Compound IUPAC name Common name

Methanal Formaldehyde

Ethanal Acetaldehyde

Prop-2-enal Acrolein
But-2-enal Crotonaldehyde

Phenylmethanal Benzaldehyde

Propanone Acetone

1-phenylethan-1-one acetophenone

Diphenylmethanone Benzophenone

 What is Ozonolysis? Give an example.

Alkenes react with ozone to form Ozonide and it is cleaved by Zn/H2O to form smaller
molecules.

 What happens when 1-butene subjected for Ozonolysis?

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 1

 What is Rosenmund reduction?

 In this reaction BaSO4 is used as a Catalytic Poison

 Formaldehyde cannot be prepared by this method, since formylchloride is unstable at
room temperature.
 What is Stephen’s reaction?
Aldehydes can be prepared by the reduction of alkyl cyanides by SnCl 2/HCl.

 Discuss the selective reduction of alkyl cyanides by DIBAL-H

Diisobutyl aluminium hydride (DIBAL –H) selectively reduces the alkyl cyanides to form
imines which on hydrolysis gives aldehydes.

 What is Gattermann –Koch reaction?

When benzene is treated with a mixture of CO + HCl, it generates an intermediate which
reacts like formyl chloride to give benzaldehyde.

 What is Urotropine? How is it prepared? Give its structure and use.

Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to give Urotropine (hexa methylene tetramine)

Uses:
 Urotropine is used to treat urinary infection.
 Nitration of Urotropine under controlled condition
gives an explosive RDX. It is also called cyclonite (or)
cyclotrimethylene trinitramine.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 2

 What is Popoff’s rule? Explain with an example.
When an unsymmetrical ketones is oxidised, a (C–CO) bond is cleaved in such a way that the
keto group stays with the smaller alkyl group.

 What is Clemmenson reduction?

Aldehydes and Ketones when heated with zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid
gives hydrocarbons.

 What is Wolf kishner reduction?

Aldehydes and Ketones when heated with hydrazine and sodium ethoxide, hydrocarbons are
formed Hydrazine acts as a reducing agent and sodium ethoxide as a catalyst.

 What is pinacol ? How is it prepared?

2,3-dimethylbutane-2,3-diol is known as Pinacol. It is prepared by the reduction of acetone
with magnesium amalgam and water.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 3

 What is Iodoform (Haloform ) reaction ?
The carbonyl compounds having Methyl Keto group, undergoes Haloform reaction with
halogen and alkali to form an haloform.

 What is crossed aldol condensation?

If aldol condensation takes place between two different aldehydes (or) ketones (or)
between one aldehyde and one ketone, it is called as crossed aldol condensation.

 What is Claisen-Schmidt condensation?

Benzaldehyde condenses with aliphatic aldehyde or methyl ketone in the presence of
dil.alkali at room temperature to form unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 4

 Explain the mechanism of aldol condensation.
When acetaldehyde is warmed with dil NaOH it gives acetaldol.

Mechanism:
Step-I :
The carbanion is formed by the removal of α hydrogen atom by a base.

Step-II:
Nucleophilic attack of carbonyl carbon by a carbanion to form an alkoxide ion.

Step-III:
protonation of alkoxide ion leads to an aldol.

This aldol rapidly undergoes dehydration on heating to form an

.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 5

 Explain the mechanism of Cannizaro reaction.
Aldehydes which do not have α - hydrogen atom undergo disproportionation reaction to give
a mixture of alcohol and a salt of carboxylic acid.
Benzaldehyde on treatment with concentrated NaOH (50%) gives benzyl alcohol and
sodium benzoate.

Mechanism:
Step-1: Nucleophilic attack by OH- ion on carbonyl carbon

Step-2: Transfer of hydride ion.

Step-3: Transfer of proton:

 What is crossed Cannizaro reaction?

When Cannizaro reaction takes place between two different aldehyde containing no α
hydrogen atom, the reaction is called as cross Cannizaro reaction. In this, more reactive
aldehyde is oxidized and less reactive aldehyde is reduced.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 6

 What is Benzoin condensation?
When benzaldehyde is refluxed with aqueous alcoholic KCN solution, an α-hydroxy ketone
called Benzoin is formed.

 What is Perkin reaction?

When benzaldehyde is heated with an acetic anhydride in the presence of
the sodium acetate, an cinnamic acid (α, β unsaturated acid) is obtained.

 What is Knoevenagal reaction?

Benzaldehyde condenses with malonic acid in presence of pyridine to form Cinnamic
acid.

 How will you convert benzaldehyde into Schiff’s base?

Benzaldehyde react with primary amines in the presence of an acid to form schiff ’s base.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 7

 How will you convert Benzaldehyde into Malachite green?
Benzaldehyde condenses with N, N – dimethyl aniline in the presence of conc H 2SO4 to from
triphenyl methane dye.

 Tollen’s Reagent Test (silver mirror test.)

 Tollen’s reagent is an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution.
 When an aldehyde is warmed with Tollen’s reagent a bright silver mirror is produced due
to the formation of silver metal.

