 Differentiate between physisorption and chemisorption.

Chemical adsorption (or)

Chemisorption
1 It is very slow process.
2 Involves transfer of electrons
3 Heat of adsorption is high
4 Monolayer of adsorbate is formed.
5 Occurs only at active centres.
6 It is very specific.
7 Pressure cannot alter the amount of
adsorption. But occurs fast.
8 As temperature is raised it increases Decreases with increase in
first and then decreases.
9 activated complex with appreciable
activation energy is formed
Physical adsorption (or) Physisorption
It is an instantaneous process.
No transfer of electrons
Heat of adsorption is low
Multilayers of adsorbate is formed.
It occurs on all sides.
It is non-specific
Increases with increase of pressure.
temperature.
Activation energy is insignificant.

 Explain the factors affecting adsorption of gases on solid.

1. Surface area of adsorbent:
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon it depends on the surface area of adsorbent.
i.e., higher the surface area, higher is the amount adsorbed.
2. Nature of adsorbate
 The nature of adsorbate can influence the adsorption.
 Easily liquefiable Gases like SO2, NH3, HCl and CO2 have greater van der waal’s
attraction and are readily adsorbed.
 Permanent gases like H2,N2 and O2 cannot be liquefied easily. These permanent gases
are having low critical temperature and adsorbed slowly.
3. Effect of temperature
 When temperature is raised chemisorption first increases and then decreases.
 Physisorption decreases with increase in temperature.
4. Effect of pressure:
 Chemical adsorption is fast with increase pressure, it cannot alter the amount.
 In Physisorption, pressure increases the amount of adsorption.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 1

 Which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why? NH 3 or CO2?
The critical temperature of ammonia gas is quite high than the carbon dioxide. Hence, it
easily combines with the materials than the carbon dioxide whether it is solid, liquid or any
gases.
 What are adsorption isotherms and isobars?

 A plot of amount of adsorption is against pressure at

constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm.

 A plot of amount of adsorption

is against temperature at
constant pressure is called as
adsorption isobar.

 In case of chemisorption, why adsorption first increases and then decreases with
temperature

 In chemical adsorption, increases with rise in temperature because the formation

of activated complex requires certain energy.

 But decreases at high temperature due to desorption of adsorbate.

 Heat of adsorption is greater for chemisorption than physisorption. Why?
Heat of adsorption is greater for chemisorption than physisorption. Because,
in chemisorption, the adsorbate molecules are held to the surface by strong chemical bonds.
Whereas in physisorption, only weak van der waal’s attractive forces are acting.
 Write a note on Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
A plot of amount of adsorption is against pressure at constant temperature is called
adsorption isotherm. According to Freundlich, for adsorption of gases on solid surfaces.

: Amount of adsorbate adsorbed on ‘m’ gm of adsorbent; P - pressure

K & n : freundlich constants. (Value n is always less than unity).

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 2

 List the Characteristics of catalysts
1. The catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition. There may be some
physical changes.
2. A catalyst cannot initiate a reaction which is not taking place. But, it can increase the rate
of slow reaction.
3. Catalyst is needed in very small quantity.
4. A solid catalyst will be more effective in a finely divided form.
5. A catalyst is specific in nature.
6. A catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium and the value of equilibrium
constant. It speeds up attainment of equilibrium.
7. A catalyst is highly effective at a particular temperature called as optimum temperature.
8. Presence of a catalyst generally does not change the nature of products.
 What is the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis?
Homogeneous catalysis:
The reaction in which all the reactants, products and catalyst are in same phase is called as a
homogeneous catalysed reaction.

Example:
Heterogeneous catalysis:
The reaction in which the reactants, products and catalyst are in different phases is called as
a heterogeneous catalysed reaction.

Example:
 What are Negative Catalysis? Give an example.
The substances which decreases the rate of the reaction is called as a negative catalyst. This
phenomena is called as negative catalysis.
For example, in the decomposition of , glycerol acts as a negative catalyst.

 What are Auto catalysis? Give an example.

