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 Fig. 488.—Saxifraga granulata. Longitudinal section
of flower.
The following genera are allied to the Saxifragaceæ:—
1. Parnassia (about 14 species; P. palustris, Grass of Parnassus).
The flower is slightly perigynous, and has S5, P5, 5 fertile sepal-
stamens, and 5 petal-stamens, which are developed as barren
staminodes, palmately-lobed, and (3–) 4 carpels united in a 1-locular
ovary with (3–) 4 parietal placentæ. Capsule.—Protandrous. The flower
has a slightly oblique plane of symmetry, which is especially shown during its
development and in the order of sequence in which the anthers dehisce: originally
they lie closely round the gynœceum; the anthers dehisce extrorsely, first the one
which is placed opposite the most external sepal (the 2/5 arrangement is very
distinct in the calyx), the filament elongating so that the anther lies over the ovary,
and this is followed successively by the 4 others in a zig-zag line; the filaments
bend backwards after the pollen is shed and the anthers drop off, and the stigmas
are not developed until this is completed. The barren stamens are palmately
divided into an uneven number (7, 9, 11) of lobes, tapering from the centre towards
the edge, and bearing apparently glandular tips; their gland-like appearance is
supposed to allure flies to visit the flower, or they may act as a kind of fence which
compels the insects to enter the flower in a certain way, and thus effect pollination;
the honey is secreted on their inner side, and not by the gland-like tips.
 Fig. 489.—Portion of Cephalotus follicularis: k
pitcher-like leaf with thick corrugated edge (m) and lid
(l); b foliage-leaf of the ordinary form.]
2. Adoxa moschatellina (Moschatel). This is a perennial, creeping
herb; the horizontal rhizome has an unlimited growth, and bears, in a
scattered arrangement, both foliage-leaves, and white, fleshy scale-
leaves. The aerial stem bears 2 opposite foliage-leaves and a
capitate inflorescence of 5 flowers, 4 placed laterally (in opposite
pairs) and 1 terminally. The flower is semi-epigynous, the calyx
gamosepalous, corolla absent. The stamens are divided to the base,
so that each filament bears a bilocular anther. The style is free,
deeply cleft. The terminal flower has 2 bracteoles, 4 sepals, 4
stamens, cleft to the base, and a 4-locular ovary. The bracts of the
lateral flowers are displaced on the flower-stalk, as in
Chrysosplenium, and united with the 2 bracteoles into a kind of 3-
leaved involucre; these flowers have 5 sepals, 5 split stamens with
2-locular anthers, and a 5-locular ovary. 1 pendulous ovule in each
loculus. Fruit a drupe, green-coloured, with 1–5 stones.—This plant,
which would perhaps be best placed in a special order, has also
been classed with the Araliaceæ and Caprifoliaceæ.
 The following are also allied to this order: Escalloniaceæ (arborescent plants
with simple, scattered, leathery leaves), Cunoniaceæ (arborescent with opposite
leaves), Cephalotaceæ (with pitcher-like, insect-catching leaves; Australia; Fig.
489) and Francoaceæ. These have respectively 85, 107, 1 and 3 species.

Figs. 490–492.—Ribes rubrum.

Fig. 490.—Floral diagram.

Fig. 491.—Flower in longitudinal section.

 Fig. 492.—Seeds in
longitudinal section.
Order 3. Ribesiaceæ (Currants). 5-stamened Saxifragaceæ with
epigynous flowers.—Moderately sized shrubs with scattered, stalked
and palminerved, and generally palmilobed leaves, with a large leaf-
sheath. The flowers (Figs. 490, 491), most frequently borne in
racemes, are regular, epigynous, and have often, above the ovary, a
cup- or bell-shaped, or tubular prolongation of the receptacle, on
which the sepals, petals and stamens are situated; they have 5
sepals (often large, coloured), 5 small, free petals, only 5 stamens
(opposite the sepals) and a 2-carpellate gynœceum with a unilocular
ovary and 2 parietal placentæ bearing many ovules. The fruit is a
berry, whose seeds have a fleshy and juicy outer covering (Fig. 492).
In some species, for example Ribes grossularia, there is found an unbranched, or
a 3–5-branched spine, very closely resembling the spiny leaves of the Berberis,
but which, however, are emergences springing from the base of the petiole. Ribes
has two kinds of branches: long-branches and dwarf-branches, the latter alone
bearing the flowers.—Ribes (Figs. 490–492). The blades of the leaf are
folded or rolled together in vernation. R. alpinum is diœcious.
75 species; especially from the N. Temp. regions (especially N. Am.).—The
receptacle secretes honey on its inner surface. The Gooseberry-flower is slightly
protandrous, others are homogamous; insect-and self-pollination are found. The
following are fruit bushes: R. nigrum (Black Currant), R. rubrum (Red Currant),
R. grossularia (Gooseberry), originating in Northern Europe and Asia.
Ornamental bushes: the North American R. aureum (Golden Currant) and R.
sanguineum (Blood-red Currant), etc.

