Cagayan State University - Carig Campus

College of Public Administration

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
CA 1 – Institutional Correction
Instructor: Joel Gatan Diciano, RCrim, MS Crim
______________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, the students will be able to:
 Recall and explain the approaches and purposes of correction and the theories of
penology.
 Recall and explain the historical development of correctional system and the evolution of
prison system in the Philippines.
 Recall and explain the ancient forms of punishment, methods of inflicting the death
penalty, early forms of prison discipline, contemporary forms of punishment,
justifications of punishment and juridical conditions of penalty.

I - Correction - The branch of the administration of Criminal Justice System charged with the
responsibility for the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted offenders.
- The fourth pillar of the CJS
Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system management of jails or
prisons and other institution concerned with the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.

Approaches in Correction:
1. Institutional Corrections- The rehabilitation of offenders in jail or prison.
2. Non - Institutional Corrections - Refers to correctional activities that may take place
within the community. Also known as the Community Based Corrections.

Purposes of Correction:
a. To segregate offenders from society; and
b. To rehabilitate him so that upon his return to the society he shall be responsible and
become a law - abiding citizen.

II - Penology – is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders.

Penology – is a branch of criminology dealing with prison management and the treatment of
offenders.
Penology – derived from two words PENO and LOGY.
The term “Peno” was derived from the Greek word “Poine” as well as the Latin word “Poena”,
both terms mean punishment or “pain or suffering”
“Logy” – was derived from the Latin word “logos”, that means science.
Penology - is otherwise known as Penal Science.
Theories of Penology

1. Absolute Theories – these theory concerns with the legalistic approach on penal applications
as a ground of calling justice. The imposition of punishment is a retributive nature of justice

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 reformation, deterrence, crime prevention, self-defense and control. It adopts the principle of
“nullum crimen, nulla sine poena lege” there is no crime if there is no law punishing it.

2. Relative Theories – these theory concerns that punishment is a utility and usefulness of the
society.
Classifications:

a. Reformative – reformation is the ultimate objective of punishment.

b. Exemplarity – punishing criminals will deter the others from committing crimes.
c. Protective – people must be protected from socially danger persons.

3. Compromisual Theory – this theory settles the concept of justification, sentiments and
grounds for punishment through compromises of conflicting views. Its objectives concern
with retribution and deterrence of criminals.

III - Historical development of correctional system

A - Early Codes
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes 1890 BC,
a. The Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabi Code) – The Code of Hammurabi is
believed to be the earliest written code of punishment and recognized as the first
codifier of laws. The provisions of the code were premised on the law of talion or
the principle of an eye for an eye. a tooth for a tooth. Under the principle of the
lex talionis or law of talion, tit for tat, or the law of equal retaliation, the
punishment should be the same as inflicted on the victim.
b. Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years older. Hammurabi (flourished 18th
century BC),
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code – (6th C A.D), Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law.
An effort to match desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However,
the law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of
Western legal codes. a. 451-450 BC, Roman Empire:
b. The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (The code of laws written on 12 wooden
tablets)) – Was recognized as the earliest codification of Roman Laws. The influence
of the twelve tablets extended until the 6th century AD when it was mostly
incorporated into the Justinian Code(529AD). It is the foundation of all public and
private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal
principles engraved metal tablets and set up on the forum.
c. Greek Code of Draco – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides
the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates in primitive
concepts. (Vengeance, Blood Feuds).
3.The Burgundian Code (500 A.D.) – specified punishment according to the social class of
offenders, dividing them into: nobles; middle class and lower class and specifying the value of
the life of each person according to social status.
B - Early Dates
13th Century – Securing Sanctuary
- In the 13th century, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refuge in a church for a
period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path
assigned to him.
1468(England) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.

