Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2
The Role of 5G Networks in Energy-Efficient Smart
Cities Development using IoT
1 2
Chinnaraj Govindasamy
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences,
Chennai - 602105, Tamilnadu, India
2023 2nd International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC) | 978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAAIC56838.2023.10140765
cgovindcs@gmail.com
3
Vasu V
Assistant professor
Department of Commerce, St. Claret College
P. O. Box 1355, MES Ring Rd, Sharadhamba Nagar, Jalahalli,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560013
Vasuvvasu@gmail.com
5
R B R Prakash
Associate Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah
Education Foundation, vaddeswaram, 522302,
India
bhanu184@kluniversity.in
Abstract. In theory, residents in "smart cities" would have access
to a wide range of amenities designed to enhance their daily lives
by making better use of public resources and providing a more
satisfying experience overall. The efficiency of these services
depends on the information sharing across disparate systems
serving similar functions. Large amounts of data with a variety of
sophisticated, application-specific needs will likely be sent
throughout the information exchange process. By better
management of public resources and a focus on resident comfort,
infrastructure upkeep, and environmental sustainability, "smart
cities," which rely on ICT, aim to raise the bar on service quality.
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless mobile communication paves the
way for a new kind of communication network that can connect
everyone and everything. Impacting economies and communities,
5G will offer the connectivity infrastructure required by many
smart city applications. A glimpse into the future of urban areas
may be seen in the rise of "smart cities" and the IoT. The
integration of many systems aimed to monitor varied components
of the smart city may be utilized to generate a more sustainable
and securer city. This research study presents a construction that
mixes the data from diverse systems. In order to lessen the
quantity of produced traffic in the 5G network and subsequently
the energy consumption, suggest the usage of data aggregation in
each antenna. A summary of 5G communication networks and
different 5G technologies utilized in smart cities to promote
sustainability is provided. The sustainability metrics for 5G
networks are then examined across the environmental, social
policy, and economic aspects, as well as sub-dimensions such as
energy efficiency, energy usage, carbon footprint, contamination,
978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Dr T.R Nisha Dayana
Assistant professor
Department of computer science
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advance Studies
nisha.dayana@yahoo.com
4
Dr. A. Tamilarasi
Professor
Department of Computer Applications
Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai
drtamil@kongu.ac.in
6
Dr.R.Kalaivani
AP/ECE
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College
kalaitss72@gmail.com
cost, health, safety, and security. The findings indicate that while
in an effort to address sustainability in 5G technology and
intelligent buildings, the bulk of research publications
concentrate on the environmental components of sustainability.
Keywords— Smart City, Energy Consumption, Sustainability,
Environment, Social Policy, Health, Safety, Security, 5G Network.
I. INT RODUCT ION
Smart cities, both now and in the future, are based on
cutting-edge urban planning that uses data from sensors and
the Internet of Everything to keep tabs on and manage most of
a city's resources. Assets and operations include, but are not
limited to, transportation networks, health care systems,
potable, environmental services, educational institutions, law
enforcement, local satellite communications, etc. Technical
improvements in the domain of network facilities and
communications, escorted by the rise of smart cities and the
Internet of Things (IoT) have improved the requirement for
sustainable performance in 5G networks and smart cities. As
indicated, sustainable development serves the expectations of
the present without jeopardizing the potential of future
lineages by prudently employing the available resources.
When technology drives societal progress, as they do in
today's smart society, development techniques like these
become increasingly important.
1234
 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2

