low concentration of coffee.
[Total = 9]
In the second case, the word is applied to the nature
of the acid itself – not the solution – the strong acid
6 Step 2: Filter to remove excess solid [1]
is fully ionised in water. It is therefore possible to
Step 3: Evaporate to crystallisation point [1]
have a dilute solution of a strong acid.
Step 4: Leave solution to cool [1]; dry crystals
Remember, in chemistry, to use the words on filter paper [1] [2]
‘concentrated’ and ‘dilute’ when talking about how [Total = 4]
concentrated a solution is.
7 a first row: sodium hydroxide; nitric acid [2]

3 a pH 11 [1] second row: copper oxide [1]
b slaked lime [1] third row: silver nitrate; hydrochloric acid
c i to help plants grow better (or words to (or soluble chloride salt) [2]
that effect) [1] fourth row: zinc sulfate [1]
ii sulfur dioxide [1] from power stations [1] b i Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s) [2]
or nitrogen oxides [1] from car exhausts ii ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + CO2 + H2O [2]
[1]; dissolves in rain [1] [3]
[Total = 10]
d i neutralisation [1]
ii Measure the calcium hydroxide/alkali with
a pipette [1], add indicator [1] and add
acid from burette until there is a colour
change [1]. [3]
[Total = 10]
questions
Chapter 6 Quantitative chemistry 3 T3(PO4)2 [1]
reaction has finished after 8 cm3 of phosphate
1 When dealing with reacting substances, the solution has been added (line levels out) [1];
important thing to realise is that equations define ratio of volumes = 12:8 which is 3:2 in
the number of moles of the substances that react. the formula [1] [Total = 3]
A mole of a substance is a defined number of
atoms or molecules. 4 a 72/24 = 3 28/14 = 2 Mg3N2 [2]
When dealing with solids, the most obvious b ratio is 0.03: 0.12: 0.09 which is 1: 4: 3
practical way of measuring the amount of a Al4C3 + 12H2O → 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 [2]
substance is to weigh it. To make sure we are using c i bromine, because 0.07 moles of silicon
the right proportions of atoms or molecules, we requires 0.14 moles of bromine; 25 g of
have to take into account that the atoms of the bromine is 0.16 moles, which is an excess [3]
elements have different masses. This is done by ii 0.07 moles [1]
using the relative formula masses of the substances [Total = 8]
involved in a reaction.
When dealing with gases, the most practical 5 0.16/24 = 0.0067; 0.0067 × 2 = 0.0134;
measure of the amount of a gas is its volume. 0.0134 × 331 = 4.4 g; (4.4/5) × 100 = 88.3%
Here we are helped by the fact that, in a gas, Do keep the full number of figures in your
the particles are relatively very far apart – a calculator through all the steps in a multi-step
volume of gas is largely empty space. The volume calculation, even if you write down answers
occupied by one mole of any gas is the same that have been rounded
whichever gas we are talking of – it is unaffected [Total = 4]
by the size of the gas molecules themselves.
When working with reacting gases, we can use 6 40/1000 × 2 = 0.08 moles; 0.08/2 = 0.04 moles;
the reacting volumes of gases in calculations – 0.04 moles; 0.04 × 238 = 9.52 g [4]
the balancing numbers in the equation tell us the 0.08 moles; 6/119 = 0.05 moles [1]
reacting ratios; we do not need to work with the This is more than was necessary to react with
formula masses. all the HCl as 0.05 > 0.08/2 [1]
[Total = 6]
2 a ammonia + sulfuric acid → ammonium
sulfate [1] 7 a to ensure complete combustion [2]
b 8 [1] b because it is an acidic gas [1]
c 98 [1] c 20 cm3; 90 cm3; 60 cm3 [2]
d 6.6 g [2] d 2CxHy + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O;
[Total = 5] formula = C3H6 [2]
[Total = 7]
questions
Chapter 7 How far? How fast? 100.4
x
Mass of flask and contents / grams