Fig. 493.—Deutzia crenata.

Longitudinal section of flower.
Order 4. Hydrangeaceæ. Shrubs, with simple, opposite leaves, without
stipules; flowers generally epigynous, 4–5-merous (Fig. 493).—Hydrangea (H.
hortensia, etc.). Shrubs from N. Am. and E. Asia; corolla often valvate. The
inflorescence, as in the case of the inflorescence of Viburnum opulus (Guelder
Rose), has often irregular, large, but barren flowers at the circumference, whilst the
others are much smaller, regular and ☿; the barren flowers are mostly 4-merous; in
these cases it is the calyx which is large and petaloid, while the other parts of the
flower are more or less suppressed. The branches of the inflorescence appear to
be partially devoid of floral-leaves, since they are displaced upon the main axis.—
Philadelphus; racemes (with terminal flower), sepals 4 (valvate), petals 4 (twisted),
stamens many, and carpels 4 (opposite the petals), forming a 4-locular ovary. The
numerous stamens (20–30) occur by the splitting of the sepal-stamens and are
often therefore placed in distinct bundles. Fruit a capsule. Ph. coronaria (Syringa,
Mock Orange-blossom), from S. Eur., is a common ornamental shrub, as also is
Deutzia (Fig. 493) from N. Am. and E. Asia. The latter has S5, P5, A5 + 5, G3.—
About 70 species.
Order 5 (?). Pittosporaceæ. This order has its home especially in Australia (90
species). The flower has S5, P5, A5 (episepalous), G2 (3–5), most frequently a
unilocular ovary with many ovules in 2 rows, borne on 2 parietal placentæ, or a
bilocular ovary. Some have berries, others capsules. Pittosporum, Citriobatus,
Sollya, Billardiera.
Order 6. Hamamelidaceæ. Flowers more or less epigynous, with S4, P0 or 4, 4
fertile sepal-stamens, and 4 barren petal-stamens, bilocular ovary with 1–2 ovules
in each loculus. Fruit a capsule. Hamamelis: one species in Japan and one in N.
Am. Fothergilla. Liquidambar: monœcious; flowers in capitula or spikes; ♂-flowers
without perianth, stamens indefinite; ♀-flower: slight perianth, 2-locular ovary with
many ovules. Officinal: “Styrax-balsam,” which is obtained by boiling the bark of
Liq. orientalis, from Asia Minor. Liquidambar and Parrotia are found as fossils in
the Upper Oligocene; Hamamelis perhaps in the Chalk.
Finally two orders with very reduced flowers are included in this family.
Order 7. Platanaceæ. Trees, with large, scattered, palminerved and lobed
leaves, and ochreate stipules; the buds are concealed in a hollow at the base of
the petiole. The bark falls off in large scales. ♂ -and ♀ -flowers (monœcious) in
crowded, spherical inflorescences which are placed at wide intervals on a terminal,
thin, and pendulous axis. The flowers have an insignificant calyx and corolla; the
♂-flower has few stamens; ♀-flower, perigynous, with 4 free carpels, 1 pendulous,
orthotropous ovule in each. Fruit a nut; endosperm absent. 5 species; frequently
grown in avenues and parks. P. occidentalis (N. Am.); P. orientalis (W. Asia.).
Order 8. Podostemaceæ. Aquatic plants, especially in swiftly running water,
with somewhat of an Alga-like, Moss-like, or thalloid appearance; they show
themselves in many ways to be adapted to their mode of life and situations (having
a dorsiventral creeping stem, the flowers sunk in hollows, a formation of haptera
upon the roots, and thalloid assimilating roots and thalloid stems, etc.). Tropical;
100 species.

Family 20. Rosifloræ.