With the global population rising, there will be a things may exchange data with one another and with humans
greater need for supplies in the future. The environmental across the network [13]. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an
repercussions are focused in metropolitan areas as a result of initiative to increase the breadth and depth of the Internet
population growth and the rural exodus. It is anticipated that experience by facilitating the connection and communication
the populace who resides in urban areas in 2050 will be 6 of previously unconnected things [12]. Information is being
billion [1]. To tackle the difficulties of the future, it will be created and collected from the huge network of interconnected
required to employ the energies in a sensible method. As a gadgets. With the use of Big Data and Cloud Computing,
result, cities play a significant role in resource management. In businesses can better manage their data and provide more
this context, cities implement measures to curb resource value services to their customers [14]. The Internet of Things
waste. Some of the smart city concepts include these measures (IoT) paradigm in urban settings, often known as Smart City,
[2, 3]. Improved living conditions for city residents are a relies heavily on such technology. It's a suitable option for the
primary goal of "smart city" initiatives [4]. Hence, daily issues widespread interest in incorporating ICT (Information and
need to be addressed or minimized including traffic, pollution Communications Technology) methods into public
of the environment, energy excess, and, noise and many administration [14-15].
others. Lastly, smart cities have the issue of handling the
mineral wealth that is created in their vicinities, and that is II. M AT ERIALS AND MET HOD
utilized in the city to suit the demands of its residents . A. ICT requirements
Five-generation wireless networks, or 5G, will be
For Smart Cities to be fully realized, ICT must be
able to handle data rates and connected devices that are 10 to
implemented. Smart Cities trust on ICT to advance
100 times greater than those of current-generation networks.
connectivity and governance. All of the Smart City
Also, 5G will offer approximately one hundred percent
ecosystem's components can be controlled and managed
accessibility and geographical exposure alongside enhanced
remotely thanks to ICT. With the use of ICT, city
safety and confidentiality. In addition, 5G will reduce energy
administration is provided with a unified command and
consumption by a factor of 10 while simultaneously doubling
control framework for its many services and applications. The
the battery life of connected devices. [5–8] New radio access,
collection and analysis of massive amounts of municipal data
huge Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), mixed ultra-
in real time is essential for enabling effective action.
densification, and Millimeter Wave (mmWave) [9] are among
Connectivity across the city is a critical component of Smart
of the most significant skills in the development of 5G
City infrastructure.
technology. Further information about 5G's underlying
For smart cities to function, sensors and actuators will need to
technology is outside the scope of this article. By 2035, the 5G
be linked together using either fixed or mobile network
is projected to provision up to 22 million employees in the 5G
technology. Mobile networks are the only viable option for
value chain, generating $12.3 trillion in products and services
connecting so many billions of devices, as doing it through
across all industries [10]. To put it another way, 5G paves the
fixed cable would be prohibitively expensive and logistically
path for the development of fruitful industries, intelligent
challenging. There will be a dramatic shift away from human
technologies, and cutting-edge modes of communication. The
communication and towards machine communication. SIM
Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure needed by different
cards can be easily attached to devices, allowing for wireless
smart city vertical businesses will be supported by 5G's role as
connectivity and management over an overarching network
the communication network. The energy, healthcare,
that might be built on optical fiber-based fixed networking.
industrial, television and entertainment, self-propelled, and
This is ground-level for Internet-of-Things use in Smart City
public transport sectors, to reference a few, will all have
contexts. The IoT is quickly fetching a crucial component of
unique use case needs that will be met by 5G. Network slicing
Smart Cities. The revolutionary effect that IoT can have on
is an approach to meeting the varying service needs of certain
Smart City deployment is beginning to get widespread
businesses.
attention. The city as a whole must be wired with sensors and
Industry and academic efforts are aimed at
controls that can communicate with one another. It's important
establishing the requirements for 5G services, heralding the
to pin down strategic locations. Fig. 1. shows the basic ICT
beginning of the 5G era [11]. This is in response to the
requirements for smart city development.
unusual growth in the number of mobile networks, mobile
data circulation, and the constrictions of the 4G networks to
address this enormous data demand. With 5G, devices may
stay online at all times and in any location, creating the
prospect of interconnecting the whole network. In order to
facilitate the introduction of new ideas inside IoT services, the
foundational 5G system construction is probable to allow for
up to a million concurrent influences per square kilometre
[12].
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a relatively fresh
electronic communication paradigm in which commonplace

