Chaps Review of He Z—trans ford | wit pe - Zo prans fo ng amet, foe Soften Ute Lindor MAYO Tene Ca untions bocome ah gebvc 1 tn nate. Tuy batty peak: Lapr, frensSpwme hae | Loans Forms tin La fe re en = Hine — jave vi oul! j . Hew ah te 2 bres fo vapor pronto, Linear tne — (nraviant CELE rence equah a4 PrnwR> Beton 4 pens 12%): | Discreke - Time Signals Grist yf rie sy8teny favplves 4 sempting wa Cferanen OF Gt nepus tie Sigmathy The Sampled Signal is KO), X(T) M27), =) Where THs tHe Genp Lins Peri oo» = See aye Sequence vee eA? emia fron te Scum ped werati en FS ws wali” wort Hen ay (KD 4 a —Piscxe}e - time _ Simmatshee Gaeepleet VRIES Xe), TROT? ae __| Samper _Yertoe|s pen oF pes ink. umberd RLIgy, erin fa 2- premsform — degnedl by e9aetin Oo le i) ws referral yo ed HL me ~ Se Bn beses FON WL Sympol Z_ olenoded Lez fray “egy: ty be one - ded 2 troy Loe _an a | un 20 fee 640 og miso fe OS2), Log eb Se | cs Z_trarsPorne oa he ard Po ry of. ce), aot © values + OM OF xi) where ak es Inte, ORS ee ea bps) tate preety SS. x oO X22 2 Lx) 2 ze LATE Sxceye* ko @ Rg ea tranifivm alepined #4 eG en © is velewed to ay dee HOU -Siho az toonsfer Reyion of Gnvergeteey 2- Trans fornd ¢.5 Prom est (O« of X2)= Alvis Zi ytev] = Tx Atkt) iB be h(2)= ¥ lo) +¥UT 2! 4 x(are-y _ -t_X(kT) equntin (S) taplig hat na Com ting ont = Hie, KZ tes jorny ae z _ Povctten x14) ane yo be Waites fin dee Seiad Fern, by Fusp cect to we see tak, oe oer | Fs pee. Sees Wiley Y “0. avnUnt thom p Pantheon _- Wel ton P Panta O71 —— ts Ae meA S| fas. Ud b Vamp Pant { | Moree Her HURT) = ter ane Oy pay ky Sk ee cae 7 : — es a ane ean Te 2- TY aes fox, ft tye MK nf b parr b4-o ame aie -—Pelynonias facets 19 Pntina bC {| ek ae potrmeniel fe" ene se Oj, 2i- = teazieade* 4 Boy_ Z-¢ | | Sinusetdal Punchon “tansider tet Shoused clad furctien : Be DE Wee CONS aie aE ; + O. y “8 fe Q. ts wwe +i snot got 2 Gswt = Isinwt thats 64 btnaekinge te preasten8§ we grt | “ s we jee { Saks sf ome eee) | wring tre forrauta,eT - &S = it R- (ey gp IPT oe! A= (eth eter) et tee = tot eR 2 Qzt ajar pare = < 4 609 T— — sti 2Zenwr +4 Q. | Find tre region 25. Conve Prt Pear pe Jone | wtiey= 4, Keo, ya) ~~ — $01". > e | M2jz ZLuw)> 2 xl 2% | ” K oO a ae a hIR: Findl fee vogion. of Conver qor ce PO —— Kuck), Whe ute tg ewea — ak Om EXC crt ameeoie (2439'S wus, het US be we step flan soit > — 2on)i = +t = =F Tr Zz 4-(-43)z They eee Wf—Learaeer gen er =“ ee el ats a © [sr vel on Yo 4 a tt pS Ts z 4 [_ yo = “yg \_ 2? 