100.3
1 The methods used to prevent explosions from
‘runaway reactions’ are precisely the opposite to 100.2
those changes that would speed up the rate of
reaction. The changes used would need to have a 100.1
‘dampening’, or inhibitory, effect. The following
changes would all result in a slowing down of a 100.0
reaction:
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
◆ lowering the temperature
Time / seconds
◆ adding water to dilute the reactants (see
Workbook Exercise 7.6 for an example)
c i gets faster [1]
◆ lowering the pressure of a gas reaction.
ii gets faster [1]
Other methods are also possible. d combustion, small, large [3]
e i respiration [1]
2 a hydrated iron sulfate → anhydrous iron ii a substance which speeds up a chemical
sulfate + water [1] reaction [1]
b endothermic [1]; heat has to be applied [Total = 12]
(or words to that effect) [1] [2]
c pale green [1] 4 a amount of manganese(iv) oxide and
d It is a reversible reaction [1], hydrated temperature [2]
iron sulfate is formed [1] and heat is also b i the higher the concentration, the faster
generated (reaction exothermic) which the reaction [1]
produces steam [1]. [3] ii A lower concentration will produce less
e reversible reaction [1] oxygen. [1]
f If water is added to anhydrous cobalt chloride iii 25 or 26 s [1]
[1], it changes colour from blue to pink [1]. [2] 36 or 37 cm3 [1]
[Total = 10] c magnesium oxide, copper(ii) oxide,
manganese(iv) oxide, lead(iv) oxide [1]
3 a Carbon dioxide is given off. [1] [Total = 7]
b i somewhere between 600 and 630 s [1]
ii X placed at the beginning of the curve (see 5 a i fair test [1]; keep the amount of solution
graph below) [1] above the cross the same [1] [2]
iii sketch graph to the right of the printed ii value for gap: between 120 and 150 [1]
curve [1] and levelling out above it [1] iii speed decreases [1] because lower
(see graph at the top of the next column) [2] concentration [1] means fewer
collisions [1] [3]
b The reaction is faster [1] because higher
temperature makes particles move more
rapidly [1]; this means more collisions [1]
and harder/more energetic collisions [1]. [4]
[Total = 10]
6 a making fertiliser [1]

