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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1302

Miguel Botto-Tobar
Omar S. Gómez
Raúl Rosero Miranda
Angela Díaz Cadena Editors

Advances in
Emerging
Trends and
Technologies
Proceedings of ICAETT 2020
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1302

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.
Indexed by SCOPUS, DBLP, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG,
zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Miguel Botto-Tobar Omar S. Gómez
• •

Raúl Rosero Miranda Angela Díaz Cadena

•

Editors

Advances in Emerging
Trends and Technologies
Proceedings of ICAETT 2020

123
Editors
Miguel Botto-Tobar Omar S. Gómez
Eindhoven University of Technology Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimbor
Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands Riobamba, Ecuador

Raúl Rosero Miranda Angela Díaz Cadena

Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimbo Universitat de Valencia
Riobamba, Ecuador Valencia, Valencia, Spain

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-63664-7 ISBN 978-3-030-63665-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63665-4
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The Second International Conference on Advances in Emerging Trends and

Technologies (ICAETT) was held on the main campus of the Escuela Superior
Politécnica de Chimborazo, in Riobamba–Ecuador from October 26 until 30, 2020,
and it was proudly organized by Facultad de Informática y Electrónica (FIE) at
Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo and supported by GDEON. The
ICAETT series aims to bring together top researchers and practitioners working in
different domains in the field of computer science to exchange their expertise and to
discuss the perspectives of development and collaboration. The content of this
volume is related to the following subjects:
• Communications
• e-Government and e-Participation
• e-Learning
• Electronic
• Intelligent Systems
• Machine Vision
• Security
• Technology Trends
ICAETT 2020 received 116 submissions written in English by 160 authors
coming from 15 different countries. All these papers were peer-reviewed by the
ICAETT 2020 Program Committee consisting of 165 high-quality researchers. To
assure a high-quality and thoughtful review process, we assigned each paper at least
three reviewers. Based on the peer reviews, 27 full papers were accepted, resulting
in a 23% acceptance rate, which was within our goal of less than 40%.

v
vi Preface

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the invited speakers for their
inspirational talks, to the authors for submitting their work to this conference and
the reviewers for sharing their experience during the selection process.

October 2020 Miguel Botto-Tobar

Omar S. Gómez
Raúl Rosero Miranda
Ángela Díaz Cadena
Organization

General Chairs

Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,

The Netherlands
Omar S. Gómez Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo,
Ecuador

Organizing Committee
Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Omar S. Gómez Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo,
Ecuador
Raúl Rosero Miranda Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo,
Ecuador
Ángela Díaz Cadena Universitat de Valencia, Spain

Steering Committee
Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Ángela Díaz Cadena Universitat de Valencia, Spain

Publication Chair
Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands

vii
viii Organization

Program Chairs
Technology Trends
Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Sergio Montes León Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE),
Ecuador
Hernán Montes León Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Jean Michel Clairand Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Ángel Jaramillo Alcázar Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador

Electronics
Ana Zambrano Vizuete Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador
David Rivas Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE),
Ecuador
Edgar Maya-Olalla Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
Hernán Domínguez-Limaico Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador

Intelligent Systems
Guillermo Pizarro Vásquez Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Janeth Chicaiza Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
Gustavo Andrade Miranda Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador
William Eduardo Villegas Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Diego Patricio Buenaño Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Fernández

Machine Vision
Julian Galindo LIG-IIHM, France
Erick Cuenca Université de Montpellier, France
Pablo Torres-Carrión Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
Jorge Luis Pérez Medina Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador

Communication
Óscar Zambrano Vizuete Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
Pablo Palacios Jativa Universidad de Chile, Chile
Iván Patricio Ortiz Garces Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Nathaly Verónica Orozco Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Garzón
Henry Ramiro Carvajal Mora Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Organization ix