2 | ef] J {2} ) T T — Her, He Revlon oF Faaepien 3aR: Pe Oe a ern or ee eee Nod Bag 2 WEST eT a Cire Be soyQ. | ena the, tranfo rm, of far eent. (4.2% — or: Tae asf. = 1 2 haw Forn of xt is we) ca Sean | xteye 2 etpds F xter) 2 KO ater) 2 \ re \ e, me) = Tz 2fe ey {TB gf £ Eb-Et-nith} = ga et -Zz Uany) = @ STryee cea ple) _ Where, Te te et = UD, Ten _ _ Ye Pav dS, ny te fad: by Aekni Boe oe “pe ae 2) Trot mat kar gia qn 4 are : “Ze treansPosra at I Gnd KX an Bo art _ Lxlk) Germest dy a Ancey Gamnbinahn | (k)2 x fie) 4 Back) | Wd fee 2: bramfory peer lec) AEZ)4 GOR) ; Uskert F(z) ana Az 478 he 2 Aes Thee 2~ fear of Sancta. ALK) 1. Fen oF (uy 2 LR 2 Lk Fle BYES _ = = AUR asl a Eo Fle) TOUT = _ - : ) o — a es Hee ™ Fes “alee ee KO sf “ z ital +62 Catal ~ AF) t Ba):~© [yuriprre catlen by @E gf Xz is He @ prea pore OF RAY tren fe 2 rtrawfym of gh elk) on $e gin fy x (oe 238 —— — i.e tear —tt oF dy ———— | Pr: This Cam $e prove he x Zz Lake] = 2 oF xi = i kzo oe | = = X(k) (a=) | kz0 | = kla'z)- i QO suipting thenxem ¢+— —_ | TEE SPring They vers __ pretented | here. 4 aAkO veferre to 23 fo Meal trailer theorem. JE xit)2 0 frt Obtain fre 2 transfor OF pugs S atl | ke 2a)- soil Regering —p pel Shigihy Ferg $$ 45 Txtk- = 27"x(z)- Rit, the 2. bang Pore 0p at is 2feat]T a 1 4-az! ond 50 eT aeer etme so aaa = - sees) a | a-azl | - -) 1-42! hee, k> 1,2,3,~ Eyam ples 5 Congtdey the Function Yb), WHCH Is Sim of Sanctims whl, where he 0,02) -—~ky hzo T © SUAS BOO 4K 1ENOD-~ -- oe LK Sok Het toys 2 eth yg, = WE TSI=0 fork <0. tbh ha 2- Ranpure oF Suc). 7 > Gi|e) ele = LTate da zu trnasf a a _ Exanple 49 tai wen Hee 2 trans fores ee rae re eee = : rewpect mugs, by rg thee Gomplea trans athon yom:Jwe Substituie 2687 fin ete betetn pac z-teasffome —— 0G a Sinwh, 05 Follows; nok; 1 can 4 ay T acess mcm zal e fF 2-26 GAuwwr Fe ) Feet Similarly Gor tre Cotine Penetions 1 & bars zfenwet= a zluswT « D-Qzleswt po see OT lo} cst, we Obtejn ZzTe unwed = i | ae _fxdepie 13 Obinin re Z traufoom of be 9% WE haces Ft} -l Camere ee (20 tes, ate “FE T= x[ze") ato) + x24 + x22 = athe, Abourr Equation, WE = (0) — Caer ez) eT nt oEe.) ——_| ine! verter theerem. Suypese doar xH), Where KDE O fer ee, hag he 2 Aaah ea yancl fant aor pen poles of x(a) tee _ [insiatc tee talk eivele, elf pee peniaie enceplin tf — A Simple Pele Ab 22 fe Teo he Plant vinke OS 1) ASK appreschts KCK), thar fs, fue veler Of KC FnPinity, Con be gieton OY u xtc) = im fe paar rf k3 2 29) es Proof: we haut? = a ZU T = a= = we — 9 onl 2 Feed} =a ya Eu _ bee iD Hente Sulpecting So 0 Fer OF WR HE oe de. x 1 + = —— = Kio Tee Se) = MD a9) + Nreery tee Limit as Zapproaches uaity 4 We beaut , ob Ez m1 Gms yy Sof FS Ue _— 4 z31 kz0 kro 2) 1 = [re = (J 40x US weorJ —— E + [iia3 = xT: caBa [nverS 2- preform e = — ee | zl xucr)J = x12) ZL xls)}_ 2 *(2) TS Te RE ae gt T= 4% C$ Trt x Cis) ace iG an | ena, | medund $59 @__ rire Aviston —metteot 1@) Computatonad metroel (using suprerr’) | &) _ ferid— Frrattion — eapamgien metre Q Gnverse Untegyns method . a Diveck alin's'o0 _metwad - iy lived division mefro el We plain pe ty verse bas form by ey Pancding ¥(2) thy Gn ta Gait Power jos ta 2 Thy meftad 7s eoqud i When ig derived 1 fing nig hee Gish Sentral i tems of UCT) oy KCK) -| Ther xc) eo BIRD Ye por Coe a eee a cs eee 1) (2-0-2) aa =H Powe ae Dividing pe We Rasen “pe neet 4022" a. W423 = Zig 2-4 lgey 973 $4 27% - 220g a) + 26g 2-FSEE neneeneneeneneeaanARIEEERI — oe | Ths, MDs soar! py per™ we ee BY Cpmparing bbs tnplae sented enpemion | og giz) wit x(2)2 2 rn olcted K=O x(0) =O | AL) = Le yc 2d 2IF | CB). XL) = deed _ Epa fe fina Un When xy2y Ts Green by [ It27) By viding fe numerater by tun denaminater, we ob lain Ré2> = al ey 2 3 e yet eae [FSS BY cenaperi 8 AS tginit+R. Seviey expension 7 = fox (2) wt ty (29 2 Ke) = s—— Ris j | 1S Gs 4 in arden na 7 eo bis anal OF J ans} Big: beso i fron le 1 Keay Sy oP 7 fu gloat: of ses te Sigpaad —_—--# f-0.)=-L—— ; xD So —— all * vale Oke KK) vel A ave 2 ¢ . en.(QP Fraction 2K Paton meio af a This metro ot equines feat att feyns in he y ~ peer ., | -terfar Sracten expauien Gan be cam tge YEW grizatie fh be pable CF 2~ transfer Pals T Por simple poles <5 { Gmgroler 4(2) =) Gren : ™ ml é a= . we ben C¢penc X(2d/o — — coe Epa. ¥(=) lato gavhad Fectina, we Psy factenize be, olenummnaty — polynomr jal 2 & xz) fneh Pr te Poles of x/z). va o——hor™4 ort» ~—— $b. 2b ete ——— ery Fat ty into Perheat Racthiana So tuk 240 soym 3 Qarhy Yetnan ns aele in 6 hbie OF 2 pauprns. ger Se ¥ eE——ye mult Pic Poles Eetinbel ao P howele pole a+ 2=P, A__mo Ober po leh Hiaten X(2) aa : — se BQ hau de Frain. = SS ) . C4 ee - =F A | Whee, po wena cad 63 - Aeterminve A ay Edt lows * _Jeet fF pg eer emt en cath osiaat ae ey ea frowns forme XE Le exe OK bee partter Preach em enpags'en v me trod Sey = ef TH ‘ Opteron Sy ay satan —O44ein be ee eee es —y ca — PSA OP OE PGS 7 —— 4 me how 2npanad _4(2)— Fare paris 4 1 frrvvien _ 22%) Jey + —— er jeer je fe4) —. -B RT| 138 Invecsion _Iaseprred Mefcvel que inverse a ansfomr of x(2) by ts _ wmeprocl fs given 64 et dar p= EP restates ae n(2)2" as pat 2 . . af xt K-l SL = Aitke tks + ~— te, Due ka a Km are vents OF X22 ain POI 2,2, 2a, serpect? pole doc, derominatey OF x(2)2°7 Ie Pole ak 2EZz @ 2 tren oe fev a Smelt Seaa) 2- beams Fo tn 424, ved rh Gaye 2) _ _ (= Z2(1- ee _ | (24) (2-2 " Lekue* ts Gets =s | _ lee Sele Pere, = 4 < L Yehetee at Serle pore 22 6 T7™ chum oy fe-e"D (ae cet aX - _ RAD (2-e8 esHeaste — a Xettr) > Krtic Xi2.