If one of the products formed in a reaction acts as a catalyst for the same the reaction, then
it is called an auto catalyst.

 Write a note on catalytic poison.

The substance which decreases or completely destroys the activity of catalyst is called as
catalytic poison.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 3

 In this reaction As2O3 destroys the activity of Pt catalyst.
As2O3 blocks the active sites of the catalyst. So, the activity is lost.
 Write a note on promoters.
The substance which increases the activity of catalyst is called as a promoter.

In the Haber’s process, the activity of the iron catalyst is increased by molybdenum. Hence
molybdenum is called a promoter.(Al2O3 can also be used as a promoter)

 Describe intermediate compound formation theory of catalysis.

A catalyst acts by providing a new path with low energy of activation. Consider the following
homogeneous catalysed reaction,

Step-1: Catalyst combines with one of the reactant to form an intermediate.

Step-2 :This intermediate reacts with other reactant or decompose to give products and the
catalyst is regenerated.

Activation energies for the reactions (2) and (3) are lowered compared to that of (1). Hence
the formation and decomposition of the intermediate accelerates the rate of the reaction.
Example: Formation of water from H2 and O2 in the presence of Cu can be given as

Step-1:

Step-2 :
Limitations:
 This theory fails to explain the action of catalytic poison and promoters.
 This theory fails to explain the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysed reactions.

 Describe adsorption theory of catalysis.

 Langmuir explained the action of catalyst in heterogeneous catalysed reactions based on
adsorption.
 According to this theory, the reactants are adsorbed on the catalyst surface to form an
activated complex which subsequently decomposes and gives the product.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 4

  The various steps involved in a heterogeneous catalysed reactions are
1. The reactant molecules diffuse from bulk to the catalyst surface.
2. The reactant molecules are adsorbed on the surface.
3. The adsorbed molecules are activated and form activated complex which is
decomposed to form the products.
4. Product molecules are desorbed.
5. Product molecules diffuse away from the surface of the catalyst.
 What are Active centres?
The surface of a catalyst is not smooth. It contains steps, cracks and corners. The atoms on
such locations of the surface are coordinately unsaturated. They have much residual force of
attraction. Such sites are called active centres.
 Why is desorption important for a substance to act as good catalyst?
Desorption is important for a substance to act as a good catalyst, because the products have
to leave the surface to create free surface again for other reactant molecules to approach.
 What are enzymes? Write a brief note on the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
 Enzymes are complex protein molecules with three dimensional structures. They catalyze
the chemical reaction in living organism.
 The following mechanism is proposed for the enzyme catalysis

 Give three examples for enzyme catalysed reactions.

1. The enzyme diastase hydrolyses starch into maltose.

2. The enzyme zymase (yeast) converts glucose into ethanol.

3. The enzyme micoderma aceti oxidises Ethanol into acetic acid.

4. The enzyme urease present in soya beans hydrolyses the urea.

5. The peptide glycyl L-glutamyl L-lyrosin is hydrolysed by an enzyme called pepsin.

 Explain the special characteristics of enzyme catalysed reaction.
1. Enzyme catalysed reactions are Effective and efficient. An enzyme may transform a
million molecules of reactant in a minute. For example,

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 5

 For this reaction, the in the absence of a catalyst. But in the presence
of enzyme catalyst .
2. Enzyme catalysis is highly specific in nature.
Urease which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea. But, it does not catalyze the hydrolysis of
methyl urea.

