Amount of =

acetaldehyde in the final 0.exit533 %by wt.

solution95
0.005363
Ans.

Amount of = 0.51 kg
acetaldehyde
acetaldehyde
(i.e.,
removed
extracted from
per 100 kg ofthe feed solution =
solution nicotine in waterfeed) = 5-0.51
A
Ex. 2.3: of 449 kg
293 K Ans.
kerosene at (20°C). Water and containing 1%
nicotine is to be cxtracted with
equilibriumn relationshipto be: kerosene essentially insoluble. Assurne the
are
Y = 0.9 X
where, Y = kg
nicotine/kg kerosene
X = kg
a nicotine/kg
Determine the percentage extraction water
of nicotine if 100 kg
extracted with 150 kg of solvent of a feed solution is
i) Repeat for three theoretical (kerosene).
extractions using 50 kg solvent each time.
Solution: Basis: 100 kg of feed solution at 293 K.
The equilibrium relationship is
Y = 0.9 X
(i) For single stage extraction,
= 0.9 X
where, Y = kg nicotine/kg kerosene (Extract]
X1 = kg nicotine/kg water [Raffinate]
Xo = kg nicotine/kg water in feed solution
The feed solution contains 1% nicotine by weight.
Amount of nicotine in feed = 0.01x 100 = 1kg
(A)= 100 - 1 = 99 kg
Arnount of water in the feed solution
= 0.0101 kg nicotine/kg water
1
99
kg of solvent = 150 kg of kerosene
B =
immiscible solvents,
As water and kerosene are
+A, X,

F,A, X 1

-B, Y,
B, Y
extraction system
Singlestage
Fig. E2.3(a) :
Mass Transfer- || 2.43

a single stage extraction is :

e material balance of nicotine over
kg nicotine in feed + ke nicotine in solvent used
= kg nicotine in extract + kg nicotine in
AXp +BY, = BY, +AX), but Y = 0 rafllu
AXp = BY, +AX,
0.0101 x 99 = 150 Y, + 99 X,
We have Y, = 0.9 X,
0.0101 99 = 150(0.9X) +99 X,
X, = 0.00427 kg nicotine/kg water
Amount of nicotine removed from water
= (0.0101 - 0.00427) x 99
= 0.5772 kg 0.58 kg
0.58
% extraction of nicotine x 100 = 58 (i.e., 58 % of that in the feed
1

(ii) For three theoretical extractions: An:

B = 50kg for each time

For immiscible solvents for n stage, we
have:
A
Xn =
A + Bm
For our case,
n = 3, A= 99 kg, B = 50 kg, m
= 0.90, Xp = 0.0101 kg nicotine/kg water
The equilibrium relationship is
Y = 0.9 X, is of the
Y = mX, m =
type:
0.90
99 13
X =
99 + 50 x 0.9 x0.0101
=
0.00328 kg nicotine/kg water
Amount of nicotine removed from water
(0.0101 -0.00328) ×99 =
% extraction of
nicotine 0.675 0.675 kg
x 100 = 67.5
1.e., 67.5 %of nicotine in the feed
is
extracted using An:
A, Xf
A, X,
three-stages.
A, X, A

2
B
B,Y, 3
B
B, Y2
Eis. E2.3 (b):
Three-st=ageSolvent for
B
sVs
 Materi
Stage-l :

AXF =
99 x 0.0101 = BY, +AX,, YË =0.90 X,
50 (0.90 X) +99 X,
X1 = 0.00694 kg nicotine/kg water
Stage- 2:

AX] = BY, + AX, Y = 0.90 X¡

99 x 0.00694 = 50
(0.90 X,)+99 Xg
X = 0.00477 kg
Stage-3:
nicotine/kg water
AX, = BY,+ AX3, Y3 =0.90 X¡
99 x 0.00477 = 50(0.90 X) + 99 X3
= 0.00328 kg nicotine/kg water
Sothere will be 0.00328 kg nicotine per kg of water in raffinate
(water phase) leaving
thestage-3.
Nicotine in raffinate leaving stage-3 = 0.00328x 99 = 0.325 kg
ke
Nicotine in feed solution = l
0.675 kg
Nicotine extracted (removed) = 1-0.325 =
0.675
nicotine based on nicotine in feed = 1 x 100 = 67.5
h extraction of for
the feed is extracted using three stages with 50 kg solvent
Ans. (ii)
i.e., 67.5 % of
nicotine in
each stage.
Alternatively :Check :
extracted in kerosene
Amount of nicotine
= BY, + BY, + BY,
= B[Y, + Y, + Y,l
0.9 X]
= B[0.9 X,+ 0.9 X, +
0.9B X+ X + Xg]
(0.00694 + 0.00477 + 0.00328)
= 0.9 x 50
= 0.675 kg
= 0.67455 kg Ans. (ii)
0.675 67.5
x 100 =
extraction of nicotine 1
10% by weight nicotine is extracted
% containing stage
nicotine-water weight nicotine in a countercurrent the
Deternmine
Ex. 2,4: 100 kg/h of acontaining 0.06%streamby
is 0. 10 weight percent. kerosene are
with 150 kg/h of kerosene of exit water separation. Water and is :
nicotine content required for this
column. The theoretical data for the above systen
stages
number of lmmiscible solvents. The equilibrium 0.0075 0.0099 0.0204