= So! ‘ f e DAE CE HL > jag Lawton in $a KMayek! = zk past(2-¢ 7) lect Klay 2 T has a Simple pore + 2 = 7 omnel cowie pole at 2 tHe ) - AP (sm = regtetue 0fe 2 FA set Qn ep z-e 47) a kj4le a k.- Denia at Sele pore zee TI] Sim [eet ot 7 22 e@ ( izy(z-2 dS =Alksti) To &rq) K ett =a ~~ =the, Wend 2 Ged 22>) - ian : —— ~ nie, ay¥ [oz we a eee ee oe ee at (2-2 — _ Us on - = zor I 123 ~ i Te" 6 gz) ——__ aei} yteye sor. to (2) - — = j0C-2+ 24), al ene toe Z- Transform wefmwelh fey Sotvin appearence. ey esctloms De heek ale ded ed i 2 Cx(e-MJ = “1 K( 2) enrol ( | _ - nt + Fteta} fe 1 ee HKD __| oo Keo _) here Lo Thes) 2 tavfern Of X(ieF ) oe! X1k-¥p> 1 t alytes Y= 2X12) - Sh x0) — 29 x) = KARE SI et ae 23x(2)— 23xlo) — 22x) — 2x02) L (te+2.1 = 22ap2) — 2k lo) — =k > Ataesd ro 227 ~ 2X10 s 21x e)3 — xz Cxtk-y3 2x2) ts 2 Ale R Oxl(«-39 273 * tz 7 [2 rr (43— Lor — a ee sete) = 289 12 ete texte) — 2X! 00 2Crue)J = Al 2d tailyy po trafern bo foes oF Hee ——_.. _| _ Fives 4S Fe rence eo ye bon 7 PO M2) at ef oy 7 ef Po 2 ACz) ~ Beko) = a —tAZXlZ) 2O = oe pat Patingy initial dam xtorco anal KEI ~ i 442 +202) _ _ —Zz0Oby Fis fe sotsten of Fo Jottowing areperineee quater in ree Of KX (0) «not KOs a Rlet2) + (296) eR) + abAlK 2 O LIke ag ant © are Cony ere SoU" | NCS HORBU reeks li. fz transform m Ive the following difference equation by use 0: ethog Example 22, Sol " + 3x (k + 1) + 2x (k) = 0. Given that x(0) = 0, x(1) = 1 x(k #2) +3 Solution. As we know that ZI (k +2] = 2? X(z) - 2? x(0) - z x(1) =[x(k + 1] =2X(z) -2.x(0) =x (K)] = X(2) Now, taking z transform to the both sides of given difference equation, we get ZX(2)-2? (0) -2 x(1) + 32 X(2) - 32 x(0) +2 X(z)=0 or, (2 +32 +2) X(z)-z=0 (Putting x(0) = 0 and x(1) = Lb or, X@=5 2 2° +3242 z+1l 742 Taking inverse z transform, we get x(k) = (1K (2), k=0,1,2,.., Example 23. Solve the following differential e (K+ 2)- x(k +1) 40.25 x (ky = and is given by u(k) = 1, k= 0,1,2 quation ~ WK 2) where x (0) = 1, x (1) = 2, WA) is input tinct \ = is ee Solution. The given difference equation is 4 Zzi ° AG x (e+ 2) =x (e+ 1) 40.25 x(k) 4(k 42) By taking z transform to the both sides, we g 0) -zx(l)-2 XC) x(0) 4 0.25 X(x) = 2? UC) - 2? (0) 2.000) or, 0.25 X(v) =? Ue- go a gh % order? ae or, Way eee ae 4 A : 2 L ° RY esate Ya) or, X@ 2 422-2 ze WOAH 2 @-tye?