Chapter 7

Assessing
Psychosocial,
Cognitive, and Moral
Development
Objective

 Todescribe the following

theories: Freud (psychosexual),
Erickson (psychosocial), Piaget
(cognitive) and Kohlberg
(moral)

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 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual
Development

Phallic: 3–6 years

Anal: 1.5–3 years Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Oral: 0–1.5 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel -Oedipus Complex
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
and Bladder Control - Castration Anxiety
-Electra Complex

Latency: 6–11 years Genital: Adolescence

Erogenous Zone: Sexual Erogenous Zone: Maturing
Feelings Are Inactive Sexual Interests

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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Toddler:
Infant: Basic Preschooler:
Autonomy
trust versus Initiative versus
versus shame
basic mistrust guilt
and doubt

School ager: Adolescent: Young adult:

Industry versus Identity versus Intimacy versus
inferiority role confusion isolation

Middle adult:
Older adult: Ego
Generativity
integrity versus
versus
despair
stagnation

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 6
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
 Sensorimotor
 Birth-2 years
 Preoperational
 Ages: 2-7 years
 Two substages (preconceptual and intuitive)
 Concrete operational
 Ages: 7-11 years
 Formal operational
 Ages: 12 and Up

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 8
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
 Preconventional (premoral)
-Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)
-Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)
 Conventional (maintain external expectations
of others)
-Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal
Relationship)
-Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)
 Postconventional (maintain internal principles
of self—Piaget’s concept of formal operations)
-Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)
-Stage 6 (Universal Principles)
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Assessing Development of Older Adults

 Eriksonian tasks for older adults

embrace realistically reviewing and
viewing life, recognizing errors and
poor choices, learning from past
experiences what strengths one has,
acknowledging accomplishments and
developing new wisdom.
 Freud extolled the importance of
adults meeting the role expectations
of maturity in order to avoid neuroses.

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Assessing Development of Older Adults

 Piaget described the use of formal

operations as helpful in anticipating and
negotiating the declining of physical and
possible cognitive abilities. Older adults
suffer multiple losses and must problem
solve about possible increased
dependency, decreased choices, and
impending death. Death is seen by the
formal operational thinker as universal,
inevitable, and irreversible.

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Assessing Development of Older Adults

 Kohlberg professed that those who had

attained his sixth stage of personal
principles make use of self-evaluation,
self-motivation, and self-regulation,
meeting expectations of his ego ideal. He
believed that the person operating at the
universal principle stage is aware of his
“reason for existence.”

13

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Assessing  Assessment of Freud’s
Stages of Psychosexual
Development Development

with  Assessment of Erikson’s

Psychosocial Development
Subjective  Assessment of Piaget’s
and Cognitive Development
Assessment of Kohlberg’s
Objective 
Moral Development
Data

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Differentiating Normal and
Abnormal Findings

Validation

Documentation

Diagnostic reasoning

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