978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE 1235

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2
Fig.1. ICT requirements in smart cities
It is necessary to set up sensors, cameras, actuators, etc., that
are compatible with the chosen technique of control. These
monitoring tools would produce copious amounts of data,
which would have to be gathered and consolidated in an
efficient manner. Back-end systems should then analyze the
data, perform the necessary control actions, or feed the data to
other applications so that they can respond appropriately. The
gadgets should be under the control of the backend systems
through actuators. Thus, local officials should have access to
comprehensive, up-to-the-minute data on the city. Members of
the Smart City ecosystem, including various departments and
technical infrastructures, should have instantaneous access to
this data for analysis and use. Because of this, local
government would function more smoothly as a whole.
B. 5G in smart cities
A number of variables, such as cultural shifts, economic
difficulties, and an aging population, have culminated in the
emergence of 5G and the smart city as the vanguard of a new
generational transition. The most important vertical industries
in need of transformation by 5G technologies in an IoT-based
smart city are discussed, as is 5G's role as a primary driver of
this transition. Television and film production and public
transit are just a few examples of the many industries that
stand to benefit from 5G technology in a smart city's many
forms. And there may be a wide variety of applications in any
specific vertical market. The goal of fifth-generation wireless
(5G) is to link and monitor energy and distant power stations
that create electricity across the whole value chain, from
production to distribution to consumers. Monitoring
distributed energy possessions, making classy metering
systems, and cumulative incorporation of sensors into power-
generating grids are all ways that 5G may enhance power
efficiency.
978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
C. Media and advertising
5G will allow for the delivery of new media interactions
including AR and VR content and apps. While augmented
reality, virtual reality, and cloud gaming are not original ideas,
5G has the ability to introduce them to a larger audience.
Realizing this market's full potential will need for the
production of volumetric 3D gratified and the development of
an ecosystem to achieve such material. Including virtual
objects, virtual characters, and enhanced relative information,
augmented reality will revolutionize how consumers interact
with media. 5G will open the door to more than $140 billion in
income from AR/VR applications. 5G's capacity for
supporting extremely sensitive haptic suits, in conjunction
with enhanced VR capabilities, opens up a whole new level o f
sensory experience for media consumption, including touch
and feel. 5G has enabled groundbreaking developments in the
realm of cloud gaming. More than 90% of the revenue
generated by 5G AR will come from AR games, amounting to
$35.7 billion worldwide. Additionally, high-resolution real-
time streaming and prompt responses would be advantageous
to mobile cloud gaming. Around $100 billion in income might
be generated by 5G smartphone games by 2028. This includes
ar technology and cloud playing.
D. Sustainability indicators in 5G
5G network infrastructure and smart cities' ability to maintain
themselves is evaluated using a number of different metrics.
The environmental, social, and financial components of
sustainability are broken down into their respective
subcategories. Energy efficiency, electricity consumption,
carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), and pollutants are just a few
of the many sub-indicators that make up the environmental
indicator. Economic indicators include price and spectrum
efficiency whereas social indicators include human health,
safety, and security. Aspects of sustainability and sub -
indicators considered in each reference are included in Fig.2.
Fig.2. Sustainability metrics for 5G technology and smart cities
There has been little attention on detailing how changes in
smart initiatives and technical breakthroughs might affect
sustainable development over time, despite the fact that such
changes are often taken into account when analyzing the
1236
 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2
effects of various sustainability indices. So far, there have
been very few studies that have built indicator systems for
environmental sustainability that take into account, several
relevant stakeholders. Little research has been done to develop
indicator systems for assessing the impact of the widespread
adoption of 5G and 6G communications systems on vital areas
