Q 1) Calculate: (i) the pressure gradient along flow, (ii) the average velocity, and (iii) the

discharge for an oil of viscosity 0.02 Ns/m 2 flowing between two stationary parallel plates
1 m wide maintained 10 mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2 m/ s.

Solution. Given :
2
Viscosity, μ ¿=.02 N s /m
Width, b ¿=1 m

Width,

Distance between plates, t=10 mm=.01 m

Velocity midway between the plates, U max =2 m/ s.

(i) Pressure gradient ( dpdx )

Using equation (9.10), U max =
−1 dp 2
8 μ dx
t or 2.0= ( )
−1 dp
8 × .02 dx
¿

dp −2.0 × 8 ×.02 2
∴ = =−3200 N /m per m.
dx .01× .01

(ii) Average velocity ( ú)

U max 3
=
ú 2

2U max 2× 2
∴ ú= = =1.33 m/s .
3 3

(iii) Discharge (Q) = Area of flow × ú=b × t × ú=1× .01× 1.33=.0133 m3 / s.

Q2) Water at 15∘ C flows between two large parallel plates at a distance of 1.6 mm apart.
Determine (i) the maximum velocity (ii) the pressure drop per unit length and (iii) the
shear stress at the walls of the plates if the average velocity is 0.2 m/ s. The viscosity of
water at 15∘ C is given as o.01 poise.

Solution. Given : t=1.6 mm=1.6 ×10−3 m

¿ 0.0016 m =0.2 m/sec , μ=.01 poise = .01 =0.001 N s /m 2 ¿

¿ 10

(i) Maximum velocity, U max is given by equation

3
U max = ú=1.5× 0.2=0.3 m/s .
2

(ii) The pressure drop, ( p1− p 2) is given by equation

12 μ ú L
p1− p2= 2
t

12 μ ú
pressure drop per unit length ¿ 2
t

∂p .01 0.2
=12× ×
∂x 10 ¿ ¿

(iii) Shear stress at the walls is given by equation

−1 ∂ p 1 2
τ 0= ×t= ×937.44 ×.0016=0.749 N /m .
2 ∂x 2
 SHEAR STRESS IN TURBULENT FLOW

The shear stress in viscous flow is given by Newton's law of viscosity as

du
τ v =μ , where τ v = shear stress due to viscosity.
dy

Similar to the expression for viscous shear, J. Boussinesq expressed the turbulent shear
in mathematical form as

du
τ t=η
dy

where

τ t=¿ shear stress due to turbulence

η=¿ eddy viscosity

ú=¿ average velocity at a distance y from boundary.

The ratio of η (eddy viscosity) and ρ (mass density) is known as kinematic eddy viscosity
and is denoted by ε (epsilon). Mathematically it is written as

η
ε=
ρ

If the shear stress due to viscous flow is also considered, then the total shear stress
becomes as

du d ú
τ =τ v + τ t =μ +η
dy dy
→ VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN TURBULENT FLOW:

 The velocity Distribution can be obtained if the relation between l ' (mixing
length) & ' Y ' is known.
 Prandtl assumed that the mixing length (l) is a linear function of the distance ' y '
from the pipe wall.
ie. l=ky

where, k =k anion Constant (k =0.4)

 Now, me know,

( )
2
du 2 dy
τ́ =μ +ρ l
dy dy
¿

( )
viscous
μdy
=0 shear
dy
stress

 for small values of ' y ' (very close to Boundary of pipe) Pranatle Assumed shear
stress ' C ' to be constant. (ie. Γ =ζ 0 ).

∴
dy 1 τ 0
=
dy ky ρ √
… … …(1)

 In above eq n (1)
√ Γ0
ρ
has dimension
ML √
M L−1 T −2 L
−3
=
T

 But
L
T
is velocity so
ρ√
τ0
has Dimension of velocity

 which is known as shear velocity (√ )

Γ0
ρ

eq n (1) becomes,

dy 1
= ⋅u .
dy ky x
  For given case of turbulent flow ' U ¿ is constant.
∴ Integrating above en we get.
ux
u= log e y+ c … … .(2)
k

(where, C=¿ Integration Constant).

 en (2) shows that in turbulent flow, the velocity varies directly with the logarithm
of the distance from the Boundary. OR

 velocity Distribution in turbulent flow is logarithmic in nature.