The leaves are scattered, stipulate, or have at least a well
developed sheath, which is generally prolonged on each side into a
free portion (“adnate stipules”). The flowers are regular, perigynous
or epigynous. Calyx and corolla 5 (-4)-merous with the usual
position. The corolla is always polypetalous. The stamens are
present in very varying numbers (5–∞) and position, but always
placed in 5-or 10-merous whorls; they are frequently 20 in 3 whorls
(10 + 5 + 5; see Figs. 494, 502, 505); the nearer they are placed to
the circumference, the longer they are; they are generally incurved in
the bud, or even rolled up. The number of the carpels is from 1–∞; in
most cases all are individually free (syncarp), and when they are
united it is in every case with the ovaries only, whilst the styles
remain more or less free (Pomaceæ, species of Spiræa). The seeds
have a straight embryo, and usually no endosperm.
The perianth and stamens are most frequently perigynous on the edge of the
widened receptacle; its form varies between a flat cupule and a long tube or a cup
(Figs. 495, 496, 498, 499, 500); the carpels are situated on its base or inner
surface, in some instances on a central conical elongation of the floral axis (Fig.
496). The carpels in Pomaceæ also unite more or less with the hollow receptacle,
or this grows in and fills up the space between the carpels, so that a more or less
epigynous flower is formed (Fig. 504).—The following numbers of stamens occur:
5, 10 (in 1 whorl), 15 (10 + 5), 20 (10 + 5 + 5), 25 (10 + 10 + 5), 30-50 (in 10-
merous whorls)—compare the diagrams. The theoretical explanation of this
relation of the 10-merous whorls and their alternation with the 5-merous whorls is
not definitely determined; a splitting of the members of the 5-merous whorls may
be supposed, but the development shows no indication of this, and it is not
supported in any other way. Several genera have “gynobasic” styles, that is, the
style springs from the base of the ovary (Fig. 497 A, B).
 The Rosifloræ are on one side closely related to the Saxifragaceæ (especially
through Spiræa) from which it is difficult to separate them, and to the Myrtifloræ;
on the other side they are allied, through the Mimosaceæ with the large number of
stamens, and through the Amygdalaceæ with its single carpel, to the Leguminosæ.
The family begins with forms which have many-seeded follicles, and passes on the
one side to forms with nuts and drupes in perigynous flowers, and on the other
side to the Pomaceæ.

Order 1. Rosaceæ. Herbs or shrubs, generally with compound

leaves and persistent (adnate) stipules, flower perigynous,
gynœceum formed of many free (therefore oblique) carpels,
syncarps with fruitlets of various kinds. The exceptions are noted
under the genera.

Fig. 494.—Diagram of Comarum

palustre.
 Fig. 495.—Flower of Spiræa lanceolata.
1. Spiræeæ (Fig. 495) has 2–many ovules in each ovary, while in
the other groups there is generally only 1, and never more than 2
ovules in each loculus. There are generally 5 cyclic carpels and the
fruit is 5 follicles, which are not enclosed by the receptacle. The
majority are shrubs. Stipules are often wanting.—Spiræa (Meadow-
Sweet). The flowers are generally borne in richly flowered
inflorescences of various forms. The carpels, in some species, unite
together and form a simple gynœceum with free styles (an approach
to the Pomaceæ).—Closely allied to Spiræa are the East Asiatic shrubs: Kerria
japonica, which has solitary flowers, in this country nearly always double (the fruit
a nut), and Rhodotypos kerrioides which has opposite leaves, a remarkable
feature among the Rosifloræ; it has a 4-merous flower, a well developed disc
inside the andrœcium, and a drupe. Closely allied also is Gillenia (N. Am.) differing
chiefly in the ascending ovules, Spiræa having pendulous ovules, and a more
tubular receptacle.
The groups Quillajeæ and Neuradeæ form a transition from Spiræa to
Pomaceæ. In the first group, which contains only trees or shrubs with generally
simple leaves, the carpels are either free or united (into a capsule); in the second
the receptacle unites with the carpels, which are themselves often united together;
in this case, too, the fruit is a capsule. Quillaja (S. Am.); Exochorda (China).
 2. Potentilleæ (Figs. 494, 496, 497). The flower has an
“epicalyx” (Fig. 494 C) alternating with the sepals and formed by
their stipules which are united in pairs, and hence its leaves are
often more or less deeply bifid. The receptacle is cupular and often
quite insignificant. The sepals are valvate in the bud. The large
number of fruitlets are achenes, borne on a well-developed convex
portion of the receptacle (the Ranunculeæ resemble the Potentilleæ, but
have no epicalyx, no enlarged receptacle, and spirally-placed stamens). Most of
the species are herbs with dichasial inflorescences, often arranged
in racemes.—Potentilla (Cinquefoil). The achenes are borne on a
dry, hairy receptacle; the style is situated towards the apex of the
ovary, and is not prolonged after flowering. Herbs with digitate, in
some, however, pinnate leaves, and generally yellow flowers.—
Comarum (Fig. 494) (Marsh Cinquefoil) forms, by its fleshy-spongy
receptacle, a transition to the next genus.—Fragaria (Strawberry)
(Fig. 496). The receptacle becomes finally fleshy, coloured, and falls
off (biologically it is a berry); the numerous fruitlets (drupes with thin
pericarp) have basal styles (Fig. 497); leaves trifoliate; long, creeping
runners.—Geum (Avens) has a terminal style which after flowering
elongates into a long beak, with the apex (after the uppermost part
has been thrown off) bent back into a hook, thus furnishing a means
of distribution for the fruits. Leaves pinnate.—Dryas comprises 3 Arctic or
Alpine species with simple leaves and solitary flowers, the calyx and corolla 8–9-
merous, the fruit resembles that of Geum, but the styles become still longer and
feather-like (a flying apparatus).
 Figs. 496, 497.—Fragaria vesca.