such as public safety, environmental sustainability, health, and
quality of life. Nevertheless, there is doubt over the role of
business rehearsal pointers in the suggested domains of 5G
networks and smart cities to accomplish tasks that guarantee
sustainable solutions to reach smart sustainable aims.
III. ENERGY EFFICIENT SMART CIT Y SET UP
The suggested architecture that integrates these many
components. There has to be system and device integration in
the suggested design. For a city to be secure and sustainable,
data must be transmitted from various sensing devices and
arrive in a database, where a clever algorithm may aggregate
the data and take appropriate action. Yet, the volume of traffic
created would be enormous if each device sends the data
across the 5G network to get to the database. As a result, the
proposed work employing an antenna-side device tasked with
collecting and consolidating data from the many smart city
devices. As opposed to having hundreds of packets in the
network, our goal is to gather all the data that belongs to each
system and deliver it as a single packet. The data segments
contained inside the packets sent by the systems discussed up
until this point are often rather short, sometimes even smaller
than the packet headers themselves. Utilizing the packet
heather protocol as a foundation, each heather has 20 bytes of
data and includes information from many nodes. Oftentimes, a
summary of each system's data may be expressed in a small
number of bits. The structure is broken up into subnets that
keep an eye on certain problems. Electronic health networks,
including e-health nodes and mobile devices, will soon exist.
There are nodes in the buildings and in the utility grid that
make up the supply networks. The traffic signals and buildings
are only two examples of air quality nodes that contribute to
the larger network (see Fig. 3).
Fig.3. Energy efficient Smart City architecture
A data aggregation device in addition to the separate subnets.
This component, installed in each antenna, organizes the data
it has received before passing it on. When data is compiled, it
is sent through 5G to a storage facility. An AI is employed to
apply data mining techniques to the database. In addition, the
978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
database integrates information from several sources to
identify critical circumstances. As a result, the necessary alerts
and emergency procedures can be activated by the systems.
Both emergency services and regular traffic can be directed
away from potentially dangerous regions. Information from
various sources will be prioritized differently thanks to the
grouper device. This means that various data sets might have
varying priorities depending on their context. The data
collected by emergency detection systems take precedence
over that collected by e-health technologies. Supply
monitoring system data has the lowest importance, whereas air
quality and traffic data have medium priority.
T ABLE I
SUMMARY OF FEATURES OF 5G NETWORKS
Specification Value
Speed 1–10 Gbps
Latency less than 1 ms
Coverage 100%
1000 times bandwidth per unit
Density
area
Connectivity 10–100 times
Availability 99.999%
Reliability 100%
90% reduction in network energy
Energy/cost efficiency
usage
5G has been described as a "generational change" in
communication because of the staggering gains it promises to
bring to wireless communication. Although there is still some
controversy about the precise standards, new developments on
5G are offering clarity, with adequate concessions and
agreements being made. Table 1 is a summary of the most
widely agreed-upon features and aims of 5G. In typical
scenarios for 5G and the Internet of Things, several varieties
of data traffic are produced and delivered. In addition, the
majority of 5G and Internet of Things services have real-time
and dependability requirements. Disruptions in data
transmission and/or signal loss throughout that procedure may
have a severe and adverse impact on the general efficiency of
the smart offerings by the 5G and IoT network. Transmissions
through network lines in 5G and the Internet of Things are
frequently restricted in terms of the amount of bandwidth that
might be used, and servers in the processing layer may also
have capabilities that are not infinite. On real Internet of
Things networks, such as those used for machine-to-machine
communication, this is almost always the case. When this
happens, machine-type devices that are trying to connect to
the network may at times face delays, the loss of packets,
and/or connection issues. If the quality standards of the
network services are to be satisfied, then optimizing network
bandwidth and queue management is an absolute must in IoT.
1237
 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2

IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUAT ION
The efficiency of 5G's use of energy has garnered a large
amount of interest in the research community. In this part, the
final research will report on the most significant results of
potential methods to improve the energy efficiency of 5G. The
operation of ventilation and air conditioning systems accounts
for more than half of total energy consumption, with lighting
and heating system applications, immediate and other battery
pack mechanisms, and other uses also accounting for
substantial amounts. The pattern of traffic across a 24-hour
period is seen in fig.4.
communications and smart cities is vital for mitigating their
effects and discovering ways to leverage the technical
solutions to promote sustainability in smart urban . Key
performance indicators for 5G networks are depicted in table
2. Among these are a data throughput of up to 20 Gbps, a
latency of milliseconds at most, UEDRs of up to 100 Mbps,
and an available transmission capacity (ATC) of up to 10
Mbit/s/m2 . Mobility of up to 500 kilometers per hour,
connection density of up to 106 devices per square kilometer,
and spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz for uplink and 30
bit/s/Hz for downstream are also projected. Fig. 5
demonstrates the spectral efficiency for the signal-to-noise
ratio.

Fig.4. T he pattern of traffic across a 24-hour period

As can be seen in the graphic, a busy hour sees anything from

60 to 70 percent more traffic than an ordinary hour and a
significant amount more traffic than the nighttime hours when
there is less foot traffic. Hence, there is a chance to increase
the energy efficiency of the network during the low-load
Fig.5 spectral efficiency of the 5G network
periods when there is less demand for it.
T ABLE II Improvements in ITS are essential for fostering more social
productivity, fostering greater sustainability, and laying the
KEY P ERFORMANCE I NDICATORS OF 5G NETWORKS
groundwork for economic expansion. It is the connectivity
KPI Measure provided by 5G that makes ITS possible. Yet, this opens the
door to further difficulties in the form of, for example, the
Spectrum efficiency 3×15 bits/s/hz development of ITS law, industrial policy, and related
applications. For the design, implementation, and maintenance
Energy efficiency 100X of intelligent transportation systems to be in line with national
economic and social development goals, effective industrial
User experienced data rate 100 Mbps
policies are required. Hence, policy, expertise, and basic
legislation for intelligent transportation should be designed to
Mobility 500 km/hr
handle the ITS legal framework. In addition, 5G-based ITS
Connection density 10 6 devices/km 2 can allow for the integration of many transportation modes,
the creation of a uniform traffic network, and the organization
Peak data rate 20 Gbps of multiple hubs.

Area traffic capacity 10 Mbits/s/m 2

Latency <1ms

As a result of the stringent requirements of 5G systems and the

key performance indicators (KPIs) that 5G is showing promise
to deliver, sustainability in mobile telephony has become an
essential component of the strategy of the upcoming 5G
wireless systems and one of the priority areas in this area.
Understanding the sustainability challenges in 5Mobile