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16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England was authorized. At the end of this
century,
Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved overcrowding of
prisons. This practice was abandoned in 1835.
17th Century to late 18th Century – Death penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
Gaols - (jails) – the description given to pretrial detention facilities operated by English sheriff
in
England during the 18th century.
Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals.
A type
of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.
Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus)– gave bishops the power to act as real judges which enabled
bishop Hulks – these are former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century.
- These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving
congestion of prisons. They were called as the floating hells.
Ordeal – is the church’s substitute for a trial until the 13th century wherein the guilt or
innocence was determined by the ability of the accused of being unscathed through dangerous
and painful test.
C - Early prisons
Mamertine Prison – an underground prison was constructed as early as 640 BC by Roman King
Ancus Martius in Rome.
Le Stinche – the first ever public prison in Europe which was constructed in 1297 in Florence,
Italy.
Hospital of St. Michael or Hospital of Michele – the first cellular prison or with individual
cells for prisoners in Rome, built in 1704. It was built for delinquent boys under the age of
twenty (20) and considered one of the first institution to house juvenile offenders. It was
founded by Pope Clement XI and is considered the forerunner of the juvenile reformatories of
later centuries.
Wymondham – England’s first penitentiary constructed in 1785.
Bridewell - it houses street beggars, vagrant, petty thieves and prostitutes in the streets of
London and engaged them in hard labor as punishment. Then in 1556, it became a workhouse
known as Bridewell Prison until it was closed in 1855.
The Panoptican – The panoptican or inspection prison house building plan made by Jeremy
Bentham, noted English proponent of the classical school of criminology, which called tank
structure covered by a glass roof.
The 1950 Panoptican, or roundhouse design, was a type of modern penitentiary advocated long
ago by Jeremy Bentham. Only two were built in the world.The guard tower is a cylindrical
structure going up the middle of the inside, hence the name panoptican, or all–seeing-eye.
The Pennsylvania Reform Act of 1790 – It abolished corporal punishment and limited capital
offense was reduced to only one that is first degree murder, imprisonment at hard labor was
instituted as punishment for other serious crimes.
Milibank Penitentiary (1812-1821) – Known as the first English prison.

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Walnut Street Jail – originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted
into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary. Closed down in 1835, largely due
to politics, overcrowding and lack of financial resources.
Old New Gate Prison – an abandoned copper mine located at Simsbury, Connecticut.
Considered as the black holes of horror. Today, this is a museum that belong to the State of
Connecticut.
New gate Prison of New York-1797 – Became the First State Penitentiary in New York. In
1828, Newgate was closed and the prisoners transferred to the new Sing Sing Prison.
Sing Sing Correctional Facility – a maximum security prison of the New York State
Department of Correctional Services in the town of Ossining New York. Sing Sing was third
prison built by New York State. The first Prison was built in 1797 in Greenwich Village and the
second one in 1816 called Auborn State Prison.
Sing Sing Correctional Facility – became the famous because of the sing sing bath. The
shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a volume of water on the head of a locked
naked offender.
The Elmira Reformatory (1876 in Elmira New York) – first reformatory and considered as
the forerunner of modern penology.
Zebulon Brockway – First Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in New York. He introduced
training school type, education of prisoner, solitary confinement for night and congregate
workshop were adopted, extensive used of parole and indeterminate sentence.
Australia– the place which was a penal colony before it became a country, convicted criminals
in England were transported to Australia, a colony of Great Britain when transportation was
adopted in 1790 to 1875.
Alcatraz Prison- opened in 1934, closed on March 31, 1963 but it was costly on operation.
When it closed, it has 260 inmates, now, a tourist destination in California. Known by many as
The Rock, Alcatraz Island is located just north of San Francisco Bay.
The Department of Justice used the Island as a military prison from 1868 – 1933 and then as a
Federal prison for dangerous criminals from 1933 until 1963. In 1972 Alcatraz became part of
the Golden Gate National Recreational Area.
Two Rival Prison Systems in the History of Corrections:
1. The Auburn Prison System – also known as the “Congregate System” or “Silent System”.
The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops
during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
(1821) Elam Lynds – Warden at Auborn and established the congregate system.
2. The Pennsylvania Prison System (1790)– also known as the “Solitary System”. Prisoners
are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, slept, ate and receive religious
instructions. Complete silence was also required. Prisoners are required to read the bible.
D - Persons responsible for introducing reforms in the field of corrections
1. William Penn (1614-1716) - He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional
treatment for major offenders.
He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
He fought for religious freedom and individual rights

