y =  a sin b ( x + p ) + q and y =  a cos b ( x + p ) + q

M ( x) = sin x
+ → no reflection about the x − axis
− → reflection about the x − axis
a → amplitude
1
→a=  max − min 
2
b → period change
360  The length of the interval that contains 
→ period =  
b  exactly one cycle of the graph. 
period
→ C.P. =
4
p  0 → horizontal shift to the left
→ x + p = 0 x = − p
M ( x) = cos x
p  0 → horizontal shift to the right
→ x − p = 0 x = p
q  0 → Vertical shift up
1
→ q =  max + min 
2
q  0 → Vertical shift down
1
→q=  max + min 
2
Range: min  y  max; y  R

y =  a tan b ( x + p ) + q

+ → no reflection about the x − axis

M ( x) = tan x − → reflection about the x − axis
a → no amplitude
b → period change
180  The length of the interval that contains 
→ period =  
b  exactly one cycle of the graph. 
period
→ C.P. =
4
p  0 → horizontal shift to the left
→ x + p = 0 x = − p
p  0 → horizontal shift to the right
→ x − p = 0 x = p
q  0 → Vertical shift up
q  0 → Vertical shift down
Range: y  R