Grammar

Present Perfect
Form
Simple = subject + have/has + past participle
The present perfect
Continuous = subject + have/has + been + verb + ing

Examples:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Sub + have/has + past participle Sub + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle Have/has + sub + past participle
I/you have gone abroad. I/ you haven’t gone abroad. Have I/you gone abroad?
He /she has gone abroad. He/she hasn’t gone abroad. Has he/she gone abroad?
We/you they have gone abroad. We/you/they haven’t gone abroad. Have we/you/ they gone abroad?

Use
I) The present perfect is used when:
1- The time period is not finished.
e.g: - I have read three books this month (this month has not finished yet.)
- He has been teaching English for 10 years. (He is still teaching English)
2- The time is not mentioned.
e.g: she has been to France before.
3- The time is recent
e.g: They have just got married.
II) The present perfect with since and for
 We use since with the present perfect tense to refer to the starting point of an action.
I have studied at Biranzarane High School since 2022.

starting time now

2022 2023
 We use for with the present perfect tense to refer to a period of time.
I have studied at Biranzarane High School for two years.
since 2022 (now) 2023

starting time period of time (for two years)

(two years’ is a period of time, not a point in time.)
III) The present perfect with yet, already, ever and never.
Affirmative Negative interrogative
yet * I haven’t finished my * Have you finished your
homework yet. homework yet?
already * I have already
finished my homework.
ever * Have you ever gone abroad?
never * I have never gone abroad.
 Past tense vs present perfect tense
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
 Verb: 1 word
I started playing the violin in 2020.
 It is used to express finished events.
I lived in Rabat in 2016.
 It is used when time is mentioned
I read two books last month.
 It is used with finished time words
(yesterday, last night, ago, in 2010, …)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
 Verb: 2 words
I have played the violin since 2000.
 It is used to express unfinished
events that started in the past and
continue to the present.
I have lived in Rabat for five years.
(I still live in Rabat.)
 It is used when time is not mentioned
I have read two books.
 It is used with unfinished time words
(this month, this week, today ...)