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2. Charles Montesquieu (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesiquieu –
1689 –
1755). A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He
believed that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
3. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet, 1694-1778)-He believes that fear of shame was a
deterrent to crime. He fought the legality sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria, 1738-1794) - He wrote an essay
entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”. This book became famous as the theoretical
basis for the great reforms in the field of criminal law. This book also provided a starting point
for the classical school of criminal law and criminology.
5. Jeremy Bentham – (1748-1832) - the greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal Law.
He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the criminal
derives from crime, the crime rate would go down.
He devised the ultimate Panopticon Prison – a prison that consists of a large circular building
containing multi cells around the periphery, but it was never built.
6. John Howard (1726-1790) – the “Great Prison Reformer” - The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in
1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After his findings on English Prisons, he
recommended the following:
 single cells for sleeping
 segregation of women
 segregation of youth
 provision of sanitation facilities
 abolition of the fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoner
7. Alexander Macanochie – He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in
Australia (1840) who introduced the Mark System. A progressive humane system in which a
prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in
order to entitle him for ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.
Macanochie’s Mark System cosnsist of 5 stages:
a. Strict custody upon admission to the penal colony
b. Work on government gangs
c. Limited freedom on the island within a prescribed area
d. Ticket of leave
e. Full restoration of liberty
8. Manuel Montesimos – The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the
number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge,
which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
9. Domets of France – Established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing
housefathers as in charge of these boys.
10. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise – The Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal
institution for young offenders.
Borstal Institution – is considered as the best reform institution for young offenders today

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11. Walter Crofton – he is the director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the Irish
system that was modifies from the Macanochie’s mark system.
Four Stages of the Irish System (by: Crofton)
1. Solitary confinement for 9 months
2. Assignment to public works in association with other prisoners.
3. Work without supervision.
4. Release of prisoner under certain conditions similar to parole.
12. Zebulon Brockway – the Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who
introduced certain innovational programs like the following training school type, compulsory
education of prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, indeterminate sentence.
The Elmira Reformatory – considered as the forerunner of modern penology because it had all
the elements of a modern system.
14. Fred T. Wilkinson - the last warden of Alcatraz Prison
15. James Bennet – director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who wrote about the closing of
Alcatraz Prison.
IV - Evolution of prison system in the Philippines
A - Early Codes (Philippines Setting)
The Philippines is one of the many countries that came under the influence of the Roman law.
History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental
Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889,
the “Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was
introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the
Roman Law principles (Coqiua, Principles of Roman Law, 1996).
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influence laws during the Pre-Spanish
Philippines. There were also laws that were written which include:
1. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe law
that prescribes harsh punishment.
2. The Maragtas Code by Datu Sumakwel
3. Sikatuna Law
B - Early prisons in the Philippines
The formal prison system in the Philippines started only during the Spanish regime.
1847 - The Old Bilibid Prison was constructed as the main penitentiary and designed to house
the prison population of the country.
Penitentiary – The term penitentiary came from the Latin word “penitentia” meaning
penitence and was coined by John Howard. - it refers to a place where crime and sin may be
atoned for and penitence produced.
June 25, 1865 -The Old Bilibid Prison, then known as Carcel y Presidio Correccional
(Spanish, "Correctional Jail and Military Prison") occupied a rectangular piece of land which
was part of the Mayhalique Estate in the heart of Manila was formally opened or established.

