SCHEME OFSALT ANALYSIS

PRELIMINARY TEST

SL.NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Colour and appearance of the a Pink May be M2+
substance noted b. Colourless
Absence of Cut, Mn,Fet
2 Smell is noted Smell of ammonia Presence of NH,t
b Smell of rotten egg Presence of S²
C. Smellof vinegar Presence CH;COO

3 Solubility in Soluble
a
Absence of Pb?*
i dil. HCI b. Dissolve with May be CO,
effervescence
Insoluble Presence of Pb*
ii. Water Soluble and no
precipitate with Presence of NH,
Na,CO3

4 To a pinch of salt NaOH is added Smell of ammonia Presence of NH

and warmed

Flametest a Brick red Presence of Ca2t

A pinch of salt is made in toa b Pale green Presence of Ba*
paste with conc. HCl and it is C Crimson red Presence of Sr*
introduced in to anon- luminous
flame.

6 Ash test a Green ash Presence of Zn*

To the salt solution add a few b. Blue tinted ash Presence of AI*
drops of conc. HNO; and 1or 2 C Pale pink ash Presence of Mg
drops of cobalt nitrate solution. It
is heated and a filter paper dipped
in the solution is burnt. The
colour of the ash is noted.

Arparabus- Teat babe, boihng tabe, Test kabe brush, china dih , glass rod ,wabeh glas
Dichrome wire
 ANALYSIS OF ANIONS (ACID RADICALS)
S NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To asrnall amount of substance a) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk Presence of
dil HCI is added
effervescence turning lime water milky
Co, 2HCI CO, + H,0 +2CI
carbonate ion
(«d)
CO, +Ca(OH), ’ CaCO, +H,0
b) Colourless rotten egg smelling gas Presence of sulphide ion

To a small amount of substance

a) Colourless gas giving dense white fumes with Presence, of chloride ion
conc.H,SO,is added and waned a glass rod dipped inNH,OH 1 (CA)
2C1 + H,SO, ’ S0, ? + 2HCI
HCI + NH,OH->NH,Ci +H,0
b) Reddish brown vapour which turns
starch Presence of bromide ion
paper yellow
c) Violet vapour
Presence of iodide ion
A litle of the substance is a) Brown vapour
A warmed witt. conc.H,SO, and
Presence of Nitrate ion
2NO, +H,SO, ’ 2HNO,+SO, (Ng)
copper tuming is added .4HNO,+Cu ’ Cu(NO,),+2NO,+2H,0

Alittle of the substance is Smell of vinegar Presence of acetate ion

rubbed with dil.H,SO, and smell 2CH,COO '+ H,S0, 2CH,COOH+SO,
is noted (yoo)
5 Alittle of the substance is White precipitate Presence of Sulphate
treated with BaCl, solution so,+ BaCl, ’BaSO,+2Cí ion ( So)
To 1ml of sat solution add Yellow precipitate Presence of phosphate
conc.HNO, ,onum molybdate
ion
and warm
 EXPERIMENT
SL.NO
EXPERIMENT
SL..NO

dil To conc A added. To

BaCl,
Test water.
lime The dil smallTo
a
Nitrate
Silver
Test little
HNO, the HCL
littie a H,SO, above
of salt is
boil, of the added.amount of
the and solution gas
salt
cool salt is
andsolution
powder
black MnO, is
BaC!,
passed
warmed
CONFIRMATORY
CONFIRMATORY
substancethe
add
solution through
AgNO,. add with

is
OBSERVATJON OBSERVATION
b) a) TEST
NH,),
2H,0. --> Greenish
WhiteMnO,+4HCI
MnC1,+2H,0+Cl, TEST precipitate
White Colourless,odourless
effervesScence
gCi+NaNO,
C-AgNO, ’HCI+HSO,
H,s0,
Ci+ co"+BaCl,’
BaC0,t2ci*
cO,+Ca(OH),>CacotH,o co,+2HCI
Lime
water)
lime water FOR
precipitate FOR
yellow
turns CARBONATE
gas
CHLORIDE
soluble miky
with co,+H,0+2C1 gas
in pungent with
NH,OH
ION brisk ION
smell
( (CO,)
CI)

INFERENCE confrmed carbonate

Presence
ion of ion ofconfirmed
carbonate
Presence ionis of
carbonate
Presence
INFERENCE
ion of
Presence
Chloride Presence
Chloride
confirmedionis of
is is
is once again
again
again confirmed
confrmed
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FORNITRATE ION (NO;)

