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WINDOWS INTO A REVOLUTION
WINDOWS INTO A
REVOLUTION
ETHNOGRAPHIES OF MAOISM
IN INDIA AND NEPAL
Edited by
Alpa Shah
and
Judith Pettigrew
First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Alpa Shah and Judith
Pettigrew; individual chapters, the contributors; and Social Science
Press
The right of Alpa Shah and Judith Pettigrew to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan).
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-138-50398-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-14572-3 (ebk)
Typeset in AGaramond
by Tulika Pint Communication Services, New Delhi 110 049
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements vii
Biographical notes ix
Index 334
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T
his book has its genesis in a conference panel on ‘The Everyday
Life of Revolutionary Movements’ organized by us at the
European Association of Social Anthropologists meeting in Bristol
in 2006. Here, we established the need for a more focussed comparative
exploration between the everyday experiences of the Indian Maoists and
the Nepal Maoists. The British Academy kindly funded a subsequent
workshop to discuss ‘Everyday Life with Maoism in India and Nepal:
Anthropological Comparisons’.
We would like to thank all those who presented papers at this workshop
held in Lancashire in 2007 and Stephan Feuchtwang, David Gellner
and John Hutnyk for acting as discussants and subsequently providing
very helpful comments. Most of the papers for that workshop were revised
for this book and a few others were additionally commissioned. We would
like to thank all the contributors for the hard work they have put into
their chapters as well as their more general support throughout the
development of our collected works. We would also like to thank Ritisha
Maharjan for her work on the index.
The volume first appeared as a special double guest edition of
Dialectical Anthropology. This book would not have been possible without
viii Acknowledgements
EDITORS
ALPA SHAH is Senior Lecturer in Anthropology at Goldsmiths, University
of London. Her research focuses on social inequality and efforts to address
it and she has commented on indigeneity, environmentalism, migration,
development, corruption, democracy, citizenship and the state. She is
co-editor (with Tobias Kelly) of A Double Edged Sword: Protection and
State Violence (2006) and author of In the Shadows of the State: Indigenous
Politics, Environmentalism and Insurgency, Jharkhand (2010).
CONTRIBUTORS
KAMAL ADHIKARI is the co-author (along with Pettigrew) of ‘“There is
Nowhere Safe”: Intrusion, Negotiation and Resistance in a Hill Village
in Central Nepal’ in P. Manandhar and D. Seddon (eds.) In Hope and In
Fear: Living Through the People’s War in Nepal (2010).
AMIT DESAI is a social anthropologist and received his PhD from the
London School of Economics in 2007. He is currently Research Fellow
at the School of History and Anthropology, Queen’s University, Belfast.
His research interests include the anthropology of Hinduism and Hindu
devotion, religious transformation, art and materiality. He is co-editor
(with Evan Killick) of The Ways of Friendship: Anthropological Perspectives
(2010).
1990 (2001) and Nepal Ousei Kaitai (Dissolving the Nepali Monarch)
(2007).
A
red corridor, stretching from Nepal in the north to the State of
Andhra Pradesh, India in the south, grips the public imagination
in South Asia. Despite the collapse of socialism and the demise
of communist governments across the world, Maoist Movements have
(re)emerged as a significant force in this region. India and Nepal have
had people across the country mobilized in protracted guerrilla war aimed
at annihilating class enemies, creating liberated zones and seizing state
power through the barrel of the gun.
A “People’s War” was declared in February 1996 in Nepal. The
objective was to overthrow the old order, which included monarchic
and privileged rule by an establishment of landed families, and to replace
it with New People’s Democracy. The following years saw the spread of
the Maoists from their strongholds in Nepal’s mid-western districts,
attacks on the Royal Nepalese Army,1 the deployment of the army, and
the suspension of democratic powers. Nepal had the highest number of
1 The Royal Nepalese Army is also referred to as the Royal Nepal Army.
2 Windows into a Revolution
disappearances in the world in 2003 and 20042 and more than fourteen
thousand people have lost their lives since 1996. However, from
November 2005, on the back of the success of the “People’s War”, the
Nepal Maoists opted to bring about social transformation through open
politics and began collaborating with the seven mainstream parties. King
Gyanendra, who had staged a coup in February 2005, relinquished power
following a successful People’s Movement in April 2006. The government
and the Maoists signed a peace accord in November 2006 declaring a
formal end to the ten-year insurgency. The Maoists gained the highest
number of seats in the election for the new Constituent Assembly in
April 2008. The Maoist supremo ‘Prachanda’ (Pushpa Kamal Dahal) led
a coalition government between August 2008 and May 2009 before
resigning in protest when the president overruled a cabinet decision on
a technicality. Since relinquishing power, they have tried to make a
comeback using a variety of strategies and though unsuccessful and despite
their rhetoric of resumption of armed conflict, they have so far remained
committed to the democratic process. Meanwhile, India remains a torch
bearer of the Maoist protracted people’s war. Here, where South Asian
Maoists have their roots, the movement has a long history. Although
there were earlier communist uprisings, the Naxalbari Movement, which
began in 1960s in West Bengal, is heralded as the beginning of the Maoist
revolution in India. Following the severe state repression of the 1970s,
the Indian Maoists operating as various factions, grouped and regrouped
over the years. While the Nepali Maoists joined mainstream politics, the
Indian Maoists consolidated their underground forces so that by 2006
they were declared by India’s Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, as the
single biggest internal security threat that the country has ever faced. As
this book goes to press a military offensive of an unprecedented scale is
underway to wipe out the Maoists.
Over the years, the Maoist Movements in South Asia have attracted
much media and scholarly attention. Several excellent books on the history
and the politics of the movements have been written by activists, ex-
Maoists, journalists, academics and state officials.3 This book aims to
contribute to this existing scholarship in two primary domains: first, by
Gupta (2004); Hutt (2004); Ogura (2007); Singh (1995); Sinha (1989); Thapa (2003);
Thapa with Sijapati (2004); Yami (2007).
Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal 3
considering the Nepali and the Indian cases in one frame, and second,
by focussing on the everyday experiences of the movements through
detailed case studies which draw on long-term extended fieldwork and
analyses in areas affected by the spread of the Maoist revolutions.
7 Yechury (2006).
8 Jha (2007).
16 Windows into a Revolution
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