 Fehling’s solution Test

 Fehling's solution is prepared by mixing equal volumes of Fehling-A ( CuSO 4) and Fehling-
B (alkaline solution of sodium potassium tartrate-Rochelle salt).
 When an aldehyde is warmed with Fehling’s solution deep blue colour solution is
changed to red precipitate of cuprous oxide.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 8

 Molecular formula Common name IUPAC name
HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid
CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid
C3H7 COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid
C6H5 COOH Benzoic acid Benzene carboxylic acid
 How will you convert CO2 and CH3COOH?
Methyl magnesium bromide reacts with carbon di oxide (dry ice) followed by acidification
gives acetic acid.

Formic acid cannot be prepared by Grignard reagent since acid contains only one carbon
atom
 How will you prepare benzoic acid prepared using Grignard reagent?

 How is benzoic acid prepared from toluene?

Benzoic acid can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of alkyl benzene with
chromic acid (or) acidic (or) alkaline potassium permanganate.

 What is glacial acetic acid?

 Pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid.
 Vinegar is 6 to 8% solution of acetic acid in water.
 When aqueous acetic acid is cooled at 289.5 K (16.350C), acetic acid solidifies and forms
ice like crystals, whereas water remains in liquid state and removed by filtration. This
process is repeated to obtain glacial acetic acid.

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 9

 Give any three tests for carboxylic acids.
 Aqueous solution of carboxylic acids turns Blue litmus into Red.
 When carboxylic acid is warmed with alcohol and Con H 2SO4 it forms an ester, which is
detected by its fruity odour.
 Carboxylic acids give brisk effervescence with sodium bi carbonate solution due to
evolution of carbon di oxide.

 Explain the mechanism of esterification reaction.

When carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of conc. H 2SO4 (or dry HCl)
esters are formed. This reaction is reversible.

Mechanism:

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 10

1. The correct structure of the product ‘A’ formed in the reaction

a) b)

c) d)

2. The formation of cyanohydrin from acetone is an example of

a) Nucleophilic substitution b) electrophilic substitution
c) Electrophilic addition d) Nucleophilic addition
3. Reaction of acetone with one of the following reagents involves nucleophilic addition
followed by elimination of water. The reagent is
a) Grignard reagent
b) Sn / HCl
c) Hydrazine in presence of slightly acidic solution
d) hydrocyanic acid

4. the final product ‘Y’ is

a) Formaldehyde b) diacetoneammonia
c) Hexamethylenetetramine d) oxime
5. Predict the product Z in the following series of reactions

a) ( C H 3 ) 2 C ( OH ) C 6 H 5 b) CH 3 CH ( OH ) C 6 H 5
c) C H 3 CH ( OH ) C H 2 C H 3 d) C 6 H 5 C H 2 OH

6. the compound ‘C’ is

a) Anilinium chloride b) O – nitro aniline
c) Benzene diazonium chloride d) m – nitro benzoic acid

7. . This reaction is called

a) Finkelstein reaction b) Haloform reaction
c) Hell – Volhard – Zelinsky reaction d) none of these

8. . The product (c) is

a) Acetyl chloride b) Chloro acetic acid
c) α- Chlorocyano ethanoic acid d) none of these
UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 11
9. Which one of the following reduces Tollen’s reagent
a) Formic acid b) acetic acid
c) Benzophenone d) none of these

10. the product B is

a) b)

c) d)

11. The IUPAC name of

a) but – 3- enoicacid b) but – 1- ene-4-oicacid
c) but – 2- ene-1-oic acid d) but -3-ene-1-oicacid
12. Identify the product formed in the reaction

a) b)

c) d)

13. Assertion : p – N, N – dimethyl amino benzaldehyde undergoes benzoin condensation

Reason : The aldehyde (-CHO) group is meta directing
a) if both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) if both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
c) assertion is true but reason is false
d) both assertion and reason are false.
14. Which one of the following reaction is an example of disproportionation reaction?
a) Aldol condensation b) cannizaro reaction
c) Benzoin condensation d) none of these

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 12

15. Which one of the following undergoes reaction with 50% sodium hydroxide solution to give
the corresponding alcohol and acid
a) Phenyl Methanal b) Ethanal c) Ethanol d) methanol
16. Phenyl Methanal is reacted with concentrated NaOH to give two products X and Y. X reacts
with metallic sodium to liberate hydrogen X and Y are
a) sodiumbenzoate and phenol
b) Sodium benzoate and phenyl methanol
c) Phenyl methanol and sodium benzoate
d) None of these
17. In which of the following reactions new carbon – carbon bond is not formed?
a) Aldol condensation b) Friedel craft reaction
c) Kolbe’s reaction d) Wolf kishner reduction
18. An alkene “A” on reaction with O 3 and Zn – H2O gives propanone and ethanol in equimolar
ratio. Addition of HCl to alkene “A” gives “B” as the major product. The structure of product
“B” is

a) b)

c) d)

19. Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than aldehydes, ketones and even alcohols of
comparable molecular mass. It is due to their
a) more extensive association of carboxylic acid via van der Waals force of attraction
b) formation of carboxylate ion
c) formation of intramolecular H-bonding
d) formation of intermolecular H – bonding
20. Of the following, which is the product formed when cyclohexanone undergoes aldol
condensation followed by heating?

a) b)

c) d)

UNIT –12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS The Turning Point 13