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21 FOR 21: LEADING
THE 21ST CENTURY
GLOBAL ENTERPRISE
21 FOR 21: LEADING
THE 21ST CENTURY
GLOBAL ENTERPRISE
BY
MICHAEL STANKOSKY
George Washington University, USA
In collaboration with
CAROLYN R. BALDANZA
United Kingdom – North America – Japan
India – Malaysia – China
Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without
either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright
Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst
Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald
makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application
and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Prologue
CODAs
References
Endnotes
Index
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The world has changed dramatically in the past decade. Perhaps one
can trace this dramatic change back to the beginning
implementations of the World Wide Web around 1995. Thomas
Friedman characterized these changes well in his book, The World Is
Flat, when he concluded that countries, organizations, and
individuals are collaborating and competing globally in an
unprecedented manner: all brought about by all sorts of new
software applications, in conjunction with global fiber-optic and
satellite networks. Whatever the origins, one thing is indisputable:
the world of commerce has dramatically changed, and management
research and education has not kept up with its pace. The Schools of
Business and Management are recognizing the need to adapt their
curriculum to the new realities, but they are still groping with what
they should be teaching. There is no one, clear path. They all
recognize that globalization is a major determinant, as well as the
premise that the knowledge economy is now the dominant strategic
resource to get things done. Knowledge is the new “raw” material;
innovation becomes the product; and both are fast becoming a
scarce commodity in the twenty-first-century economy — the new
wealth of nations, companies, and individuals.
THE PRINCIPLES
1 Simplicity: The new competitive advantage
2 If it isn’t broke, break it!
3 Leveraging knowledge is power — not simply sharing it
4 Four Cs for the 21st century: codification + collaboration + convergence + coherence
= success
5 Codify — codify — codify!
6 Connect the dots; connect the people
7 The gull who flies the highest, sees the furthest — a framework for architecting
8 Successful engineering — design it in
9 Systems engineering + project management = success
10 Successful innovation means commercialization
11 Search for best-practices-to-be; otherwise, adopting best practices = mediocrity
12 Think outside the box — however, remember you need to implement in it
13 Secret of successful negotiations: expand the pie from the outset
14 It’s not what you know, but who knows you that counts the most
15 Best answers are derived from the right questions
16 Bring a solution with every problem
17 Successful knowledge management (KM) = leadership + organization + technology +
learning
18 Three circles for success: objective + resources + legitimization
19 Master luck: do not believe in miracles; rely on them
20 Avoid the silver-bullet approach
21 Say what you mean, and mean what you say
1 — SIMPLICITY: THE NEW
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
— unknown
— Zantamata
UPON REFLECTION…
Do we know the critical knowledge resources of our organization?
Do we leverage them?
Do we capitalize on information and knowledge beyond the internal
boundaries of our enterprise?
Do we relegate our organization to mediocrity — merely focusing
on best practices, or do we strive for better?
4 — FOUR CS FOR THE
21ST CENTURY:
CODIFICATION +
COLLABORATION +
CONVERGENCE +
COHERENCE = SUCCESS
— Henry Ford
CODIFICATION
When asked how he became such a successful author, John
Grisham, of the lawyer-fiction fame, answered: “by writing it down.
Nothing happens until you write it down.” How did Einstein acquire
his knowledge of physics and mathematics, to come up with a whole
new way of looking at the universe? Because others documented
their individual parts of his famous equation: E = mc2. In fact, it was
Madame Emilie du Chatelet, mentioned in another principle, who
sufficiently developed the mathematical concept of the square so
that it was of value to Einstein. Others of equal brilliance developed
the “m” and the “c.” Einstein “converged” them into a theory; others
eventually applied it.
It was Newton, himself, who said that he could see farther
because he stood on the shoulders of giants. In other words,
Newton could make such insightful claims about the laws of nature
because someone prior to him created something of value, recorded
it, and passed it along for succeeding generations. We would not
have had his work, Principia Mathematica, had not his admirer,
Halley of comet fame, published it at his own expense for posterity.
Learning did not explode until codification was made easy and
ubiquitous because of the printing press. We saw this in the recent
celebrations of Martin Luther, who translated the Bible from Latin
into German, and by means of the Printing Press was able to
distribute it among the masses. What was the privilege and domain
of clerics was now available to the common people. Their self-
learning and understanding of the Bible lead to an explosion of new
ideas.