Fig. 496.—Longitudinal section of flower.

Fig. 497.—A carpel, entire,

and in longitudinal section.

3. Rubeæ. Rubus (Bramble) has the same form of receptacle as

the Potentilleæ, but no epicalyx; the fruitlets are drupes, not
enclosed by the persistent calyx. Most frequently shrubs or
undershrubs with prickles (emergences), glandular bristles and
compound leaves. In the Raspberry (R. idæus) the fruitlets unite
together and detach themselves from the receptacle.
 4. Roseæ. Rosa; the receptacle is hollow, ovoid and contracted
beneath the insertion of the calyx (Fig. 498), ultimately fleshy and
coloured; it encloses a large number of fruitlets which are achenes
as hard as stones (“hip,” biologically a berry).—Shrubs with
imparipinnate leaves and adnate stipules. The sepals show clearly the
order of their development (a divergence of 2/5), the two outer ones on both sides
are lobed, the third one on one side only, and the two last, whose edges are
covered by the others, are not lobed at all. Prickles (emergences) are generally
present and in some species are placed in regular order, being found immediately
below each leaf (usually two) although at somewhat varying heights.

Fig. 498.—Longitudinal section of flower of Rosa.

 Figs. 499, 500.—Agrimonia eupatoria.

Fig. 499.—Flower in longitudinal section.