SL NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

A little of the substance is warmed with Brown vapourS
Conc.H2S04 and copper turning is
added.
Presence of No, is
confiemedi )
2 Biown ring lest A brown layer is formed at the juncion of the two layers
To 2ml of the salt solution .add freshly NO, + H,SO, SO,2- + 2HNO3 is agan confrmed

prepared equal volumes of FeSO, 6FeSO, + H,SO, +2HNO,

solution. Conc. H,SO, is added drop 3Fe,(SO,), " IH0+ 2NO Presence NO, ions
wise along tthe sides of the test tube FeSO, + NO + SH,0
!
is again Confiemed
without shaking. Fe(NOXH,0., so,
(Brownrig)
:CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACETATE ION(CH3COO)

SL.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Deep red colour Presence of acetate o

Neutrai FeCl, (add NH,OH to yelkow
FeCI, to a brovwn cobur) is added to 3CH,CO0" Fec4, ’ (CH,COO),Fe+ 3a is confrmed

test solution
3cH,COo+ Fecly’(CH,coo),F +3 CCH,COO)
The above solution is heåted by Reddish brown precipitate Presence of acetate ion
2

(CH,CO0),Fo + 2H,0 (CH3COOXOH),Fe + 2CH,cOOH is again confrmed

adding water.
(Reddish brown precipitate)
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SULPHATE ION (SO,")

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE,

SL.NO

A littte of the substance is treated

with White precipiate Presence of sulphate ion
is confirmed
BaC4, solution. so, +BaC,’ BaSo,+ 2C

and White preciptate soluble in exa:ss hot ammonium acetate Presence of sulphate ion
2 To a ittle of the sat solCH3COOH
ead acetate is added. So,+ (CH,CO0), Po is agan confirrned

PbSO, +2CH,CO0
 [Ruogunt
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS (BASIC RADICALS)

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
To a ittle uf salt solution Na,CO, a Whibeprecipibate Absence of group O
solubioni-ad is added b) No pupt:ate (No precipitate) Presence of group )

NH +Na,c, ’ (NH),co, +2Na

2 Toa little of thO substannce. White prec1ptate (PL) Presence of qroup I
dil HCI is addee Pb 2HCL PbCL +24*

To a ittle of the substance. Black precipitate (Cu)( Sn")(Sn") Presence of group !

dil HCi is added then pass H,S
To a litt le of the substance solid XGreen precipitate (Fe) Presence ôf group l!

NH,CI and NH,OH is added in X Brown precipitate (Fe)

exceSS. White gelatinous precipitate (AP)
A3NH,OH ’ 3NH, + A(OH),

To a little of the substance more Black precipitate ( Co) or (Ni) Presence of group iV
solid NH,CI and NH,OH solution Pink precipitate ( Mn )
are added then pass H,S. Mn+ H,S > MnS + 2H
White precipitate (Z)
Zn + H,S ’ ZnS +24*

To a little of the substance more White precipitate Ba,Sr,Ca Presence of group V

6
solsd NH,CI and excess NH,OH Ba + (NH),CO, > BacO, + 2NH
soBution are added then +(NH),Co, >ScO, +2NH,+
(NH),CO, is added. ca" + (NH,),CO, >Caco, +2NH

White precipitate ( Mg) Presence of group VI

7 To the sak NH,CI excess NH,OH
and disodium hydrogen Mg +Na,HPO,>MgNa(PO,) +2Na' +H,o
phosphate (Na,HPO) is added.
CoNFIRMA TORY
TESTS FoR

CATIONS
 ANALYSIS OF ZERO GROUP (NHA)
S NO EXPERIMENT O8SERVATION INFERENCE

a) Tona ktble isthe substancenki :: A coBourless gas with the pungent smeli Presence of N is corftet

NaoHis added and heated of NH, is evolved

NH +OH ’ NH,H,o
A glass rod dipped in conc HCI is shown on Dense whte fumes appear arOund the Presence of NH is g n c o e t
the above gas glass rod
NH, HCI ’ NH,CI
c) Nessler's Reagent test Brown precipitate or brown colouration Presence of NH is once gAn
To a little of the substance,Nessler s 2K2(Hgl4) + NH4 confrmed

reagent is added (K2Hgl4 ). NH2HgO. Hg! +OH

(Ammonobasic mercuric iodide)

ANALYSIs OF GROUP I (Pb)