Now the digital age is spawning new modes of codification (e.g.,
Wikipedia, Google, and Baidu), and we now have a higher degree of
learning and discovery never before experienced. We must be
careful, however, because not everything in Wikipedia, Google, or
Baidu is totally correct, nor all there is. There is a lot of knowledge
only found in the minds of other people or in books that were never
digitized. Additionally, codification is now multi-media, and can be
channeled through text, audio, and visual as never before. I recently
had hip replacement surgery, and went to YouTube to learn all about
it; and actually see an operation performed. Imagine how much
reduced was my anxiety level in knowing what I was up against; and
hearing about other people’s experiences.
We also know that, had not the Arabs in the ninth century
translated all the early Greek and Roman philosophers into Arabic,
their ideas and concepts would have been lost to mankind. The
Europeans were burning these books, but the Arabs needed their
knowledge. The Arabs created a House of Wisdom, an Institute
devoted to the translation of classical scholarship. It also became a
haven for learning.
It is critical that an organization codify all their best practices,
especially those of their experts. Lockheed Martin is doing such: they
have identified their senior engineers and project managers who are
near retirement, and have set up a program to capture their special
sauce recipes before they leave. Otherwise, they would be lost to
the company.
Another example was at Science Application International
Corporation (SAIC) when I was there: they collected all their
systems engineering and project management practices from their
49 divisions, and culled them down to standard ones, thus enabling
all the various divisions to better understand how things were done
throughout the company. From there, they were able to both
improve on them and make sure they were handed down to new
personnel. An additional benefit was when people transferred to
another division, they did not have to relearn.
In summary, I cannot overstate the case for codification (I even
devoted a separate Principle on it.). More harm and waste can be
done to neglect this vital function. Imagine life without the stories,
books, videos, and lessons of yesterday.
COLLABORATION
Kenneth Blanchard, who wrote The One Minute Manager, once said
“no one is as smart as all of us,” and I can tell you that my life
experiences validate this time and time again (Blanchard, 2015). I
spoke of paradigm paralysis in Principle #2. One way to ensure that
will not happen as a common occurrence is to enlist the
collaboration of those impacted by the decisions and processes.
Einstein himself collaborated with many other physicists and
mathematicians. Without them, he may have never had his “eureka”
moment. It is easier to find a genius in a group than in an individual.
Your chances of success will dramatically improve. The reason why
universities are so successful in producing new ideas is because they
have a natural environment for collaboration. Successful military
operations are a by-product of collaboration among many branches
and allies.
CONVERGENCE
I am a great believer in the “and.” Even AT&T recognizes the power
of the “&” in their major advertisement. Just what makes it so
powerful?
When I was a commander, one of my lieutenants needed a
decision from me. He gave me an either-or proposition. I asked him
if I could have an “and.” I asked him to take the best of both; delete
the worst of both; and see if there was a third alternative.
I was disappointed with one aspect of my 16 years on the faculty
of a major university: our reluctance to collaborate with other
Departments and Schools, or to wander outside of our disciplines. In
fact, when I joined the faculty, I heard a presentation of our
Executive Vice President for Academics, who stated that one of his
principal objectives was to get two of the 10 Schools to work
together. This was in 1998: it never happened during my tenure
there. I made one attempt with the School of Business (I was in the
School of Engineering and Applied Science). Together we formed an
Institute for Knowledge and Innovation. While we were licensed as
an Institute, we were never able to get the student and faculty from
the Business School to actively participate.
Additionally, I joined the Department of Engineering Management
and Systems Engineering because it was a multidisciplinary one.
However, it was not possible to stitch together our courses into a
mosaic or tapestry, as faculty were not comfortable working outside
their field of expertise. What a loss to our students.
Yet, a lot of innovations take place at the boundaries of
disciplines, where there is a convergence. For example, DNA was the
product of a convergence of mathematics and chemistry. Systems
Thinking is a practice that evolved from the constructs from biology,
engineering, and software engineering/management. Total Quality
Management came from the convergence of design, engineering,
and manufacturing (the objective is to design and engineer quality
in; not inspect it out). The challenge lies in identifying the necessary
and relevant areas to converge in and throughout an enterprise.
Some are not obvious; others more evident. We slowly are beginning
to realize that in any major problem-solving arena, we must take
into account many other areas. Otherwise, we run the risk of making
the system worse with the solution to the problem at hand. The law
of unintended consequences is ever lurking: where the solution
solves one problem but produces ten others. Notice that many great
innovations come at the boundaries of disciplines.
One of the many books that inspired me was Consilience – The
Unity of Knowledge, by Edward O. Wilson. It was described by the
Wall Street Journal as “A dazzling journey across the sciences and
humanities in search of deep laws to unite them.” He attempts a
broad understanding in many academic disciplines. It is through the
analysis of data and information, combined with advanced analytics
and artificial intelligence, that we can now see things that were not
visible before. This synthesis is leading to new knowledge and
wisdom, which can be used to benefit all of us.