Security
Luis Urquiza-Aguiar Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador
Joffre León-Acurio Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Ecuador

e-Learning
Miguel Zúñiga-Prieto Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
Verónica Fernanda Falconí Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Ausay
Doris Macias Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Spain

e-Business
Angela Díaz Cadena Universitat de Valencia, Spain

e-Government and e-Participation

Alex Santamaría Philco Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí,
Ecuador

Program Committee
Abdón Carrera Rivera University of Melbourne, Australia
Adrián Cevallos Navarrete Griffith University, Australia
Alba Morales Tirado University of Greenwich, UK
Alejandro Ramos Nolazco Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores
Monterrey, Mexico
Alex Santamaría Philco Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain/
Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí,
Ecuador
Alex Cazañas Gordon The University of Queensland, Australia
Alexandra Velasco Arévalo Universität Stuttgart, Germany
Alexandra Elizabeth Bermeo Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
Arpi
Alfonso Guijarro Rodríguez Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador
Alfredo Núñez New York University, USA
Allan Avendaño Sudario Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”,
Italy
Almílcar Puris Cáceres Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo,
Ecuador
Ana Guerrero Alemán University of Adelaide, Australia
Ana Santos Delgado Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Brazil
Ana Núñez Ávila Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
x Organization
Andrea Mory Alvarado
Andrés Calle Bustos
Andrés Jadan Montero
Andrés Molina Ortega
Andrés Robles Durazno
Andrés Vargas González
Andrés Barnuevo Loaiza
Andrés Chango Macas
Andrés Cueva Costales
Andrés Parra Sánchez
Ángel Plaza Vargas
Angel Vazquez Pazmiño
Ángela Díaz Cadena
Angelo Vera Rivera
Antonio Villavicencio Garzón
Audrey Romero Pelaez
Bolívar Chiriboga Ramón
Byron Acuna Acurio
Carla Melaños Salazar
Carlos Barriga Abril
Carlos Valarezo Loiza
Cesar Mayorga Abril
César Ayabaca Sarria
Christian Báez Jácome
Cintya Aguirre Brito
Cristian Montero Mariño
Daniel Magües Martínez
Daniel Silva Palacios
Daniel Armijos Conde
Danilo Jaramillo Hurtado
David Rivera Espín
David Benavides Cuevas
Diana Morillo Fueltala
Diego Vallejo Huanga
Edwin Guamán Quinche
Efrén Reinoso Mendoza
Eric Moyano Luna
Erick Cuenca Pauta
Ernesto Serrano Guevara
Estefania Yánez Cardoso
Esther Parra Mora
Fabián Corral Carrera
Felipe Ebert
Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Ecuador
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Universidad de Chile, Chile
Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Syracuse University, USA
Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
University of Melbourne, Australia
University of Melbourne, Australia
Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Universitat de València, Spain
George Mason University, USA
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
University of Melbourne, Australia
Flinders University, Australia
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
University of Nottingham, UK
Manchester University, UK
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ecuador
Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Ecuador
Wageningen University & Research,
The Netherlands
University of Portsmouth, UK
University of Melbourne, Australia
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
University of Melbourne, Australia
Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Brunel University London, UK
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Universidad del País Vasco, Spain
Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
University of Southampton, UK
Université de Montpellier, France
Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland
University of Southampton, UK
University of Queensland, Australia
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE),
Brazil
Organization xi