b Methane is reacted with steam/water:
CH4 + 2H2O → 4H2 + CO2 [3]
c High pressure increases the reaction rate
because gas particles are closer together [2].
High pressure ensures that equilibrium is shifted
to the right/forward [1] because the reaction
has fewer molecules on the right [1] and so
the forward reaction reduces pressure [1]. [5]
d i endothermic needs heat/energy to
proceed; exothermic produces
heat/energy [1]
ii first blank: endothermic; second blank:
6 × 388 = 2328; third blank: exothermic [2]
The exothermic value (heat given out
making bonds) of 2328 is greater than the
endothermic value (the heat taken in to
break bonds) of 944 + 1308 [1]. [3]
[Total = 13]
questions
Chapter 8 Patterns and b lithium reaction not exothermic enough to melt
the metal, sodium and potassium melt into a ball,
properties of metals potassium ignites spontaneously
order of increasing reactivity Li<Na<K
1 a Alloys are metals whose composition is
all float on water, all fizz and produce hydrogen,
designed to suit the properties required by a
all leave an alkaline solution
particular use or situation. Properties which
(any five points) [5]
have been significant in the development of
c i anode: E [1]; electrolyte: A [1] [2]
alloys have included:
ii positive = chlorine; negative = sodium [2]
◆ tensile strength iii graphite [1]
◆ hardness d low melting point, soft/can be cut with knife,
◆ resistance to corrosion electrical conductivity, etc. (any two) [2]
◆ electrical conductivity [Total = 15]
◆ low melting point
◆ colour.
4 a Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 [2]
b Brass is used in plugs and switches because, even b because energy is produced [1] and electrons
though it is not as good a conductor as copper, it are transferred [1] from a more reactive metal
is cheaper and harder. It is more resistant to hard to a less reactive metal [1] [3]
wear and regular use. c zinc, because it is the more reactive metal [2]
d change zinc to a more reactive metal; change
2 a i copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium [1] iron to a less reactive metal [2]
ii Iron does not react with cold water [1] but [Total = 9]
it does react with steam when heated [1]. [2]
b zinc + water → zinc oxide + hydrogen [1] 5 a calcium carbonate → calcium oxide +
c high melting point/boiling point, malleable, carbon dioxide [1]
conduct heat, conduct electricity (any three) [3] Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O [1] [2]
d i any sensible answer above 98 °C [1] b i copper oxide, oxygen and nitrogen
ii decreases [1] dioxide [1]
3
iii any sensible answer above 0.53 g/cm and ii 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 [2]
below 1.0 g/cm3 (it floats on water) [1] c sodium and calcium [1]
[Total = 10] d copper and silver [2]
[Total = 8]
3 a i lithium + water → lithium hydroxide +
hydrogen [2]
ii 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 [1]
questions
Chapter 9 Industrial inorganic b carbon burned off by oxygen as carbon
dioxide [1]; phosphorus, etc., react with
chemistry calcium oxide/lime to form slag [2] [3]
c surgical instruments, chemical plant, cutlery
1 Although there are some cases where recycling has
(any of these) [1]
significant economic advantages in terms of costs
[Total = 7]
(for example, the recycling of aluminium), this is
not always the case. The most important argument
for recycling is the conservation of natural 4 redox reaction: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
resources, particularly non-renewable resources of (or give the equation with carbon)
minerals and fuels, for instance. acid/base reaction: CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
The impact of efficient recycling can be wide- Carbon burns to give heat and form
ranging. The demand for rare metals for the carbon dioxide.
electronics and media industries puts great pressure Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to form
on the need to find new mineral resources and the carbon monoxide.
development of new mining ventures. This can
Carbon monoxide reduces hematite to iron.
bring conflicts with environmental concerns in
Limestone decomposes to calcium oxide and
some of the most untouched areas of the world.
carbon dioxide.
Efficient recycling could delay some of these
potential clashes of interest. Calcium oxide (lime) reacts with silica to form slag.
(two equations plus three other points of
2 a acidic soil [1] description)
b nitrogen [1] [Total = 5]
c ammonium sulfate + calcium hydroxide →
ammonia + water + calcium sulfate products 5 a i oxygen = top left [1]
or ‘double decomposition’ [2] ii slag = right [1]
d CaCO3 [1] iiimolten steel = bottom left [1]
e CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 [2] b i They are gases. [1]
f water is added [1] ii They react together to form calcium
g N2 + 3H2 2NH3; high pressure, moderate phosphate, which is a solid, and form slag,
temperature (or values), catalyst [4] which floats on the steel. [3]
h 2SO2 + O2 2SO3; moderate temperature, c i D [1]
catalyst [4] ii surgical instruments, chemical plant,
[Total = 16] cutlery (any of these) [1]
[Total = 9]
3 a A: yes will rust, has air and water [1];
B: no, has air but no water [1];
C: no, has air and water but protected/coated
with zinc [1] [3]
6 a i heating/roasting in air [1]
ii ZnO + C → Zn + CO [2]
b Zinc is more reactive [1] so it loses electrons
[1] to become an ion [1] more easily. [3]
[Total = 6]
7 a decomposition [1]
b so that the ions are free to move [1]
c to lower the operating temperature by
lowering the melting point, or by lowering
the melting point of the electrolyte [1]
d B [1]
e anode = oxygen or carbon dioxide [1];
cathode = aluminium [1] [2]
f because they burn away [1] in the oxygen [1] [2]
g Al3+ + 3e− → Al [1]
h pans, cans, power cables, aircraft bodies, etc. [1]
[Total = 10]
questions
Chapter 10 Organic chemistry iii add bromine water: but-1-ene – goes
colourless, cyclobutane – no change [3]
1 The versatility of carbon lies in its ability to b cracking [1], heating at high temperature or
form chain and ring structures, and to form with a catalyst [1] [2]
multiple bonds with itself and other atoms. The c i 1,2-dibromobutane [1]
complexity that arises is important to us in several ii butane [1]
different ways: iii butanol [1]
[Total = 11]
◆ the chemistry of life and the interactions
between carbon-containing molecules that
4 a 10, 65 [2]
generate the energy for living cells and the
b i photochemical or substitution [1]
way of passing genetic information from one
ii Isomers are compounds with the
generation to the next
same molecular formula but different
◆ the carbon-containing compounds – from
structural formulae. [2]
fossil fuels – that are the fuels of our modern
iii structural formula of 1-chlorobutane [1]:
transport and energy-generating systems
◆ the synthetic and natural polymers that provide H H H H
us with food, clothing and structural materials
H C C C C Cl
that support our living and the technologies we
depend on H H H H
◆ the novel structures that provide the scope for

structural formula of 2-chlorobutane [1]:
developing nanotechnology.
H H H H
2 a a family of organic compounds with similar H C C C C H
chemical properties due to the presence of the H H Cl H [2]

same functional group [1]
b A = alkene; B = alkane; C = alcohol [3] c i potassium manganate(vii) (accept
c test: bromine water; A: decolorises; potassium or sodium dichromate(vi)) [1]
B: no effect [3] ii butanoic acid [1]
d heat it with steam [1] and a catalyst [1] [2] iii butyl ethanoate [1]
e fermentation [1] structural formula of CH3COOC4H9 [2]:
[Total = 10] H H H H O H
H C C C C O C C H
3 a i Isomers are compounds with the same
H H H H H [3]
molecular formula but different structural
formulae. [2] [Total = 12]
ii structural formula of but-2-ene:
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H [1]
5 a i bromine water [1] decolorised [1] [2]
ii add carbonate or metal e.g. magnesium [1];
fizzing/gas. CO2 or H2 produced [1] [2]
b ethyl propenoate [1]
correct structure [2]:
H H O H H
H C C O C C C H
H H [3]
c i a formula giving the actual numbers of