—2+0.25) ah X@ __22+22-2 MD * “e-0fe-4) z= Gor yey , é = 4A & Let us now expand X(z)/z into partial fraction, e-7 sy 7 0-8 5 Ae as a= -7 ery To evaluate ki, ko and ks, we get a Sh (O» sy —Flo- hy 3 2 ky =4k,=-3=2 = 4X9, wt 4232 o z Se Cons)” 30 a So, XQ) 5-5 =y r kK 3 *(-4) K+3) w¢ es On taking inverse’ (fansform, [ ne say x0 =4-{2) +1) Wherek = 0,1,2,..,,This Eq. (2.30) is known as Parseval's theorem and it is useful for obtaining of x(k). 2.10 Some Examples Example 1, Obtain the z transform of kK’. Solution. By definition of z transform, 2kk|= Site a2 4427 +927 +... io =z) (l+22 (14327 +627 +1027 +. in Fig. |. Assul Example 2. Obtain the z transform of the curve x(t) shown In Fig. 2.5. Assume that y sampling period T is 1 sce. x(t) Fig 2.5 (Curve of x(t)) Solution. From the above figure we obtain x(0) =0 x(1) = 0.25 x(2)=0.5 x(3) = 0.75 x(K)=1, k=4,5,6,.. Then the z transform of x(k) can be given by X(z) = Sx im an verify thi i We can verify this by the following way. As we know that the curve x(t) can b A 5 e written aeee N“ 1 1 N= gt gh M4) vel “a(t -4) is the unit-stey enero VE 4) is the unit-step fanction occuring at t= 4, Since th 1 wed i |. Since the sampling period T= T see net transform of x(t) can be given by, giiy\_sf} 4 ~2[4e-m-o| ! | (same result as obtained earlier). 22+2) yy use of all the methods (z-1) Example 3. Obtain the inverse Z transform of X(z) = sibed in this chapter. 4% ¥ Solution. Method 1 (Direct division method): Let us write X(z) as a ratio of two polynomials in za. Lege? We -it* = = X@ a- zy [221 +2 * Dividing the numerator by the denominator, We get gi Te + 1027+ X= 144 Hence, x(0)= 1 . x)= 4 a” ane x(2)=7 : x(3) = 10Method 2 (Partial-fraction-expansion partial fraction, | o 2@42)_ 1, 3% X= Gaye tao kk =0,1,2,3, 000 k=1,2,3,. 0, k<0 Hence we obtain, x(0)=1 x(k) =3k +1, K=1,2,3,000 from which we can combine as x(k) = 3k +1, k=0,1,2, ......- Method 3( Inversion integral method): Here, we can write na 42 . X(2)z aye wai Since X(z) 2" has a double pole at 2= 1. So, we can find x(K) bys at double pole = 1 x(k) = [rie of 1 method): Let us expand X(2) into the, iee ele MY) = Gla da lim d She 4D ] “2 1dz =3k+1, k= 0,1, 2,0 Heauniple 4, Consider the difference equation 441” X (K+ 2)- 1.399 x (K+ 1) + 0.3679 x (k) = 0.3679 u (k +1) + 0.2642 u (k) where x(k) is the output and x(k) = 0 for k $0 and u(k) is the input and is given by u(k) = 0, k<0 u(0)=1 u(1) = 0.2142 u(2) =- 0.2142 ut) =o, K=3,4,5,.000 Determine the output x(k). Solution. By taking the z transform of the given difference equation, we obtain 2X] -2 iH) -28Q)} - 1.3679 XO) - 2x(0)] + 0.3679 X(z) = 0.3679 ([z U@ -z u(0)] + 0.2642 Uz) By substituting k = -1 into the given difference equation, we find ¥ od x(1) - 1.3679 x(0) + 0.3679 x(-1) = 0.3679 u(0) + 0.2642 u(-1) hee (4) =xC-1)=0, (-1) = 0 and u(0) = 1, we obtain xblg9,0°367 4) = 0.3679 By substituting the initial data 2(0) = 0, x(1) = 0.3679, u(0) = 1 into Eq (2.31), we get 2 X(2) - 0.36792. - 1.36792X(7) + 0.3679X(z) = 0.3679U(2) - 0.36792 + 0.2642 U(2)Solving for X(z), we get 92.40.2042 36797. 