3. Enzyme catalysed reaction has maximum rate at optimum temperature. Above this
optimum temperature the activity of enzyme is destroyed.
(The temperature at which enzyme has maximum activity is called as optimum
temperature).
4. Enzyme catalysed reaction has maximum rate at optimum PH.
(The PH at which enzyme has maximum activity is called as optimum PH.)
5. Enzymes can be inhibited i.e. poisoned. Activity of an enzyme is decreased or
destroyed by a poison.
6. Catalytic activity of enzymes is increased by coenzymes or activators.
 Describe some feature of catalysis by Zeolites.
 Zeolites are micro porous, crystalline, hydrated alumino silicates. As silicon is tetravalent
and aluminium is trivalent, the zeolite matrix carries extra negative charge.
 These negative charges are neutralized by extra framework cations like or ions.
are used as solid acids and as catalysts in petrochemical industries.
are used as basic catalysis.
 In zeolites, the active sites are lying inside their pores. So, reactions occur only inside the
pores.
 Reactant selectivity:
Bulkier molecules are prevented from reaching the active sites. This selectivity is called
reactant shape selectivity.
 Transition state selectivity:
If the transition state is larger than the pore size, no product will be formed.
 Product selectivity:
If the product molecule too big, it cannot diffuse out of the pores.
 Write a note on phase transfer catalysts.
 Phase transfer catalyst, speeds up the reaction by transporting one reactant from one
phase to another.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 6

  It facilitates migration of a reactant from one solvent to the other. As the reactants are
now brought together, they rapidly react to form the product. For example,

 Direct heating of above reactants in different phases even for several days, no product is

obtained. However, if a small amount of (quaternary ammonium salt) is added,

a rapid transition of 1-cyanooctane occurs in about 100% yield after 1 or 2 hours.

 In this reaction, the transports from the aqueous phase to the organic phase
using its hydrophilic end and facilitates the reaction with 1-chloroocatne as shown below:

 Write a note on nano Catalysis.

 Nano particles of metals, metal oxides, etc., are used as catalyst in many reactions.
 Nano catalysts carry the advantages over homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
 They give 100% selectivity, excellent yield and show extremely high activity. They can be
recovered and recycled.

 What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalyst?

Activity: ability of a catalyst to increase the rate of a particular reaction.
Selectivity: ability of a catalyst to direct a reaction to yield a particular product.

 Comment on the statement: Colloid is not a substance but it is a state of substance.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 7

 Colloid is not a substance but a state of substance, because some substances which are
crystalloids under certain conditions can be colloids under the other,
Example: NaCl is a crystalloid in aqueous medium, but when mixed with benzene, it behaves
as a colloid. So, above statement is true.

Dispersed Dispersion Name of the

S.n Examples
phase medium colloid
1. Solid Solid Solid sol Pearls, opals, coloured glass, alloys
2. Solid Liquid Sol Inks, Paints, colloidal gold
3. Solid Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke, dust, fumes
4. Liquid Solid Gel Butter, cheese
5. Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, Cream, Mayonnaise
6. Liquid Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, Aerosol spray
7. Gas Solid Solid foam Pumice stone, Foam, rubber, bread
8. Gas Liquid Foam Whipped cream, Froth(shaving cream)

 What is the difference between a sol and a gel?

 Sol is a colloidal solution of type solid in liquid. Examples: Inks, Paints
 Gel is a colloidal solution of type liquid in solid. Examples: Butter, cheese
 What are lyophilic and lyophobic colloids?
 lyophilic colloids:
There exist a definite attractive force between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Examples: sols of starch and protein.
They are very stable and cannot be precipitated very easily.
 Lyophobic colloids:
There is no attractive force between dispersed phase and dispersion medium. Examples:
sols of silver, gold, platinum and copper.
They are less stable and can be precipitated very easily.
 Why lyophilic colloidal sols are more stable than lyophobic colloidal sol.
 A lyophilic sol is stable due to the charge and the hydration of sol particles. On the other
hand, a lyophobic sol is stable due to the charge only and hence can be easily coagulated by
adding small amount of an electrolyte.