atoms of each element in the compound [2]
ii two [1]
iii >C=C< [1]
iv structure can be one of following:
HOOC(CH3)C=C(CH3)COOH
or
HOOCCH2CH=CHCH2COOH
or
HOOCCH=CHCH2CH2COOH [1]
[Total = 12]
questions
Chapter 11 Petrochemicals and b heating and cooking; fuel for cars [2]
c molecules contain a double bond;
polymers a compound of carbon and hydrogen only [2]
d i catalytic addition of steam [1]
1 The products of burning methane, ethanol and fuels
ii H H [2]
such as gasoline are the same – the question is more
one of the efficiency and our ability to use the fuels H C C O H
cleanly. Methane and ethanol are single compounds H H

but gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons and more e monomers, polymers [2]
difficult to burn completely. Incomplete combustion
[Total = 11]
gives rise to pollution with carbon monoxide, soot
and particulates. 4 a i small molecules (monomers) becoming
Ethanol is more environmentally friendly because chemically joined in a chain (polymer) [1]
it is/can be a renewable fuel. Any carbon dioxide ii In addition polymerisation, joining is
released can be at least partially removed from the because a double bond breaks, allowing
atmosphere as (for example) the sugar cane used in other atoms to bond. In condensation,
fermentation is grown. two molecules react with the elimination
Methane is more environmentally friendly as of water. [2]
it produces less carbon dioxide for the amount b i C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4 [1]
of energy it releases as it has the best/highest ii The method from ethene uses
carbon:hydrogen ratio. less chlorine. [1]
iii electrolysis [1] of brine/concentrated
NaCl solution [1] [2]
2 a boiling point [1]
iv correct formula of poly(chloroethene) [1],
b fuel oil – fuel for home heating; kerosene – jet
with bonds free at each end
fuel; lubricating fraction – waxes and polishes;
naphtha – making chemicals [4] H H H H H H
c i heat and catalyst [2] C C C C C C

ii C14H30 → C2H4 + C12H26 [1]
H Cl H Cl H Cl [2]
iii H H [1]
C C [Total = 9]
H H
d poly(ethene) [1] 5 a correct display formulae

e i steam [1] i H O [1]
ii a substance that speeds up a reaction [1]
H C C
[Total = 12] O H
H
3 a i a group of hydrocarbons with boiling ii H H [1]

points close together [1] H C C O H
ii C12H26 → C2H4 + C10H22 [1]
H H
b i ethyl ethanoate [1]
ii correct display formula showing three
units minimum[2] and ‘loose’ bonds
at ends [1]
OC C6H4 CO O CH2 CH2 O OC C6H4 CO
or
O O O O
C C6H4 C O CH2 CH2 O C C6H4 C
[3]
iii When placed in landfill, they do not ‘rot’
away but remain for many years. [2]
c Nylon has two monomers alternately [1];
a protein chain has different monomers
throughout [1]. [2]
[Total = 10]
questions
Chapter 12 Chemical analysis 1.20
and investigation 1.00
1 Analysis of the substances we discover and use
Total increase in mass / g

0.80
in the wide variety of activities that shape our
lives is important in terms of our control of our
0.60
environment, the efficient use of resources available
to us and our protection from the harmful effects
0.40
of contamination and misuse. Chemical analysis
can be used in industry, medicine, agriculture
0.20
and environmental science. We need to know
what chemicals we are dealing with. Analytical
0.00
techniques, from the simple to the complex, help 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
us to do just that. A medical drug company might Time / min
need to analyse the painkiller paracetamol, for g reaction finished/copper sulfate gone,
instance, in order to maintain the purity of the current switched off (any of these) [1]
product it is marketing. A steel-making company
[Total = 10]
must check if the content of a batch of steel
matched the customer’s requested composition. An 4 a initial: 25, 26, 23, 24
environmental analyst might have to check river
final: 28, 39, 46, 58
water for contamination with small amounts of
metal ions, which may be harmful to local wildlife rise: 3, 13, 23, 34 [−1 for each
and also in the drinking water supply. incorrect value] [4]
b correct plotting [3] [−1 for each error],
straight line [1] (see graph below) [4]
2 a arrow under copper oxide [1]
c extrapolation of line to 5 [1], correct reading
b black [1] to orange/brown/pink [1] [2]
of temperature (44 °C) from extrapolation [1],
c diagram of condenser tube through [1]
units [1] (see graph below) [3]
cooling jacket [1] [2]
d extinguished [1] 50
[Total = 6]
40
3 a carbon or platinum [1]
Temperature rise / °C
b cathode (negative electrode) [1] 30