40.3079 Uw) The z transfor of the input u(k) is 0.2142 27 Ue) = LE] = E+ 0.2142 0.36792 + 0.2642 Sf) = 367944 0.2642 _ (1 4.0,.21422" - 0.214227) NO) = 7577 36792.+ 0.3679 . 0.056592" Thus, the inverse z transform of X(z) gives x(0)=0 x(1) = 0.3679 8463, k=3,4,5,...06 Example 5. Consider the difference equation x(k +2) = x(k + 1) + x(k) where x (0) = 0 and x (1) = 1. Note that x (2) = 1, x (3) =2, x (4) = = 3, 1. The series 0, 1 2, 3, 5, 8,13, ... is known as the Fibonacei series. Obtajn, the general solution x(k) i closed form. “f Solution, fy taking the z wansform of this difference equation, we get 2X2) = xO) -2x(1) 2X(2)=28(0) 1 X) Solving for X(z) gives 22x(0) + 2x(1) ~ 2x(0) -4-1 ie X(z) Now, by substituting the initial data x(0) = 9 and x(1) 1 into this last equation, we haveThe inverse z transform of X(z) is o-if-e5)] k =0,1,2, . Kk = 0-4 gach oe) 2.11 Problems 1. Obtain the z transform for the following functions. 21 (a) x(t = (b) x) = a (o) x(t) = te" (@xyat et (e) x(t) =e (Dx) = 1-2 eg hee as (gx) = e*- 6 . (hy x() = (=a) e™ Ba oe (yxtyeat-1+e"% Gxt =a, k= 12, (ack) - kat! () x(k) = Katt (in) x(k = a cos kre) / + (yxy a : 1 ’ as by dz a 2? @reate) ae aaa Lew Qe? (l-%T+ az let, Pai Ut4zrets, @ (l-zle"y! (©) Tee (- et zy 4 (0 Gee) Zt ©) neo (eee) vet!) (s) 1-(+aT ez! (ete) gt aT -1 1-e"z' (1-2) (L-e™"2") . ‘ ol Orr )+ QecTare Az! G) z GT ee Vacate) YZ" 4 (-z'F-e'z) ae y 20a") (l-az")? 1 Z'(14 daz" +022) ret Oy 2. Find the inverse z transform of the following: z @ 4 @) tL Zta » Zt+a @ 327 42241 ma @ 2242241 2-325 Ba 4241 p (c ~ 24 “43002 © Qz-1?Ans. @ Ga" (b) Gaytu(k-1) (ya tuk-1) (a) 36(K)-Gu(k-1)#17(2)"(k-1) (0) 8d) #26 ‘ae 1)-9(-2)"'u(k-1) (9 kay — FD sina, FG 8 (_/2)™ sing, ,u(k 1) ° @=tan"V7 (ty Lika a (i) -3u(k -1) +3(2)* Tuk -1)- (k-1)(2)*"* uk -1), 3. Obtain the solution of the following difference equation in terms of x(0) and x(1): x(k+2) + (a+b) x(k+1) +ab x(k) =0 where a and b are constants and k=0, 1, 2, .... ‘Also assume case (i) a=b; case (ii) a#b. Ans. (i) x(k) = (0) (-a)* + [ax(0) + x1) ka)" (0) +X) a ara Uw b-a —b (-»)* 4. Solve the difference equation x(k+2)+3x(k+1)+2x(k)=u(k); x(0)=1, x(k)=0 for k< 0, Ans. . . k pet 2en ele x(k) = 2! Di +302) 5. Solve the difference equation x(k +2) —3x(k +1) + 2x(k) = 45 x(0) = 0,x(1) =1 Ans. brat b[}-Zet feo" |