Fig. 500.—Fruit and receptacle in

longitudinal section.
 5. Agrimonieæ. The receptacle is more or less cup- or bell-
shaped, and almost closed at the mouth; it is persistent and
envelopes the nut-like fruitlets, but is dry, and in some species hard,
the fruitlets being firmly attached to it. In biological connection with
this the number of the carpels is generally only 1 or 2, and the whole
becomes a false nut (Fig. 500). Herbs.—Agrimonia (Agrimony; Figs.
499, 500); the perianth is 5-merous, stamens 5–20. The receptacle
bears externally, on the upper surface, a number of hooked bristles
which serve as a means of distribution for the 1–2 achenes which
are enclosed in it, and hence the entire flower finally falls off. The
inflorescence is a long upright raceme. These bristles are arranged in
whorls of 5 and 10, of which the uppermost alternate with the sepals.—
Alchemilla (Ladies-mantle; Fig. 501) has 8 green perianth-leaves in
two whorls (some authorities consider the four outer as an epicalyx,
and the flower therefore apetalous), and 4 stamens alternating with
the innermost whorl. There is only one carpel with a basal style and
capitate stigma. The flowers are small and greenish, the filaments
jointed. The anthers open by one extrorse cleft. The leaf-sheath
entirely envelops the stem; the leaves are palminerved. A. aphanes
has often only 1–2 stamens. The following genera, with 4-merous flowers
borne in short spikes or capitula, are allied to this group. Sanguisorba has
entomophilous, ☿-flowers with 4(-20) stamens, 1 carpel; stigma papillose.—
Poterium; spike or capitulum, the uppermost flowers are ♀, the lowermost ♂, and
some intermediate ones ☿ (the order of opening is not always centripetal); S4, P0,
A20–30, G2, the long styles having brush-like stigmas (wind-pollination). Leaves
imparipinnate.
 Fig. 501.—Flower of Alchemilla in longitudinal section.
Pollination. A yellow ring on the inner side of the receptacle, inside the
stamens, serves as a nectary when any honey is formed; this, for instance, is not
the case in Rosa, Agrimonia, Spiræa ulmaria, S. filipendula, S. aruncus, etc., to
which the insects (especially flies and bees) are allured by the quantity of pollen.
Homogamy and slight protogyny are frequent, in many instances self-pollination
also is finally possible. Poterium, with the long-haired stigma, is wind-pollinated.—
About 550 (1100?) species, especially in northern temperate regions.—Uses.
Officinal: the petals of Rosa centifolia and gallica, the fruits of the Raspberry
(Rubus idæus), the rhizome of Geum urbanum, the flowers of the Koso-tree
(Hagenia abyssinica or Brayera anthelmintica).—The bark of Quillaja saponaria
(Chili) is used as soap and contains saponin. “Attar of Roses” from Rosa
damascena, centifolia and other species, especially from the southern slopes of
the Balkans. Many species and varieties of Roses are ornamental plants: from S.
Europe, Rosa lutea (the Yellow Rose), R. gallica (the French Rose) and R.
rubrifolia; from W. Asia, R. centifolia, of which the Moss Roses (R. muscosa and
cristata) are varieties, and R. damascena; from India and N. Africa, R. moschata
(the Musk Rose); from China, R. indica (Tea Rose) etc., besides the native species
and the varieties which have been derived from them. In addition, Kerria japonica,
species of Potentilla, Rubus odoratus from N. Am., and many species of Spiræa
from South-eastern Europe and N. Am. Esculent: the “hips” of R. mollissima, R.
pomifera, etc.; the fruits of Rubus-species: Raspberry (R. idæus), Cloudberry (R.
chamæmorus), Blackberry (R. fruticosus), etc.; of Fragaria-species (F. vesca,
collina, grandiflora, etc).
 Order 2. Amygdalaceæ. Trees or shrubs with rosaceous flowers;
leaves simple with caducous stipules; a regular, perigynous flower,
the receptacle being partly thrown off by a circular slit; sepals 5,
petals 5, stamens 20–30; gynœceum simple, formed of 1 carpel
(hence oblique, Fig. 502), with terminal style and 2 pendulous
ovules, ripening into a drupe (Fig. 503).—The leaves are
penninerved and frequently have glands on the stalks and edges;
thorns (modified branches) often occur, i.e. dwarf-branches, which,
after producing a few leaves, terminate their growth in a thorn (e.g.
Prunus spinosa). The vernation of the foliage-leaves varies in the different
genera; in the Almond, Peach, Cherry, and Bird-Cherry they are folded; in the
Apricot, Plum, Sloe and Bullace, rolled together. In some the flowers unfold before
the leaves (Amygdalus, Armeniaca). That the gynœceum is formed of 1 carpel is
evident in this as in other instances (e.g. in the Leguminosæ, which are closely
related to this order), from the fact that the carpel is oblique, and has only one
plane of symmetry, and similarly in the fruit there is a longitudinal groove on one
side which indicates the ventral suture. It is only exceptionally that both ovules are
developed. In abnormal instances more than 1 carpel is developed.

Fig. 502.—Diagram of Prunus

virginiana.
 A. Fruit hairy: Amygdalus (A. communis, Almond-tree) has a dry
pulp which is detached irregularly, when ripe, from the wrinkled,
grooved, ovoid and somewhat compressed stone.—Persica (P.
vulgaris, Peach-tree) differs from the Almond in having a juicy pulp,
not detachable from the stone, which is deeply grooved and has pits
in the grooves (Fig. 503). (The name of the genus is derived from Persia,
though it is a native of China.).—Armeniaca (A. vulgaris, Apricot) has a
hairy, velvety fruit, but the stone is smooth and has two ribs along
one of the edges; the pulp is juicy. (The generic name has been given on
the incorrect assumption that it was a native of Armenia; its home is China.)