978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE 1238

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC 2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23BC3-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-5630-2
Fig.6. Energy usage patterns based on several data types
What you see in Fig. 7 is the sum of the energy used for both
receiving and sending data via that antenna. Energy use peaks
coincide with the widespread adoption of e-health monitoring
devices. If the data is sent individually, it takes 300000 nJ of
energy to do so. When comparing all of the data sets, it is the
air quality data that shows the lowest energy usage at 40125
nJ.
The convergence of several forms of transportation including
roads, metros, trains, airports, and waterways necessitates the
creation of ICT solutions and algorithms that can keep traffic
moving at a fair pace on their own. Additionally, there are
security and privacy issues that need to be addressed,
necessitating the expansion of novel approaches and utensils.
The early phases of 5G's widespread marketing have yet to be
reached. Yet, these experts are investigating what it will take
to implement the sixth generation (6G) of mobile
communications. 6G, which will build on the success of 5G,
will integrate existing terrestrial mobile networks to make
mobile communication available at all times and in all places.
6G will also not be limited by previous network concepts or
technologies, allowing it to instead investigate novel means of
communication.
The 5G and Internet of Things systems are intended for the
purpose of serving the expanding needs of wireless mobile
infrastructures and the exchange of massive volumes of data
between dissimilar types of devices. These two distinct
systems are inextricably linked and cannot be constructed in
isolation from one another. As a result, it is recommended that
the infrastructure for both 5G and the internet of things be
developed simultaneously. In addition, it is projected that in
the not-too-distant future, the primary consumers of these
systems will be security control solutions and systems. As a
result, these efforts in development should simultaneously
factor in the support of SC applications. This would contribute
to the accomplishment of a desirable level of performance for
users of the network, and more significantly, for SC systems.
V. Conclusion
In this work, provide a unique Internet of Things (IoT)
group-based architecture for the smart city, which integrates
978-1-6654-5630-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia. Downloaded on February 11,2024 at 19:08:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
existing infrastructure by grouping data from disparate sources
to lessen the environmental impact of traffic and power
consumption. The smart city's infrastructure is broken up into
several subnets for tracking certain data points. The sources of
the metrics under observation include, but are not limited to,
emergency traffic management architectures, supply grids, air
quality sensors, and electronic health records. With the help of
a 5G network, all of the sensors report their findings. But,
keeping track of all this data will necessitate a lot of resources
and lead to increased traffic. So, the research advises merging
these records in order to lessen the load on the network and
the amount of power needed to transmit this data. In the
context of the e-health system, illustrate how data aggregation
works by considering how data priority might vary depending
on the data source. The ultimate goal of our future study is to
calculate how much power may be saved by implementing our
technique in a single antenna.
REFERENCES
[1] Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S.: An information framework for creating a
smart city through Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things J. 1(2), 112–
121 (2014)
[2] Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., Georgakopoulos, D.: Sensing as a
service model for smart cities supported by Internet of T hings. T rans.
Emerg. T elecommun. T echnol. 25, 81–93 (2014)
[3] Hancke, G.P., Silva, B.C., Hancke, G.P.: The role of advanced sensing
in smart cities. Sensors 13(1), 393–425 (2013)
[4] Neirotti, P., Marco, A., Cagliano, A.C., Mangano, G., Scorrano, F.:
Current trends in smart city initiatives: some stylised facts. Cities 38,
25–36 (2014)
[5] Monserrat, J.F.; Mange, G.; Braun, V.; T ullberg, H.; Zimmermann, G.;
Bulakci, O. MET IS research advances towards the 5G mobile and
wireless system definition. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2015,
2015. [
[6] Al-Falahy, N.; Alani, O.Y. T echnologies for 5G Networks: Challenges
and Opportunities. IT Prof. 2017, 19, 12 –20.
[7] Klaine, P.V.; Imran, M.A.; Onireti, O.; Souza, R.D. A Survey of
Machine Learning T echniques Applied to Self-Organizing Cellular
Networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. T utor. 2017, 19, 2392 –2431.
[8] Fourati, H.; Maaloul, R.; Chaari, L. A survey of 5G network systems:
Challenges and machine learning approaches. Int. J. Mach. Learn.
Cybern. 2020, 12, 385–431.
[9] Agiwal, M.; Roy, A.; Saxena, N. Next Generation 5G Wireless
Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. T utor. 2016,
18, 1617–1655.
[10] PSB Research—5G Economy Global Public Survey Report
Commissioned by Qualcomm. 2019. Available online: https:
//www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/psb-public-survey-
report.pdf (accessed on 3 May 2021).
[11] Samsung. 5G Vision (White Paper); T echnical Report; Samsung
Electronics Co.: Suwon-si, Korea, 2015.
[12] Zanella, A.; Bui, N.; Castellani, A.; Vangelista, L.; Zorzi, M. Internet of
T hings for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet Things J. 2014, 1, 22–32.
[13] Nassar, A.S.; Montasser, A.H.; Abdelbaki, N. A Survey on Smart Cities’
IoT . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced
Intelligent Systems and Informatics, Cairo, Egypt, 9 –11 September
2017; Hassanien, A.E., Shaalan, K., Gaber, T ., T olba, M.F., Eds.;
Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
[14] Yan, J.; Liu, J.; T seng, F.M. An evaluation system based on the self -
organizing system framework of smart cities: A case study of smart
transportation systems in China. Technol. Forecast. Soc.
Chang. 2020, 153, 119371.
[15] Nandini, K., Seetha, J., Jegajothi, B., Rajmohan, R., & Nageswari, D.
(2022, June). Automated Machine Learning-Based Gestational
Monitoring Framework in Wearable Internet of T hings Environment.
In Proceedings of Second International Conference in Mechanical and
Energy Technology: ICMET 2021, India (pp. 547-557). Singapore:
Springer Nature Singapore.
1239