So, organizations should identify and create a convergence of
disciplines and people within their enterprises. They should be
curious enough to venture into other areas in which they are not
experts; or rather, bring on these disciplines to their organization.
They should always demand the “and” to the either-or.
I recall a story by John Seeley Brown, who was the Director of
Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center, where we got the computer–user
interface common today and other modern inventions we take for
granted. He said that they did produce a lot of new things, but when
he decided to integrate a bunch of anthropologists into the mix, their
quantity increased, as well as the practicality of their research.
So, the “and” has a rich history, and one that we should definitely
adopt and leverage.
COHERENCE
An orchestra is an amalgamation of many instruments. Without any
score or conductor, one gets cacophony. The composer-maestro
brings coherence to this jumble of people and instruments. A theme
brings coherence to a well-written piece of work, making it literature
rather than the ramblings of some writer. A value proposition is a
rallying point for all. A mission, a vision, and an objective are
essential unifying elements, without which the enterprise rapidly
becomes a mumbo-jumbo of pieces, sometimes working at odds.
Coherence is this important concept that provides the force
multiplier effect that many organizations often dream about, let
alone achieve. We often hear that we need to be speaking from the
same page.
The question for today’s leaders is how they can achieve
coherence throughout their enterprise. We can take a few pages
from the history of our own country’s founding. How did we achieve
so lasting and a rallying point for our Republic. We created a
Declaration, and eventually a Constitution, that were written based
upon guiding principles. Every item offered was subjected to these
principles, and once agreed upon, they were adopted.
In large organizations, like United Airlines, everyone throughout
the enterprise must be guided by values and objectives. These are
the glue that keeps everyone working together and supporting the
enterprise. Someone told me that everyone should act like the CEO,
no matter what their level: that everyone has a stake in the success
of the organization.
That’s what I found exciting about being a part of SAIC: it was
truly an employee-owned company, and because of its unique
charter, we all felt empowered to act as the CEO. While your
organization might not have the benefit of employee-ownership, it
could achieve similar results in various ways.
I likened coherence to a score in an orchestra, the key item that
brings all the various instruments to create harmonious music. The
maestro is responsible to do this. I like to quote from the book —
Maestro:
UPON REFLECTION…
Another random document with
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N’y aurait-il pas confusion, comme je le craignais en venant? Est-ce bien
mon «monsieur» à moi? L’envie me prend de consulter les notes de
Bernard, ouvertes sur le canapé.
De temps en temps cependant, il se tourne de mon côté, et cherche à me
faire entrer dans cette étrange conversation.
—Est-ce que je m’intéresse à l’usine?...
—Mon frère m’en parle-t-il souvent?...
—Le climat du Nord me plaît-il?
Mais Bernard le reprend bien vite, se disant apparemment que je l’aurai
toute ma vie, et qu’il le tient, lui, ce soir seulement, emporté par la passion
des choses qui l’intéressent; et M. Reyville le suit complaisamment de
fermetures en marmites.
D’un regard, en entrant, il m’a enveloppée toute:
—Pas grande, un peu forte, la peau blanche, les cheveux lisses. Elle est
conforme au programme.
Voilà ce qu’il se dit, je pense; et à mon tour je l’observe avec une
angoisse d’esseulement qui irait aux larmes si elle pouvait.
Ces cheveux gris, ces traits marqués, parlent de tant d’années passées où
nous ne nous serons pas connus, dont je ne saurai rien du tout?
Sa figure me plaît telle qu’elle est, mais je la repétris à vingt-cinq ans, et
je songe que jamais je n’aurai vu son rire de jeunesse, ni l’expression qu’il
avait alors; que déjà, tant on change vite, il a été plusieurs êtres; que je
l’épouserai moi peut-être à la dixième de ses formes, et que chacune a ses
souvenirs qu’elle gardera et que j’ignorerai.
Souder deux existences sans rien de commun dans leur passé, qui l’a osé
le premier?
Quel trou cela doit laisser, cet inconnu, puéril ou grave, qu’on sent en
tout!
Moi-même, dans les heures finies, lesquelles lui raconterai-je?
Lesquelles tairai-je?
Lui parlerai-je de maman?
Pendant que je me jure que non, la dernière catastrophe de leur maudit
explosif est épuisée, et nous nous levons de table.
Bernard, soudain rendu au sentiment des choses, devient empesé et
nerveux, puis dans une trouvaille d’ingéniosité qui le transporte, nous
envoie sur le balcon, pendant qu’il fume son cigare.