Fig. 503.—Fruit of the Peach. The pulp is

cut through so that the stone is visible.
B. Fruit glabrous (i.e. without hairs): Prunus (Plum) has a
glabrous fruit with bluish bloom; the stone is compressed, smooth or
wrinkled. The flowers are borne solitarily or in couples, and open
before or at the same time as the leaves; they are borne on shoots
without foliage-leaves.—Cerasus (Cherry) has a glabrous, spherical
fruit, without bloom, and a spherical stone. The flowers are situated
in 2–many-flowered umbels or racemes, and open at the same time
as the leaves or a little before them. Long-stalked flowers in umbels are
found in C. avium (Wild Cherry), C. vulgaris (the cultivated Cherry, from Western
Asia); racemes at the apex of leaf-bearing branches and small spherical fruits are
found in C. padus (Bird Cherry), C. virginiana, C. laurocerasus (Cherry-laurel), C.
mahaleb.
Pollination. Prunus spinosa (Sloe, Blackthorn) is protogynous, but the
stamens are developed before the stigma withers. Honey is secreted by the
receptacle. Cerasus padus (Bird-Cherry) agrees in some measure with P. spinosa.
In the flowers of the Plum and Cherry the stamens and stigma are developed
simultaneously and self pollination seems general; the stigma, however, overtops
the inner stamens and thus promotes cross-pollination.—Distribution. 114
species in the N. Temp, zone; few in the warmer regions; the majority from W.
Asia. C. vulgaris, from the regions of the Caspian; Prunus spinosa, insititia
(Bullace), domestica (Plum, from the Caucasus, Persia).—Uses, principally as
fruit-trees: Cherry, Plum, Apricot, etc.; “Almonds” are the seeds of Amygdalus
communis (W. Mediterranean), “bitter,” “sweet,” and “shell” almonds are from
different varieties, the latter being remarkable for the thin, brittle stone. In the
majority of species and in almost all parts of the plant (especially the bark, seed
and leaves) is found the glycoside, amygdalin, which forms prussic acid. Many
form gum, and the seeds have fatty oils (“Almond oil”). Officinal: the seeds and
oil of Amygdalus communis, and the fruit of the Cherry; in other countries also the
leaves of C. laurocerasus.—The stems of Cerasus mahaleb are used for pipes.
Ornamental Shrubs: Amygdalus nana, Cerasus laurocerasus.
Order 3. Chrysobalanaceæ. Tropical Amygdalaceæ with zygomorphic flower
and gynobasic style. 200 species; especially Am. and Asia. Chrysobalanus icaco
(Cocoa-plum) is cultivated on account of its fruit (Am.)
Order 4. Pomaceæ. Trees and shrubs, most frequently with
simple leaves and caducous stipules. The flowers (Fig. 505) have 5
sepals, 5 petals and generally 20 stamens (10 + 5 + 5, or 10 + 10 +
5). There are from 1–5 carpels, which unite entirely or to some
extent with each other, and with the hollow, fleshy receptacle (the
flower becoming epigynous), (Figs. 505, 506, 507). The carpels are
nearly always free on the ventral sutures, rarely free at the sides
also. The whole outer portion of the fruit becomes fleshy, but the
portions of the pericarp surrounding the loculi (endocarp) are most
frequently formed of sclerenchymatous cells, and are more or less
firm (the “core”). The nature of the fruit varies, according to the
thickness and hardness of the endocarp, being either a “berry” or a
“drupe” (see A and B). When the endocarp is thin and parchment-
like, the fruit has the characteristics of a berry, each of the 5 loculi
generally present containing several seeds; but when this is hard the
fruit resembles a drupe, only one seed is developed in each loculus,
and the number of the loculi is reduced to one or two. There are
nearly always 2 ovules in the loculi of the ovary, but in Cydonia there
are a large number in 2 rows. In the genera which have stones, only
one seed is developed in each stone. The genera are distinguished
mainly in accordance with the kind of fruit and the number of ovules
and seeds.

Fig. 504.—Longitudinal and transverse section through the flowers of

A, B Cotoneaster; C Cydonia; D Malus communis; E Raphiolepis; F
Cydonia; G Mespilus.
 Fig. 505.—Floral diagram of Mespilus
germanica.
A. Sorbeæ. The endocarp is parchment-like or papery
(drupe, with thin stone or berry).
1. Pyrus and Cydonia; carpels completely embedded in the cup-
like receptacle, styles always free.—Pyrus: the fruit is glabrous, and
has only a small calyx, withering or deciduous, and a 5-locular ovary
with at most 2 ascending ovules in each loculus (Fig. 504 D). The
large flowers are situated in few-flowered umbels or corymbs. P.
communis (Pear; free styles, Fig. 507; it has the well-known pear-shaped fruit; the
core is reduced to several groups of sclerenchymatous cells embedded in the
pulp, the leaf-stalk is as long as the blade).—Cydonia (Quince) has a hairy
fruit with many seeds in 2 rows in each loculus of the endocarp
(Figs. 504 C, F; 506); the testa of these seeds is mucilaginous. C.
vulgaris, large, terminal flowers on lateral branches, and large leaf-
like, persistent sepals.