Fernando Borja Moretta University of Edinburgh, UK

Franklin Parrales Bravo Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Gabriel López Fonseca Sheffield Hallam University, UK
Gema Rodriguez-Perez LibreSoft/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Georges Flament Jordán University of York, UK
Germania Rodríguez Morales Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Ginger Saltos Bernal University of Portsmouth, UK
Gissela Uribe Nogales Australian National University, Australia
Glenda Vera Mora Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Ecuador
Guilherme Avelino Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFP), Brazil
Héctor Dulcey Pérez Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Henry Morocho Minchala Moscow Automobile And Road Construction
State Technical University (Madi), Russia
Holger Ortega Martínez University College London, UK
Iván Valarezo Lozano University of Melbourne, Australia
Jacqueline Mejia Luna Universidad de Granada, Spain
Jaime Jarrin Valencia Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Janneth Chicaiza Espinosa Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Jefferson Ribadeneira Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo,
Ramírez Ecuador
Jeffrey Naranjo Cedeño Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Jofre León Acurio Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Ecuador
Jorge Quimí Espinosa Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Jorge Cárdenas Monar Australian National University, Australia
Jorge Illescas Pena Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Jorge Lascano University of Utah, USA
Jorge Rivadeneira Muñoz University of Southampton, UK
Jorge Charco Aguirre Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
José Carrera Villacres Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland
José Quevedo Guerrero Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Josue Flores de Valgas Universitat Politécnica de València, Spain
Juan Barros Gavilanes INP Toulouse, France
Juan Jiménez Lozano Universidad de Palermo, Argentina
Juan Romero Arguello University of Manchester, UK
Juan Zaldumbide Proaño University of Melbourne, Australia
Juan Balarezo Serrano Monash University, Australia
Juan Lasso Encalada Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Juan Maestre Ávila Iowa State University, USA
Juan Miguel Espinoza Soto Universitat de València, Spain
Juliana Cotto Pulecio Universidad de Palermo, Argentina
Julio Albuja Sánchez James Cook University, Australia
Julio Proaño Orellana Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Spain
Julio Balarezo Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ecuador
Karla Abad Sacoto Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
Leopoldo Pauta Ayabaca Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Ecuador
xii Organization

Lorena Guachi Guachi Università della Calabria, Italy

Lorenzo Cevallos Torres Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador
Lucia Rivadeneira Barreiro Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Luis Carranco Medina Kansas State University, USA
Luis Pérez Iturralde Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Luis Torres Gallegos Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Luis Benavides Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo,
Ecuador
Luis Urquiza-Aguiar Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Manuel Beltrán Prado University of Queensland, Australia
Manuel Sucunuta España Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Marcia Bayas Sampedro Vinnitsa National University, Ukraine
Marco Falconi Noriega Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Marco Tello Guerrero Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Marco Molina Bustamante Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Marco Santórum Gaibor Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador/Université
Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
María Escalante Guevara University of Michigan, USA
María Molina Miranda Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
María Montoya Freire Aalto University, Finland
María Ormaza Castro University of Southampton, UK
María Miranda Garcés University of Leeds, UK
Maria Dueñas Romero RMIT University, Australia
Mariela Barzallo León University of Edinburgh, UK
Mario González Universidad de las Américas, Ecuador
Mauricio Verano Merino Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Maykel Leiva Vázquez Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador
Miguel Botto-Tobar Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Miguel Arcos Argudo Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Mónica Baquerizo Anastacio Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Mónica Villavicencio Université du Quebec À Montréal, Canada
Cabezas
Omar S. Gómez Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo
(ESPOCH), Ecuador
Orlando Erazo Moreta Universidad de Chile, Chile/Universidad Técnica
Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador
Pablo León Paliz Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Pablo Ordoñez Ordoñez Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Pablo Palacios Jativa Universidad de Chile, Chile
Pablo Saá Portilla University of Melbourne, Australia
Patricia Ludeña González Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Paulina Morillo Alcívar Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Rafael Campuzano Ayala Grenoble Institute of Technology, France
Organization xiii

Rafael Jiménez Escuela Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Ecuador

Ramiro Santacruz Ochoa Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
Richard Ramírez Anormaliza Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Ecuador/
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Roberto Larrea Luzuriaga Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Roberto Sánchez Albán Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Rodrigo Saraguro Bravo Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
(ESPOL), Ecuador
Rodrigo Cueva Rueda Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Rodrigo Tufiño Cárdenas Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador/
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Samanta Cueva Carrión Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Sergio Montes León Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE),
Ecuador
Tania Palacios Crespo University College London, UK
Tony Flores Pulgar Université de Lyon, France
Vanessa Echeverría Barzola Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Vanessa Jurado Vite Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Verónica Yépez Reyes South Danish University, Denmark
Victor Hugo Rea Sánchez Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Ecuador
Voltaire Bazurto Blacio University of Victoria, Canada
Washington Velásquez Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Vargas
Wayner Bustamante Granda Universidad de Palermo, Argentina
Wellington Cabrera Arévalo University of Houston, USA
Xavier Merino Miño Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores
Monterrey, Mexico
Yan Pacheco Mafla Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Yessenia Cabrera Maldonado Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
Yuliana Jiménez Gaona Università di Bologna, Italy
xiv Organization

