Phase modulation (PM)

is a modulation pattern for

conditioning communication
signals for transmission. It
encodes a message signal as
variations in the instantaneous
phase of a carrier wave. Phase
modulation is one of the two
principal forms of angle
modulation, together
with frequency modulation.
In phase modulation, the
instantaneous amplitude of the
baseband signal modifies the phase of the carrier signal keeping its amplitude and frequency
constant. The phase of a carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing signal level
(amplitude) of the message signal. The peak amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal are
maintained constant, but as the amplitude of the message signal changes, the phase of the carrier
changes correspondingly.

Angle modulation- is a class of carrier modulation that is used

in telecommunications transmission systems. The class comprises frequency modulation (FM)
and phase modulation (PM), and is based on altering the frequency or the phase, respectively, of
a carrier signal to encode the message signal. This contrasts with varying the amplitude of the
carrier, practiced in amplitude modulation (AM) transmission, the earliest of the major
modulation methods used widely in early radio broadcasting.

Automatic Frequency Control (AFC), also called Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT), is a method
or circuit to automatically keep a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of an incoming radio
signal. It is primarily used in radio receivers to keep the receiver tuned to the frequency of the
desired station.
In radio communication, AFC is needed because, after the bandpass frequency of a receiver is
tuned to the frequency of a transmitter, the two frequencies may drift apart, interrupting the
reception. This can be caused by a poorly controlled transmitter frequency, but the most common
cause is drift of the center bandpass frequency of the receiver, due to thermal or mechanical drift
in the values of the electronic components.

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 Analog Modulation Methods A low-frequency message signal (top) may be
carried by an AM or FM radio wave.

 Amplitude modulation (AM)

(here the amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal)
 Double-sideband modulation
(DSB).
 Single-sideband modulation(SSB
or SSB-AM).
 Vestigial- sideband modulation (VSB or VSB-AM).
 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

Phase Modulation Example

phase modulation (PM) is widely used in conjunction with amplitude modulation (AM). For
example, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) uses both phase and amplitude modulation to
create different binary states for transmission (see QAM). See modulation and carrier.

Vary the Angle

In PM modulation, the angle of the carrier wave is varied by the incoming signal. In this
example, the modulating wave implies an analog signal.

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 Rerences;

1. AT&T, Telecommunication Transmission Engineering, Volume 1—Principles,

2nd Edition, Bell Center for Technical Education (1977)
2. Jump up to:a b Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons
(2001), ISBN 0-471-17869-1, p.107
3. Whitham D. Reeve, Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook-
Digital, IEEE Press (1995), ISBN 0-7803-0440-3, p. 5.
4. Armstrong, E. H. (May 1936), "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio
Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", Proc. IRE, 24 (5): 689–740

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