1) Dispersion methods

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 8

 i. Mechanical Dispersion:
Using a colloid mill, the solid is ground to colloidal dimension. The colloid mill consists of
two metal plates rotating in opposite direction at very high speed of nearly 7000 rpm.
The colloidal particles of required size is obtained by adjusting the distance between two
plates. Examples: Ink and colloidal graphite.
ii. Electro Dispersion:
An electrical arc is struck between electrodes dispersed in water surrounded by ice.
When a current of 1 A/100V is passed, an arc produced forms vapours of metal which
immediately condense to form colloidal solution. KOH is added as a stabilizing agent.
Examples: copper, silver, gold, platinum sols
iii. Ultrasonic dispersion
Ultrasonic sound waves can cause transformation of course suspension to colloidal
dimensions.
Claus obtained mercury sol by subjecting mercury to sufficiently high frequency ultrasonic
vibrations.
The ultrasonic vibrations produced by generator spread the oil and transfer the vibration to the
vessel with mercury in water.
iv. Peptisation:
The process in which precipitated particles are converted into colloidal solutions by the
addition of electrolytes is called as Peptisation. The electrolyte added is called peptising
agent.

 Peptising agent is added to convert precipitate into colloidal solution. Explain with an
example.
(find the answer above)
 Explain the Condensation Methods of preparation of colloids.
When the substance for colloidal particle is present as small sized particle, molecule or
ion, they are brought to the colloidal dimension by condensation methods. Here care should
be taken to produce the particle with colloidal size otherwise precipitation will occur.
Various
chemical methods for the formation of colloidal particles.
(i) Oxidation:
Selenium sol is obtained by passing O2 gas through H2Se.

(ii) Reduction:
Gold sol is obtained by the reduction of auric chloride using formaldehyde.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 9

 (iii) Hydrolysis
Ferric hydroxide sol is obtained by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride

(iv) Double decomposition

Arsenic sulphide sol is obtained by passing H 2S gas through a solution of arsenic oxide.

(v) Decomposition
When few drops of an acid are added to a dilute NaS2O3 solution, it decomposes to give
insoluble free sulphur which accumulates into clusters of colloidal dimension.
These sol particles impart various colours (blue, yellow, red)to the solution depending on
their particle size.

Properties of colloids:
 Discuss the shapes of colloidal particles.
s.n Colloidal Particles Shapes
1 AS2S3 Spherical
2 Fe(OH)3 sol, blue gold sol Disc or plate like
3 W3O5 sol Rod like
 What is Tyndall effect?
When light passes through colloidal solution, it is scattered in all directions. This scattering of
light by colloidal solutions is called as Tyndall effect.
 What is Brownian movement?
The zigzag, random, continuous, ceaseless motion movement exhibited by colloidal particles
in dispersion medium is called Brownian movement.
The reason for this is continuous bombardment of colloidal particles with the molecules of
the dispersion medium.

 Write a note on Helmholtz double layer.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 10

 The surface of colloidal particle adsorbs one type of ion due to preferential adsorption. This
layer attracts the oppositely charged ions in the medium.
The combination of the two layers of opposite charges around the
colloidal particle is called Helmholtz electrical double layer.

 Explain how the charge on the sol particle be determined by electrophoresis experiment.

§ When electric potential is applied across two platinum electrodes immersed in a

hydrophilic sol, the dispersed particles move toward one or other electrode.
§ Migration of sol particles under the influence of electric field is called electrophoresis or
Cataphoresis.
§ Positively charged sol particles migrate toward the cathode, and negatively charged sol
particles migrate toward anode.
§ Thus the charge of the sol particles can be determined from the direction of migration of
sol particles.
§ Examples:
Positively charge colloids : Fe(OH)3 , Al(OH)3, haemoglobin
Negatively charge colloids : As2S3 , starch, Ag, Au & Pt

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 11

 Write a note on electro osmosis.

