Mutah University

Faculty of Engineering
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE / LAB

EX(1): Petrol and Diesel Engine

Prepared By : Forat aldmour

ID: 120200422033

Supervised By :
Dr. Ramadan Jabr
Introduction to Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Diesel and Petrol Engines
In the realm of internal combustion engines, both four-stroke and two-
stroke designs are commonly used for both diesel (compression
ignition, CI) and petrol (spark ignition, SI) applications. Let's delve into
each type to understand their workings and characteristics.

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Four-Stroke Engine:
1. Principle: A four-stroke engine completes four distinct strokes
(intake, compression, power, and exhaust) within two revolutions
of the crankshaft.
2. Diesel (CI) Four-Stroke Engine:
• Intake Stroke: Air is drawn into the cylinder.
• Compression Stroke: The air is compressed, leading to a rise
in temperature and pressure.
• Power Stroke: Diesel fuel is injected into the highly
compressed air, causing it to ignite spontaneously due to the
heat of compression. The expanding gases push the piston
downward, producing power.
• Exhaust Stroke: The spent gases are expelled from the
cylinder.
3. Petrol (SI) Four-Stroke Engine:
• Intake Stroke: A mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the
cylinder.
 • Compression Stroke: The mixture is compressed, increasing
its potency.
• Power Stroke: A spark plug ignites the compressed mixture,
leading to combustion and the generation of power.
• Exhaust Stroke: The exhaust gases are expelled from the
cylinder.
Two-Stroke Engine:
1. Principle: A two-stroke engine completes the four strokes (intake,
compression, power, and exhaust) within one revolution of the
crankshaft.
2. Diesel (CI) Two-Stroke Engine:
• Compression-Combustion Stroke: Air is compressed in the
cylinder, and fuel is directly injected into the compressed air,
leading to combustion and power generation.
• Exhaust-Intake Stroke: The piston moves upward, expelling
exhaust gases and drawing in fresh air for the next cycle.
3. Petrol (SI) Two-Stroke Engine:
• Compression-Combustion-Exhaust Stroke: Similar to the
diesel version, the air-fuel mixture is compressed, ignited by
a spark plug, and the resulting exhaust is expelled in a
combined stroke.
• Intake-Compression Stroke: Simultaneously with the
exhaust stroke, fresh air-fuel mixture is drawn into the
cylinder.
Comparison:

• Complexity: Four-stroke engines are generally more complex due

to their separate intake, compression, power, and exhaust
strokes, whereas two-stroke engines combine some of these
functions.
• Efficiency: Four-stroke engines tend to be more fuel-efficient and
produce fewer emissions due to better control over fuel-air
mixtures and exhaust processes.
• Power Output: In general, four-stroke engines provide smoother
power delivery and better torque characteristics, making them
suitable for a wide range of applications.
• Applications: Two-stroke engines are often used in applications
where simplicity, lightweight design, and high power-to-weight
ratio are crucial, such as in small engines for motorcycles,
chainsaws, and boats. Four-stroke engines are prevalent in
automotive vehicles, larger stationary engines, and industrial
equipment.

Understanding the differences and applications of these engine types is

fundamental for engineers, mechanics, and enthusiasts involved in the
automotive and machinery industries.
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Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke petrol Engine?
The working principle of a two-stroke petrol engine involves a simpler
cycle compared to a four-stroke engine. It combines the
intake/compression stroke and the power/exhaust stroke into two
main strokes, allowing for a more compact and lightweight design. In
this engine, the air-fuel mixture is drawn into the crankcase during the
downward stroke of the piston and is then transferred to the
combustion chamber where it is ignited to produce power.
Simultaneously, the exhaust gases from the previous cycle are expelled
from the combustion chamber during the upward stroke of the piston.
This simplified cycle results in higher power output per cycle but can
lead to higher emissions and lower fuel efficiency compared to four-
stroke engines.
Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke petrol Engine?
The working principle of a four-stroke petrol engine involves four
distinct stages or strokes, namely intake, compression, power, and
exhaust
1. Intake Stroke: The piston moves downward, allowing the air-fuel
mixture into the cylinder.
2. Compression Stroke: The intake valve closes, compressing the
mixture to increase its potency.
3. Power Stroke: The spark plug ignites the compressed mixture,
driving the piston downward with force.
4. Exhaust Stroke: The exhaust valve opens, expelling the burnt
gases from the combustion chamber.
5. Repeat Cycle: The process repeats in a continuous sequence for
each revolution of the engine.
. What is Suction Stroke?
The suction stroke, also known as the intake stroke, is a phase in the
operation of an internal combustion engine where the piston moves
downward within the cylinder.
. What is compression Stroke?
The compression stroke is a phase in the operation of an internal
combustion engine where the piston moves upward within the
cylinder. During this stroke, both the intake and exhaust valves are
closed (in a four-stroke engine), trapping the air-fuel mixture (or air
alone in a diesel engine) inside the combustion chamber. As the piston
ascends, the volume of the combustion chamber decreases,
compressing the mixture to a higher pressure and temperature.
. Describe Expansion / Power Stroke?
1. Petrol Engine:
• After the compression stroke, the spark plug ignites the
compressed air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
• The ignited mixture rapidly expands, generating a high-
pressure force that pushes the piston downward with
significant energy.
• This downward movement of the piston is converted into
rotational motion by the connecting rod and crankshaft,
producing power to drive the vehicle or machinery.
2. Diesel Engine:
• In a diesel engine, there is no spark plug. Instead, the high
pressure and temperature resulting from compression cause
the diesel fuel to ignite spontaneously.
 • The combustion of diesel fuel also generates a high-pressure
force that drives the piston downward during the power
stroke, converting the pressure into mechanical energy

. Describe Exhaust Stroke?

During the exhaust stroke:
1. The exhaust valve opens while the intake valve remains closed.
2. The piston moves upward, pushing out the burnt gases from the
combustion chamber.
3. The expelled gases exit through the exhaust system, preparing
the engine for the next intake stroke.

. What are the construction details of a four-stroke petrol

Engine?
1. Cylinder block containing the combustion chambers where fuel
is burned.
2. Piston that moves up and down within the cylinder, driven by
combustion forces.
3. Intake valve for letting air-fuel mixture into the cylinder and
exhaust valve for releasing burnt gases.
4. Spark plug for igniting the air-fuel mixture in petrol engines.
5. Crankshaft connected to the piston via a connecting rod,
converting linear motion into rotational motion to drive the
vehicle or machinery.