Organizing Institutions
Contents

Communications
Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks in Rural Areas
of Tosagua Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cesar Moreira-Zambrano, Walter Zambrano-Romero,
Leonardo Chancay-García, Mauricio Quimiz-Moreira,
and Darwin Loor Zamora
Development of an Industrial Data Server for Modbus
TCP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Violeta Maldonado, Silvana Gamboa, María Fernanda Trujillo,
and Ana Rodas
Industrial Communication Based on MQTT and Modbus
Communication Applied in a Meteorological Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Erwin J. Sacoto Cabrera, Sonia Palaguachi, Gabriel A. León-Paredes,
Pablo L. Gallegos-Segovia, and Omar G. Bravo-Quezada
REGME-IP Real Time Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
David Cisneros, Mónica Zabala, and Alejandra Oñate
Physical Variables Monitoring to Contribute to Landslide
Mitigation with IoT-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Roberto Toapanta, Juan Chafla, and Angel Toapanta

e-Government and e-Participation

Open Data in Higher Education - A Systematic Literature Review . . . . 75
Ivonne E. Rodriguez-F, Gloria Arcos-Medina, Danilo Pástor,
Alejandra Oñate, and Omar S. Gómez

xv
xvi Contents

e-Learning
Online Learning and Mathematics in Times of Coronavirus:
Systematization of Experiences on the Use of Zoom® for Virtual
Education in an Educational Institution in Callao (Peru) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Roxana Zuñiga-Quispe, Yesbany Cacha-Nuñez,
Milton Gonzales-Macavilca, and Ivan Iraola-Real
Implementation of an Opensource Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
System Based on Ovirt and Openuds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Washington Luna Encalada, Jonny Guaiña Yungán,
and Patricio Moreno Costales
Virtual Laboratories in Virtual Learning Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Washington Luna Encalada, Patricio Moreno Costales,
Sonia Patricia Cordovez Machado, and Jonny Guaiña Yungán
Mathematical Self-efficacy and Collaborative Learning Strategies
in Engineering Career Aspirants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Ivan Iraola-Real, Ling Katterin Huaman Sarmiento,
Claudia Mego Sanchez, and Christina Andersson

Electronic
Economic Assessment of Hydroponic Greenhouse Automation:
A Case Study of Oat Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Flavio J. Portero A., Jorge V. Quimbiamba C., Angel G. Hidalgo O.,
and Ramiro S. Vargas C.
Proportional Fuzzy Control of the Height of a Lubricant Mixture . . . . 151
Fátima de los Ángeles Quishpe Estrada, Angel Alberto Silva Conde,
and Miguel Ángel Pérez Bayas

Intelligent Systems
Analysis of Anthropometric Measurements Using Receiver
Operating Characteristic Curve for Impaired Waist
to Height Ratio Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Erika Severeyn, Alexandra La Cruz, Sara Wong, and Gilberto Perpiñan
Classification of Impaired Waist to Height Ratio Using Machine
Learning Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Alexandra La Cruz, Erika Severeyn, Sara Wong, and Gilberto Perpiñan

Machine Vision
Creating Shapefile Files in ArcMap from KML File Generated
in My Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Graciela Flores and Cristian Gallardo
Contents xvii