A sol is electrically neutral. The medium carries an equal but opposite charge to that of
dispersed particles. When sol particles are prevented from moving, under the influence of
electric field the medium moves in a direction opposite to that of the sol particles.
This movement of dispersion medium under the influence of electric potential is called
electro osmosis.
 What is coagulation or precipitation of a sol? List the methods available for coagulation.
The flocculation and setting down of the sol particles is called coagulation.
Methods of coagulation:
 Addition of electrolytes
 Electrophoresis
 Mixing appositively charged sols.
 Boiling
 Explain any one method for coagulation.
When colloidal sols with opposite charges are mixed mutual coagulation takes place. It is due
to migration of ions from the surface of the particles.
We know that Fe(OH)3 sol is a positive sol, and As 2S3 sol is a negative sol. If these two
oppositely charged sols are mixed, they can coagulate each other mutually.
 What happens when a colloidal sol of Fe(OH)3 and As2S3 are mixed?
(Find the answer above)
 What is flocculation value?
The minimum concentration (millimoles/lit) of an electrolyte required to cause precipitation
of a sol in 2hours is called its flocculation value.
The precipitating power of an electrolyte is determined by its flocculation value. The smaller
the flocculation value greater will be precipitation.
When the valency of ion is high, the precipitation power is increased.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 12

 What is gold number of the colloid?
Gold number is defined as the number of milligrams of hydrophilic colloid that will
just prevent the precipitation of 10ml of gold sol on the addition of 1ml of 10% NaCl solution.
Smaller the gold number greater the protective power.
Colloid Gold number
Gelatin 0.005-1
Egg albumin 0.08-0.10
Gum Arabic 0.1-0.15
Potato starch 25

 What are emulsions? Explain the types of emulsions.

§ Emulsions are colloidal solution two immiscible liquids. i.e., one liquid is dispersed in
another liquid. Generally there are two types of emulsions.
(i) Oil in water (O/W) (ii) Water in oil (W/O)
§ The process of preparation of emulsion by the dispersal of one liquid in another liquid is
called Emulsification.
§ To have a stable emulsion a small amount of emulsifier or emulsification agent is added.
 What is inversion of phase?
 The process of conversion of W/O emulsion into O/W emulsion or vice versa is called
inversion of phases.
 An O/W emulsion containing potassium soap as emulsifying agent can be converted into
W/O emulsion by adding CaCl2 or AlCl3.
 Give three uses of emulsions.
 O/W emulsions are common in food products. Examples: butter, homogenized milk,
mayonnaise, etc
 Cosmetics such as lotions, creams, makeup removers are emulsions.
 Glues and paints are emulsions.
 Why does bleeding stop by rubbing moist alum?
Blood is a colloidal sol. When we rub the injured part with moist alum then
coagulation of blood takes place. Hence, main reason is coagulation, which stops the
bleeding.
 Addition of Alum purifies water. Why?
The water obtained from natural sources often contains suspended impurities. Alum is
added to such water to coagulate the suspended impurities and make water fit for drinking
purposes
 List the medicinal applications of colloids.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 13

  Antibodies such as penicillin and streptomycin are produced in colloidal form for suitable
injections.
 Colloidal gold and colloidal calcium are used as tonics.
 Silver sol protected by gelatin known as Argyrol is used as eye lotion.
 Milk of magnesia is used for stomach troubles.
 Write a note on chrome tanning.
Animal skin and hides are proteins containing positively charged sol particles.
They are coagulated by adding tannin to give hardened leather.
Chromium salts are used for this purpose.
Chrome tanning can produce soft and shiny leather.
 Write a note on phase transfer catalysts.
 If two different reactants are in two different immiscible solvents, the reaction between
them is very slow. The reactants have to migrate across the boundary to react. But this
migration of reactants is not easy.
 To remove this phase boundary, a third solvent which is miscible with both may be
added. Now reactants can freely mix and they react fast. Use of a third solvent is not
convenient as it is expensive.
 Phase transfer catalysis avoids the use of this third solvent.