La lune éclaire la rue. Le balcon, tout petit, très haut par-dessus les gaz
et les lumières, reste sombre contre son mur.
Le cadre et l’instant sont intimes.
Lui et moi, nous savons tous deux pourquoi nous sommes assis là...
N’aura-t-il pas pitié du cœur froissé et troublé qui bat à côté de lui?
Il peut mettre ici encore une ombre de bon souvenir, que je rechercherai
plus tard.
Si nous parlions franchement, au moins!
Il s’en est fallu, pour que cette simple bonne foi régnât entre nous, que
ce fût moi qui la première trouvât le mot du début.
Mais il s’est repris avant moi—s’il avait à se reprendre—et s’est remis à
causer, comme il causait l’instant d’avant, au choix du sujet près; contant
des voyages, des pays, des visites de musées, des impressions de concert,
avec l’aisance indifférente d’un homme dans son devoir mondain.
Mes goûts, mes occupations, ma vie?... Trois questions incidentes. Ce
qu’il aurait pu demander à toute femme rencontrée. Des siens pas un mot.
Et l’ironie me reprenait, devant ces semblants que nous gardions, devant
cette comédie réciproque, avec l’irritation de ce front penché, derrière
lequel roulaient des pensées toutes pareilles, je le sentais, j’en étais sûre, et
qui gardait le secret de ses sensations présentes comme de ses souvenirs
anciens.
Pensait-il à sa femme maintenant? Nous comparait-il, elle et moi?...
Quand je détournais la tête pour fuir cette idée insupportable, je revoyais
les lumières d’en face, qui trouaient le mur noir. Combien de ces lampes
éloignées éclairaient ce «bonheur à deux» dont on me promettait la
douceur? L’avaient-ils acheté aussi cher, ces inconnus que j’évoquais, et sa
conquête valait-elle l’effort que je faisais en ce moment? Il y avait du
marché ici; de sa part comme de la mienne...
Et puis nous sommes rentrés, las de banalités et d’efforts.
Dans le salon, Bernard, son cigare éteint, la mine discrète et ravie, était
assis dans le même fauteuil.
Il s’est levé en nous voyant, prêt à nous tendre ses deux bras, je le lisais
dans son regard.
Ma mine l’a arrêté sur place, et croyant à quelque déroute, il s’est
empressé auprès de l’ami malheureux qui cherchait bonnement son
chapeau, sans nul signe de détresse; et un bras passé sous le sien, se
préparait à l’emmener sans le laisser même me saluer.
Aussi son second étonnement a-t-il dépassé le premier quand il a vu M.
Reyville, enfin dans l’heureuse possession de tout son petit bagage, qui se
rapprochait de moi et me demandait nettement, faisant allusion cette fois à
la cause de notre rencontre:
—Me permettez-vous, mademoiselle, d’accepter l’offre de votre frère, et
d’aller visiter Valcreux?
Et moi lui répondre de ma bouche:
—Oui, monsieur, je vous le permets.
Il est parti après ça, et comme mon pauvre Bernard, demeuré là dans sa
stupeur, ouvrait la bouche pour une question, je me suis jetée contre sa
poitrine, éclatant en larmes du fond de mon cœur, pendant que lui, tout
éperdu, répétait en me caressant de sa bonne façon maladroite:
—Ma petite sœur!... Ma petite sœur!... Tout s’est si bien passé
pourtant!... Tout s’est si bien passé!...
Et sans doute il avait raison.
AUX LUMIÈRES
—
ET nous arrivons à quelle heure?...
L’homme qui rangeait la collection des petits paquets, dans le filet
du wagon, s’était retourné, le bras levé, gardant au bout de ses doigts un sac
rouge qui dansait.
La question était ordinaire, le ton ne l’était nullement, et c’était à ce ton
surtout qu’il répondait malgré lui en regardant la jeune femme:
—Mais... c’est que... nous voilà seulement passant les fortifications...
—Et des fortifications jusque là-bas, il faut rouler combien de temps?...
—Vous êtes fatiguée?... Demain, à deux heures quarante!...
La seconde phrase avait suivi précipitamment la première, hâtée par le
froncement de plus en plus impérieux des sourcils qui interrogeaient.
Sans répliquer, elle s’était rejetée dans son coin, tandis que lui restait
immobile dans sa pose de statue, avec le petit sac qui sautillait et qui
semblait seul vivant.
Le fracas d’un train qui les croisait le tira de sa torpeur, et, sans rien dire
non plus, il s’assit à son tour.