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On August 21, 1869, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was established
to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule. The
facility, which faced the Jolo sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a
1,414-hectare sprawling estate.
When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created under the
Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the
Department of Commerce and Police.
Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27, 1929, the
Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) was created under Act No. 3579 to provide separate
facilities for women offenders while the Davao Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao was opened
in 1932 under Act No. 3732.
In 1936 the City of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons
originally intended as a site for boys’ training school.
C - Non-Operational National Prisons
FORT BONIFACIO PRISON: A committee report submitted to then President Carlos P.
Garcia described Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort William McKinley, as a military
reservation located in Makati, which was established after the Americans came to the
Philippines. The prison was originally used as a detention center for offenders of US military
laws and ordinances.
CORREGIDOR PRISON STOCKADE: In 1908 during the American regime, some 100
prisoners were transferred from the Old Bilibid Prison to Corregidor Island to work under
military authorities. This move was in accordance with an order from the Department of
Instructions, which approved the transfer of inmates so they could assist in maintenance and
other operations in the stockade. The inmates were transported not to serve time but for prison
labor.
Until the outbreak of the Second World War, inmates from Old Bilibid Prison were regularly
sent to Corregidor for labor purposes.
The BUREAU OF PRISONS was established on November 1, 1905 under the DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION through REORGANIZATION ACT ACT 1407 of the
PHILIPPINE COMISSION until it was Transferred to the DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (DOJ).
E.O. 292 – otherwise known as Revised Administrative Code of 1987 -It renamed the Bureau
of Prisons to Bureau of Corrections
1936- City of Manila exchange its Muntinlupa property composed of 552 hectares piece of
land with the Bureau of Prisons lot in Manila.

Today, the Old Bilibid prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail

V - Punishment – it is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of the society
that usually involves pain or suffering.
- it is also the penalty imposed to an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
A - Ancient Forms of Punishment
1. Death Penalty – punishment of death carried out by hanging, immersion in boiling water,
burning and feeding to wild animals, firing squad, decapitation, quartering and garroting.
2. Physical Torture – infliction of penalties such as mutilation, disfiguration, flogging. It was
typically imposed in public as a means of setting an example for other potential
offender(deterrence).

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3. Social Degradation – causes shame to the offender.
4. Banishment or Exile – offender is transported to other territory and not permitted to re-entry
to their homeland.
5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.
B - Methods of Inflicting the Death Penalty
1. Stoning – Is a form of execution in which the condemned person is killed by being pelted with
stones in biblical times. The Mosaic Law decreed stoning for those guilty of idol-worship
(Deut.17:5), Blasphemy (Lev 24:14), or Adultery (Deut. 22:23), Saint Stephen, the first Christian
Martyr, was stoned to death for Blasphemy
(Acts7:58). Today, the Islamic Penal Code of Iran Prescribes stoning as a penalty for adultery,
procuring and other sexual offenses.
2. Crucifixion - execution of a criminal by nailing or binding to a cross. It was a common form
of capital
punishment from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, especially among the Persians,
Egyptians,
3. Beheading – Is a form of capital punishment. Practiced in ancient Greece and Rome and later
in other parts of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, execution by decapitation was usually
reserved for offenders of high rank and for notorious criminals. It was originally carried out with
an ax, later with a sword, and in France from the late 18th century until capital punishment was
abolished there in 1981, with the guillotine. John The Baptist was an early victim of the practice,
later death by beheading claimed such other notable figures as Anne Belyn Mary, Queen of
Scots, death Walter Raleigh, Louis XVI of France, and his wife, Marie Antoinette.
Beheading has died out in Europe, but it continues to be employed as a PUNISHMENT IN
SOME Muslim country, along with a variety of Mutilation. It was also widespread in China until
recent times.
4. Guillotine - Proposed in 1789 by French physician Joseph Ignace Guillotin, the guillotine was
widely used during the French Revolution (1789-1799), first to decapitate members of the
nobility and Roman Catholic clergy, and later to behead the revolutionaries themselves. The
guillotine remained in use in France until capital punishment was abolished in 1981. This
reduced model belongs to the Museum of the City of Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France.
5. Hanging - method of capital punishment by suspending the condemned person by the neck,
usually with a noosed rope or cord, from a frame with a crosspiece commonly known as gallows.
Hanging is the official means of execution in several countries.
Death through hanging may result from compression of the windpipe, obstruction of blood flow,
and rupture of nerve structures in the neck; all may be the causes of death, especially when death
is not instantaneous.
Death comes instantly in a hanging in which the spinal cord is damaged or severed through the
fracture or dislocation of the first three cervical vertebrae.
Originally, hanging was not a method of capital punishment, but of inflicting indignity on the
dead body of a criminal. The practice of hanging an already executed murderer in chains on a
gibbet, simple gallows consisting of one upright post with a crosspiece at the top, continued in
Britain well into the 19th century.
During the days of the Roman Empire, however, Germanic tribes used hanging as a method of
execution, and from them the measure was adopted by the Anglo-Saxon peoples. Hanging was