essentiakgl y nicotine
X=
0.001011
0.00246
0.00502

0.00686 0.00913 0.0187

0.00456
kg water 0.00196
0.000807
Y kg nicotine
kg kerosene
Mass Transfer
Solution- :|| Basis : 100 kg/h of nicotine-water solution and 150 kg/h of keroSCne

weight
as given.
= 10% by weight = 0.010 fraction
Nicotine in the feed -0.01 = 0.99 weight fraction
= 1
Water in thefeed
solution
Feed solvent (water)) in the feed =A= 100 × 0.99
= 99 kgh

XF
Np = kg nicotinekg water in feed = 1- XF
0.01 = 0.0101
X 1- 0.01
immiscible solvents.
Water and kerosene are solvents, all water in
feed
will app
are immiscible
As water and kerosene solvent stream w1ll appear ir
all kerosenc in entering
raffinate phases and
phases, said duty.
stages required for the
Let n be thetheoretical
Xn-1 A, X,
A. XE

B, Y,

B, Y,
extraction system
Fig. E2.4 (a) :Countercurrent n-stage
B = kg/h of kerosene to nth stage (solute-free basis)
(raffinate) leaving nth staz
X, = kg nicotine/kg water in water
kerosene entering r
= kg nicotine/kg kerosene in solvent
Yn+1
Xp = kg nicotine/kg water in feed entering first
stage
leaving first s
Y, = kg nicotine/kg kerosene in solvent (extract)
A = kg/h of water in feed as well as in raffinate
Nicotine in kerosene entering = 0.06% by weight = 0.0006 weight fractior
0.0006
Yn+1 0.0006004 = 0.0006
1-0.0006
Nicotine in water (raffinate) leaving system = 0.10% by weight = 0.00l weight I
0.001
0.001
1-0.001
Bis the kg/h of kerosene solvent on solute-free basis
But the solvent stream contains 0.0006 weight fraction of nicotine, so the pur.
to the nn stage is :
B = 150 (1 -0.0006) = 149.91 kg/h
Material balance of nicotine over the entire countercurrent extraction System
Nicotine in (Feed + Solvent) = Nicotine in (Extract + Rafinate)
AXF + BY,.| = BY, + AXn,
99x 0.0101 + 149 91 x0.0006 =
149.91 Y, +99 x 0.001
YË = 0.00661 kg nicotine/kg kerosene
 The operating line 2.46
through the
passes
pointsrepresented
M(Xp,
by the
Y) and Labove equation for this
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
(Xn, Yn+
Point M ’ (0.0101,
Point L ’ (0.001,
0.0066)
0.0006)
).
countercurrent extraction

Y v/s X
Plot :
equilibrium
line
data.
Plot : Operating passing through the points Land M
line) and step-off the number of stages required between (theLend points of the operating
points and M
0.01

0.008

M(0.0101, 0.0066)
0.006

0.004

0.002

X= 0.0101
L (0.001, 0.0006) 0.01 0.012
0.008
0.006
0.002 0.004
0.0
X countercurrentoperation,
Determinationof number of stages,
insoluble solvents
Fig. E 2.4 (b):
Yn+ = BY + AXn
AX + B
A
(x - X¹) + Y, line witha slope
Yn+ 1 = B
extraction. It is a straight
countercurrent
line for (Xp, Y;) and (Xn. Yn.. drawing the steps
operating points is found by
This is the
passing
through the X,
fromn Xñ to curve
equal to A/B and pass
requiredto the equilibrium located.
stages and and L 0.00l, 0.0006 are and the
The number of operating line 0101, 0.0066) Fig. E 2.4 b} between
the M(0 drawn |Refer
between triangles
then pointsthese points is by constructing the
(triangles) and
Y v/s X is plottedpassing through from X;to X,
pass ..Ans.
The line to
are,stepped-offoperatingline.
operating
number of Stages the
curve and number of
stages
required- n= 8
the equilibrium the
 nicotine-water söl
Ex. 2.5: 1000 kg/h ofa nicotine content to 0.1 % Water and
the k
extracted with kerosene to reduce
jmmiscible solvents. requirement, kg/h ?
solvent
(i) What is the minimum
used, how many theoretical stages are required ?
(ii) If i150 kg/h of solvent is
The equilibrium data are as follows : 0.00502
kg nicotine 0.00101
0.00246 0.00998
X =
kg water
0.00196 0.00456 0.00913
kg nicotine )
0.00807
kg kerosene
solution containing 1% nicotine.
Solution: Basis : 1000 kgh of feed
Weight fraction of nicotine in the feed solution = 100 =0.01