SL.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Potassium Chromate. Jest Yellow precipitate Presence of Pb is confemet

To a little of the substance, potassium chromate Pb +Cro,PCIO,
KCrO, solution is added.
Potassium Jodide Test Yelow precipitate PresenCe of Pb is again conñmed
To a ittie of the substance, KI is added.
Po+’ Pol,

ANALYSIs OF GROUP Ill (A)

SL.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Lake Test Blue preciptate foating in the Presence of A

Dissove the gelatinous white preiptate in dil HCI. sotion
Add 2 droos of trmus soktionand NH, OH AKOH), + 3HCI
droowise ill blue colour develops.
’Aa, +3H,0
ACL + 3NH,OH
3NH,CI +AOH),
Ash Iest Blue ash is obtained
Presenoe of A is agan nfrmed
Above soutton s mbed with a few drops of
2Co(NOJ,0o0 + 4NO,+ O,
Conc.HNO, nd 1 or 2 droos of cobak nltreto
soludon.Jt s hoated.A iter paper Gpped n he
A40, +Co0’A0Coo
soltion lb bumt. The coour of tho ash s noled. (Bue Ash)
 confirrned
again
iS
conmee
confirmed
confirmed
is
again

is is
INFERENCE
Mn Mn'
of Presence
ofZn Presence
ofZn
of
Presence Presence

Zn)

or 2H,0
2CI 2H adding 3Na
O,
Mn + + + + +
obtained
’Mn(OH), 2HNO,>Mn(NO,), on Zn(OH),>Na,ZnO,
Zn(OH), 4NO,
( dissolves CoO
(Green
ash)
IV OBSERVATION
is >
+
’2CoO ZnO
GROUP precipitate
2NaOH precipitate
Purple
colour Zn
+
2NaOH
excess
NaOH
2CoO(N0,),
CoO
+ + Green
ash
OF White + 2NaOH
White +
Mn Mn ZnO
ANALYSIS
precipitate,conc.HNO3,Pb02
are
added
and solution and
precipitate Cobalt
water with paper
NaOH boiledof
with dropsflter
groupexcess
Permanganic
acid
test diluted solution, is a
wise 2 .Soak
solution
the in and
added cooled,
allowed
settle.
to drop
of To
the
group salt acid solution
ashes
part salt
NaH
Iest a in conc.Nitric
Zn
ofAnalysis little
one is
EXPERIMENT Boiled,
added Test
Ash of to
NaOH litte Nitrate
it
ofMn
Analysis a burn
To To IS A

a) b)

NO
SL

2
 Confirmatory tests for Group v Cations

DISSOlve the group precipitate in hot dil. Acetic acid and divided in to thrce parts.

Tests for Ba*

Yellow precipitate is obtaincd Presence of Baconfirmed.
To one part of the above
solution, add K,CrO, Ba+ K,CrO, BaCr)4
solution. Presence of Batconfirmcd.
Pale green flamne
2 The group precipitate is
moistened with Con. HCI
and performs the flame
Lest.
If Ba is absent
Tests for Sr+

To one part of the above White precipitate is obtained Presence of Srconfirmed.

solution, add ammonium Sr + (NH),SO,>SrSO,
sulphate solution.
Crimson red flame Presence of Sr confimcd.
2 The group precipitate is
moistened with Con. HCI
and performs the flame
trst.
If Ca is absent

Tests for Ca*

1. To one part of the above White precipitate is ob:ained Presence of Ca confirmed.

solution, add ammonium Ca + (NH),C,O, ->CaC,O,
Oxalate solution

2 The group precipitate is Brick red flame Presence of Caconfirmed.

moistened with Con. HCI
and performs the flame
test.
 NO
SL

bumt.
heated. and ToTestAsh
EXPERIMENT
one tho
above Magneson
reagenta)
A
drop
magneSon To
4-(4-nitrophenylazo)resorcinol
fiker
o ppt. a
papercobalt little
a
fow reagent of
dippedni°ae the
drops salt
in are andsolution
the of
of add
soluttonaddod.
concHNO,
NaOH add
s
is
ANALYSIS
Co0MgO.Coo
-MgO 2Co(NO,),
+ A precipitate
Blue
pale OBSERVATION
pink OF
-2Co0+ ash GROUP
(Pink
Ash)
is
forrned
VI
410,
Mg) (
+
O,

PresencO Presence
INFERENCE

of of
Mg Mg
s is
again confirmed

confemed