Dynamic Simulation and Kinematic Control for Autonomous

Driving in Automobile Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Danny J. Zea, Bryan S. Guevara, Luis F. Recalde, and Víctor H. Andaluz
Analysis of RGB Images to Identify Local Lesions in Rosa sp. cv.
Brighton Leaflets Caused by Sphaerotheca Pannosa
in Laboratory Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
William Javier Cuervo-Bejarano and Jeisson Andres Lopez-Espinosa
EEG-Based BCI Emotion Recognition Using the
Stock-Emotion Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Edgar P. Torres P., Edgar Torres H., Myriam Hernández-Álvarez,
and Sang Guun Yoo

Security
Guidelines and Their Challenges in Implementing CSIRT
in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Fernando Vela Espín
A Blockchain-Based Approach to Supporting
Reinsurance Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Julio C. Mendoza-Tello and Xavier Calderón-Hinojosa
Implementation of an Information Security Management System
Based on the ISO/IEC 27001: 2013 Standard for the Information
Technology Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Mario Aquino Cruz, Jessica Noralinda Huallpa Laguna,
Herwin Alayn Huillcen Baca, Edgar Eloy Carpio Vargas,
and Flor de Luz Palomino Valdivia

Technology Trends
Industry 4.0 Technologies in the Control of Covid-19 in Peru . . . . . . . . 275
Jessica Acevedo-Flores, John Morillo, and Carlos Neyra-Rivera
Proposal for a Software Development Project Management Model
for Public Institutions in Ecuador: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
José Antonio Quiña-Mera, Luis Germán Correa Real,
Ana Gabriela Jácome Orozco, Pablo Andrés Landeta-López,
and Cathy Pamela Guevara-Vega
Development of a Linguistic Conversion System from Audio
to Hologram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
María Rodríguez, Michael Rivera, William Oñate, and Gustavo Caiza
xviii Contents

Exploring Learning in Near-Field Communication-Based Serious

Games in Children Diagnosed with ADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Diego Avila-Pesantez, Sandra Santillán Guadalupe, Nelly Padilla Padilla,
L. Miriam Avila, and Alberto Arellano-Aucancela
“Women Are Less Anxious in Systems Engineering”:
A Comparative Study in Two Engineering Careers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Ling Katterin Huaman Sarmiento, Claudia Mego Sanchez,
Ivan Iraola-Real, Mawly Latisha Huaman Sarmiento,
and Héctor David Mego Sanchez
Sorting Algorithms and Their Execution Times
an Empirical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Guillermo O. Pizarro-Vasquez, Fabiola Mejia Morales,
Pierina Galvez Minervini, and Miguel Botto-Tobar

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Communications
 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless
Networks in Rural Areas of Tosagua Town

Cesar Moreira-Zambrano1(B) , Walter Zambrano-Romero2 ,

Leonardo Chancay-Garcı́a2 , Mauricio Quimiz-Moreira2 ,
and Darwin Loor Zamora2
1
Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabı́, Calceta, Manabı́, Ecuador
cmoreira@espam.edu.ec
2
Universidad Técnica de Manabı́, Portoviejo, Manabı́, Ecuador
{walter.zambrano,leonardo.chancay,mauricio.quimiz,
patricio.loor}@utm.edu.ec

Abstract. Access to information and communication technologies in

rural areas of Ecuador in Manabı́ Province is limited, which is an obsta-
cle to the development and quality of life of its inhabitants, ranging from
the high cost of investment in the infrastructure, low population density,
and little interest from the authorities generated by its location, up to
the difficulties of access to connectivity. The Wireless Network Implemen-
tation currently has benefited more than 250 houses whose population
is engaged in agriculture and livestock, allowing them to have Internet
access. The applied methodology is V-cycle, with 10 access points dis-
tributed in the two rural parishes that were implemented in the town. To
validate the operation, the infrastructure was tested and that its response
times were adequate. A survey was conducted with 95% confidence and
a margin of error of 7% to the inhabitants of rural communities for which
they use the internet where 45.26% for education and learning, 36.84%
for social networks, and 17.89% do it to search for jobs and information.
In addition to this 90% of the respondents make daily use of the internet,
which shows that the project is well received in the communities.