kg nicotine/kg water in the feed solution = XF

0.01 = 0.0101
1-0.01
1
Nicotine in the feed (1000) = 10 kgh
100
Water in the feed solution = A = 1000 10 = 990 kg/h
Nicotine inthe final exit water solution = 0.1%
X, = kg nicotine/kg water in the final exit water solution (final raffinate)
0.1
Weight fraction of nicotine in the final raffinate = = 0.001l
100
0.001
= 0.001001
1-0.001
Solvent fed to system is pure kerosene, (B) Yn +1=Ys =0
i.e., kg nicotine/kg kerosene in the solvent fed is zero.

A, F, Xe
(Stage X, A
1 Stage
B, Y, B. Yn-1
Fig. E2.5 (a) :
Water and kerosene are
essentially
Countercurrent extraction unit
insoluble, so the
Acontent of all raffinates are constant. All Awill be in solvent
the raffinate all eyr
of all
contentand R
the extract phase.
Overallnicotine balance:
AXp + BYn+| =AX, +BY,
Yn+ = BA (Xn -
Xp) +Y,
Y- Yn +1 A
Or X Xn B
 the
Thisis equatiOn of operating line, it is a
through the Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Hpasses
points (Xp, Y) and straight line with
(Xn,Yn
= 990 k,
). a lope equal to A/B and

B= 150 k
Slope P 1150 0.8608 = 0.861

aN the equilhbrium curve and n0.001001, Yn Y, = 0 (as purc solvent is Used)

slope of
0.861
which will cut the draw the operating line throurh L (0.001001, 0) with a
Neand.Xn
and count them. vertical through Xñ at M. Construct the stages betwecn
Slope =0.861 = tan o.
=
Draw a line through L at an angle
tan(0.861) = 40.73º
o.
From Fig. E 2.5(b),
Number of theoretical stages required to reduce nicotine
content from 1% to 0.1 %
= n = 8 Ans. (ii)
0.0078

We have, Y- Yn +1 A
Xp- Xn
Yn +1 = 0, A = 990 kg, B = 1150 kg.
Xp = 0.0101, Xn = 0.001001
A
Y; = Yn+ 1t B (Xp- Xn)
990
Y, = 0+ 1150 (0.0101-0.001001)

Y = 0.00783 = 0.0078
caleulating Y, as
So the values ofY, are matching. You can plot operating line by first
X ie. points
dbove and then locating Y, (from equilibrium curve) on vertical through
Land M and join LM.
Determination of the minimum solvent :
the minimum solvent rate for the sake of clear understanding. only
For determining
lhe plotted separately. Refer Fig. E 2.5 (c).
equilibrium data is Locate point X on the
), i.e., L (0.001001, 0) on the x-axis.
Locate point L(Xn, Y, +
vertical to cut the cquilibrium curve at
K. Join LK and
X-axis and through X draw a
neasure the slope. and so for the infinite number of stages, the operating
For the solvent rate intersection of the vertical through X¹ and
line starts at minimum
L and passes through K, the point of the
measure slope t0 get the minimum solvent
the LK and
Curve. Draw line
rate.equilibrium
 MassT
Mass Transfer- |
Y v/s X
0.01 Slc

M(Y,, Xe)
0008

0006 L (X Yn. )
L(0.001001, 0)

0004

Operating line
n=8
O.002

a =40.73
|X =0.0101 solve
O002 0004 0 006 0.008 0.01 0.012
X

Fig. E2.5 (b) : Determination of number of stages, countercurrent operation,

insoluble
solvents

95

K91 mm
0.008
Y v/s X ben
rem

0.006

O004
Operating line
for minimum
solvent
002

454

00 O 02
004 O006
X 0008
0.01
|X=0.0101
Fig.E2.5 (e) : 0.012
Mass
2.50
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Slope of the operating line for
minimum solvent rate :
0.0092-0
A
0.0101 -0.001001
B = 1.011|
B= 990
1.0111 = 979kh
OR Angle made by the operating line with x-axis = 45.4
Slope = tan .
= tan (45.4) = 1.014
A
= 1.01l4
B
A 990
B =
= 976.3 kgh Ans. (i)
1.014 1.014
Ans. (i)
Minimum solvent requirement = 976.3 kgh
Ex. 2.6 : For extraction of dioxane from water, benzene is used as an extracti0r.