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 14

1. For Frendlich isotherm a graph of log ( mx )is plotted against log P. The slope of the line and its
y – axis intercept respectively corresponds to
1 1
a) , k b) log , k
n n
1 1
c) , logk d) log , log k
n n
2. Which of the following is incorrect for physisorption?
a) reversible b) increases with increase in temperature
c) low heat of adsorption d) increases with increase in surface area
3. Which one of the following characteristics are associated with adsorption? (NEET)
a) ∆ G and ∆ H are negative but ∆ S is positive
b) ∆ G and ∆ S are negative but ∆ H is positive
c) ∆ G is negative but ∆ H and ∆ S are positive
d) ∆ G , ∆ H and ∆ S all are negative.
4. Fog is colloidal solution of
a) Solid in gas b) gas in gas
c) Liquid in gas d) gas in liquid
5. Assertion: Coagulation power of A l 3+¿ ¿ is more than N a+¿ ¿ .
Reason: greater the valency of the flocculating ion added, greater is its power to cause
precipitation
a) if both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) if both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
c) assertion is true but reason is false
d) both assertion and reason are false.
6. Statement: To stop bleeding from an injury, ferric chloride can be applied. Which comment
about the statement is justified?
a) It is not true, ferric chloride is a poison.
b) It is true, F e 3+ ¿¿ ions coagulate blood which is a negatively charged sol
c) It is not true; ferric chloride is ionic and gets into the blood stream.
d) It is true, coagulation takes place because of formation of negatively charged sol with
−¿ ¿
Cl .
7. Hair cream is
a) gel b) emulsion
c) solid sol d) sol.
8. Which one of the following is correctly matched?
a) Emulsion – Smoke
b) Gel – butter

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 15

 c) foam – Mist
d) whipped cream – sol
9. The most effective electrolyte for the coagulation of AS2S3 Sol is
a) NaCl b) Ba ( N O3 )2
c) K 3 [ Fe ( CN )6 ] d) Al2 ( S O4 )3
10. Which one of the following is not a surfactant?
C H 3 −( CH 2) 15−NH 2
a) b)

c) d)
11. The phenomenon observed when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution is
a) Cataphoresis b) Electrophoresis
c) Coagulation d) Tyndall effect
12. In an electrical field, the particles of a colloidal system move towards cathode. The
coagulation of the same sol is studied using K 2 S O 4 (I), N a3 PO 4 (II), K 4 [Fe ( CN )6 ] (III) and
NaCl (IV) Their coagulating power should be
a) II > I>IV > III b) III > II > I > IV
c) I > II > III > IV d) none of these
13. Collodion is a 4% solution of which one of the following compounds in alcohol – ether
mixture?
a) Nitroglycerine b) Cellulose acetate
c) Glycoldinitrate d) Nitrocellulose
14. Which one of the following is an example for homogeneous catalysis?
a) manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process
b) manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process
c) hydrogenation of oil
d) Hydrolysis of sucrose in presence of dilute HCl
15. Match the following
A) V3O5 i) High density polyethylene
B) Ziegler – Natta ii) PAN
C) Peroxide iii) NH3
D) Finely divided Fe iv) H2SO4
A B C D
a) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
b) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
c) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
d) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 16

16. The coagulation values in millimoles per litre of the electrolytes used for the coagulation of
AS2S3 are given below (i) (NaCl)=52 (II) ((BaCl2 )=0.69 (III) (MgSO4)=0.22 . The correct order of
their coagulating power is
a) III > II > I b) I > II > III
c) I > III > II d) II > III>I
17. Adsorption of a gas on solid metal surface is spontaneous and exothermic, then
a) ΔH increases b) ΔS increases
c) ΔG increases d) ΔS decreases
18. If x is the amount of adsorb ate and m is the amount of adsorbent, which of the following
relations is not related to adsorption process?
x
a) =f ( P ) at constant temperature
m
x
b) =f ( T ) at constant P
m
x
c) P=f ( T ) at constant
m
x
d) =PT
m
19. On which of the following properties does the coagulating power of an ion depend?
a) Both magnitude and sign of the charge on the ion.
b) Size of the ion alone
c) the magnitude of the charge on the ion alone
d) the sign of charge on the ion alone.
20. Match the following
a) Pure nitrogen i) Chlorine
b) Haber process ii) Sulphuric acid
c) Contact process iii) Ammonia
d) Deacons Process iv) sodium azide (or) Barium azide
Which of the following is the correct option?
A B C D
a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
b) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
c) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
d) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

Unit – 10-SURFACE CHEMISTRY The Turning Point 17