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first adopted in England in 1214, when a nobleman's son was hanged for piracy. In time, hanging
displaced more barbarous methods of execution.
6. Electrocution - in a legal sense, a method of inflicting the death penalty on a convicted
criminal by passing an electric current through the body. Electrocution was first used in 1890 in
New York State. By 1972, at the time of the U.S. Supreme Court decision on capital punishment,
electrocution was the method of implementing the death penalty in some 20 states. Death is
assumed to be painless in this method of execution, with loss of consciousness being virtually
instantaneous.
Although only a small electric current is required to cause death in human beings, the electrical
resistance of the human body is so high that a large voltage is required to force even this small
current through the body. In U.S. prison practice, an alternating current of about 2000 volts is
used for electrocution.
The criminal to be electrocuted is strapped into a specially constructed electric chair. One
electrode is applied to the scalp, the other to the calf of one leg. The electrodes are moistened
with a salt solution to ensure adequate contact. Death usually occurs within two minutes after the
current has started to flow through the body.
7. Gas Chamber – is an airtight room in which persons are killed with poisons gas. As a method
of executing condemned prisoners it was first used in Nevada in 1924(see capital punishment).
The prisoner is trapped in a chair, and sodium cyanide pellets are dropped into a bucket of acid
below it if the prisoner breathes deeply, death comes almost at once.
The infamous concentration camp gas chambers used in Nazi Germany’s genocide programs
were disguised as bathhouses, Naked prisoner were herded inside, and lethal carbon monoxide or
hydro cyanide gas fumes were pumped in.
8. Firing Squad - soldiers ordered to shoot: a group of soldiers who carry out an execution by
gunfire or deliver a ceremonial volley over a grave
9. Lethal Injection – is method of capital punishment by which a convicted criminal is injected
with a deadly dose of barbiturates through an intravenous tube inserted into arm. The procedure
Resembles the method used for a patient undergoing anesthesia before surgery. Although lethal
injection has been adopted by most U.S. states with capital punishment since 1980, its first use
(1982) stirred debate over the ethics of using medical procedures and professionals to end a life.
C - Early Forms of Prison Discipline:
1. Hard Labor – Productive works.
2. Deprivation – Deprivation of everything except the bare essential of existence.
3. Monotony – Giving the same food that is “off diet” or requiring the prisoners to perform drab
or boring daily routine.
4. Uniformity – “We treat the prisoner alike”. “The fault of one is the fault of all”.
5. Mass Movement – Mass living in the cellblocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing.
6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prisoners to degrade or
break the
confidence of prisoners.
7. Corporal Punishment – Imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to
intimidate a delinquent inmate.
8. Isolation or solitary confinement – Non- communication, limited news. “The lone Wolf’.

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D - Contemporary forms of punishment
1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against
criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo
institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole – a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for
the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of
a parole officer.
3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of
which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by
the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
5. Destierro – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime,
prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.
E - Justifications of Punishment:
1. Retribution – The punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated; to
afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable
punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.
2. Expiation or Atonement – It is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the
purpose is to appease the offended public or group.
3. Deterrence – Punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would
happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that
they cannot afford to do what the offender has done.
4. Incapacitation and Protection – The public will protect, if the offender has being held
conditioning where he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is effective by
placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of
criminals.
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation – It is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility
of the offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become law
abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo
intensive program of rehabilitation in prison.
VI - PENALTY is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member
for the transgression of law.
A - Juridical Conditions of Penalty
Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the human personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with different penalties
(Art. 25, RPC).
3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal – equal for all persons.
6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.

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B - Penalties as to Gravity

 Death Penalty-Capital punishment

 Reclusion Perpetua-life imprisonment, a term of 20-40years imprisonment.
 Reclusion Temporal- 12 years and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment.
 Prision Mayor-6 years and 1 day to 12 years.
 Prision Correctional-6 months and 1 day to 6 years.
 Arresto Mayor-1 months and 1 day to 6 months.
 Arresto Menor-I day to 30 days
 Bond to Keep the Peace-discretionary on the part of the court.

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