c bubbles [1]
d i with an organic solvent – ethanol or 20
propanone [1]
ii using a hair dryer [1]
10
e 0.75, 1.00, 1.15, 1.15, 1.15 [1]
f correct plotting [2]; two straight lines [1] [3]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of carbon atoms in the alcohol formula
d temperatures would be higher [1], because c correct plotting of points [2], lines [1] [3]
copper is a good conductor [1] [2]
2.5
[Total = 13]
5 a chromatography [1] 2.0
b line below origin [1]
Mass of precipitate / g
c ink’s colours would interfere with the result 1.5
(or words to that effect) [1]
d difference: A had more colours that B [1]; 1.0
similarity: both contained colour E [1] [2]
e C, D and E [1] 0.5
[Total = 6]
0.0
6 a 20, 21, 21, 32, 39, 42, 44, 45, 45 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[−1 for each error] [3] Volume of Q / cm3
b 20, 21, 21, 24, 32, 36, 37, 38, 38 d volume of 5 cm3 correctly read from graph [1]
[−1 for each error] [3]
[Total = 8]
c correct plotting of points [3] [−1 for each
error], lines [1], labels [1] (see graph below) [5] 8 a named indicator + correct colour [2],
d two lines to correct line on graph [1], correct or metal ion solution + correct colour
value (27 °C) from graph [1], correct units [1] precipitate [2] [2]
(see graph below) [3] b fizzy drinks are acidic, chlorine would be
60 produced, chlorine is toxic (any two) [2]
c to remove any hazardous chemicals, or
50
Experiment 1 words to that effect [1]
metal added d litmus paper becomes bleached (not the
40
Temperature / °C
silver nitrate test) [2]

Experiment 2
30 [Total = 7]
20 9 Crush a lump of solid [1] using pestle and

mortar [1] then:
10 add named acid [1], filter [1], then add a named,
more reactive metal to produce displacement [1]
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 and obtain copper [1]
Time / min
or add carbon [1] and heat [1] until pink [1] to
e exothermic (or redox or displacement) obtain copper [1]
reaction [1] or add named acid [1] and filter [1]; electrolyse
f i Experiment 1 is twice Experiment 2 the solution [1] and obtain copper at the
(not just more). [1] cathode [1]
ii Zinc is more reactive than iron. [1] There are many ways to score, but sequence of
g temperature would be higher [1] because steps must follow sensibly.
there would be less liquid to heat up [1] [2]
[Total = 6]
h increase in temperature slower [1] because
of a smaller surface area [1] [2] 10 c i white precipitate that dissolves in excess [3]
[Total = 21] ii white precipitate, insoluble in excess [2]
d solid contained water (of crystallisation) [1]
7 a labelled diagram of funnel [1] and filter e ammonia [1]
paper [1] [2] f E is not a sulfate [1], contains nitrate
b 0.45, 0.95, 1.40, 1.90, 2.35, 2.35 ions [1] [2]
[-1 for each error] [2]
[Total = 9]

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Answers to end-of-chapter

5 Both crystals dissolve in water; particles of each

8 a Bromine slowly evaporates into a gas, the

ii high melting point, soluble in water,

5 a acidic: < 7, any appropriate e.g. SO2

7 a first row: sodium hydroxide; nitric acid [2]

Mass of flask and contents / grams

6 a making fertiliser [1]

◆ the novel structures that provide the scope for

2 a a family of organic compounds with similar H C C C C H

chemical properties due to the presence of the H H Cl H [2]

c i a formula giving the actual numbers of

cleanly. Methane and ethanol are single compounds H H

c i heat and catalyst [2] C C C C C C

d poly(ethene) [1] 5 a correct display formulae

3 a i a group of hydrocarbons with boiling ii H H [1]

C C6H4 C O CH2 CH2 O C C6H4 C

and investigation 1.00

1 Analysis of the substances we discover and use

Total increase in mass / g

b cathode (negative electrode) [1] 30

5 a chromatography [1] 2.0

b line below origin [1]

silver nitrate test) [2]

20 9 Crush a lump of solid [1] using pestle and

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