 Now, Boundary Condition's are,

1. If Y =R (Radius of pipe) then ' U =U max .'

eq n (2) becomes.

U¿
U max ¿ log e ⁡R+C
k
U
c ¿ U max − ¿ log e ⁡R
k

substituting the value of ' C ' in eq ' ' (8), we get.

u0 uk
u= log e ⁡y+ umax − log e ⁡R
k k
u
u=umax + ¿ ( log e ⁡y−log e ⁡R )
k
U
¿ U max + ¿ ⋅ log ⁡
0.4 ( )
y
R
¿
 Equation (3) is called 'Prandtls' Universal velocity Distribution equation for
turbulent flow in piper.

 This en is applicable to smooth as well as Rough pipe Boundaries.

∴ u−u max=2.5 u¿ log ⁡( y / R).

Divide above eq n by u¿ .

umax −U
u¿
¿−2.5 log e ⁡( Ry )
R =5.73 log ⁡( y ) ¿
R
¿ 2.5 log ⁡( )
umax −u 10
e
u¿ y
¿ ¿

[ log e ⁡x=2.3 log 10 ⁡x ]

 In above eq? the Difference between maximum velocity ( Umax ¿ local velocity
(u) at any point ( U max−u ) is known as 'Velocity Defect'.

Velocity Distribution for Turbulent flow in terms of Average Velocity:

 The average velocity V . through the pipe is obtained by first finding the total
Discharge (P) & divide it by Area of pipe

 Consider an elementary circular Ring of Radius ' 2 ' & thickness ' dε ' as shown in
figure.
 The distance of the ring from pipe wall is Y =(R−r ) where, R=¿ Radius of pipe.
 Therefore. Discharge (Q) Through Ring is given by,
dQ ¿ Are of Ring × Velocity
¿ ¿
 For Total Discharge, Integrate above en.
Q R

∫ ❑dQ=∫ ❑ 2 πrdr ⋅ 4 … ....(1)

0 0

A] For Smooth Pipe:

  For smooth pipes, the velocity Distribution is given by eq?
u
u¿
u y
( )
=5.75 log 10 ⁡ ¿ + 5.55
ν

put, Y =(R−r )

∴
u
u¿
¿ 5.75 log 10 ⁡( u ( R−r
ν
¿ )
)+5.55
∴u [
¿ 5.75 log 10 ⁡(
u ( R−2)
¿
ν )+5.55] ⋅u ¿

eq n (1) become's & put value of ' u ', we get.

[ ( u (R−r )+5.55] u ⋅ 2 πrdr

R
)
Q=∫ ❑ 5.75 log 10 ⁡ ¿
i
0 ν

Q
∴ Average velocity ( Ú ) ¿
Area
¿ ¿
 After Integration &' Simplification we get, Average Velocity for Turbulent flow in
smooth pipes as,

Ú
u¿
u R
( )
=5.75 log 10 ⁡ A +1.75
ν

B] for Rough Pipes:

 For Rough pipes velocity Distribution in turbulent flow is given as,

u
u7
y
=5.75 log 10 ⁡ +8.5
k ()
Put y=(R−r) .

u
u¿
=5.75 log 10 ⁡
R−2
k (
+8.5 )
[
u= 5.75 log 10 ⁡ ( R−r
k )
+8.5 ] ⋅U ¿
Put value of ' u ' in equation (1), we get.

[ ]
R
P
0
( R−r
¿∫ ❑ 5.75 log 10 ⁡
K )
+ 8.5 ⋅u ⋅2 πrdr
¿

Q
∴ Average velocity ( Ú ) ¿
Area
¿ ¿
 After Integration & simplification, we get,
Average velocity for Turbulent flow in Rough pipes,

Ú
U¿
=5.75 log 10 ⁡
R
K ( )
+ 4.75