Keywords: Wireless cities · Radio links · Internet · Radio mobile ·

Wi-fi rural areas

1 Introduction
The technologies of Wireless communication emerged as one of the main forces
in the recent development and change of the world economy [15]. New plan-
ning strategies that emphasize the adoption and adaptation of Information and
Communications Technology (ICT) have attracted considerable attention from
academics and responsible politicians. In the context of the world information
economy, the use of wireless technologies has become a key indicator of compet-
itive city’s. Certain cities, such as Singapore and Taipei in Asia, Philadelphia,

c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

M. Botto-Tobar et al. (Eds.): ICAETT 2020, AISC 1302, pp. 3–15, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63665-4_1
4 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

San Francisco, and Boston in the United States, and Perth in Australia, have
expressed their intention to establish a wireless network or launch specific plans
to develop wireless cities.
The National Development Plan 2017–2021 (Ecuador) in the objec-
tive 6:Development productive and environmental capacities to achieve food
sovereignty and Good Rural Living in its policy 6.6, promote the access to health
services, education, water service in rural areas, main sanitation service, citizen
security, rural social protection, and homes with relevance territorial; as well as
promoting national connectivity and roads [14].
In Ecuador, the use of the Internet has contributed to increasing the con-
nection to sources of information, improving communication in rural and urban
areas in Ecuador, which has a positive impact at the economic, social, and tech-
nological levels. According to INEC, in 2017, 81.3% of the Galápagos popula-
tion uses the Internet, while Chimborazo is the province that did the least with
45.1%; in the province of Manabı́ specifically, there is an Internet use of 53.0%,
as indicated in Fig. 1. However, Manabı́’s province should get better, because it
is located in position 12 in relation to the use of the internet [9].
Ecuador has a long way to go to really to satisfy the needs of connectivity
that society requires in the 21st century to support oneself to the education and
ensure the “Buen Vivir” to its fellow citizens. The National Plan for Telecommu-
nications and Information Technologies of Ecuador 2016–2021 carried out by the
Ministry of Telecommunications and the Information Society is the instrument
for planning and managing sectors of telecommunications, allowing for greater
digital inclusion, and competitiveness of the country. The projects of vision con-
tribute to locate Ecuador as a regional reference in 2021 in terms of connectivity,
access, and production of information and communication technology (ICT), for
the benefit of the economic and social development of the country [1].

Fig. 1. Percentage of people by province that use the Internet (2017)

 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks 5

When the people in a community have quick and cost-reducing access to

information, they will directly benefit from what the Internet offers [6]. The
time and effort saved to have access to the internet will result in better quality
in their life. In the same way, the communities connected to the network at
high speed have global market presence where transactions happen rapidly. The
people around the world see that Internet access has given a voice to discuss
their problems, and obtain important information for them that the television
can’t be found. Recently seemed like an illusion, now come true, and that is
based on wireless networks [3,7].
The authors of [4] have carried out a detailed study on the dissemination of
information at points specifically attended by the population of a place, with the
objective to the dissemination of information in urban scenarios with wireless
communication. While in [5] show an analysis of the sending of information
from highly frequented points in the cities of San Francisco and Rome for the
forwarding of tourist information.
Tosagua has urban areas and rural areas, however, these areas do not have
complete coverage of Internet service in houses, and in areas where there is
coverage this has often a cost and when being a town where her population are
very few resources, the city council planned to offer this service for free at 10
free internet access points in the two rural neighborhood. For these reasons, the
project proposed in this study is very important since it will benefit the two
rural neighborhood, such as Bachillero town with 2622 inhabitants and Ángel
Pedro Giles town with 3553 inhabitants, providing free internet access, thereby
reducing the digital gap among the population who have and do not have access
to technology. For all the aforementioned, the objective was to implement a
wireless broadband network to provide free Internet in rural areas of the Tosagua
town, in order to eradicate the digital divide and promote the use of information
technologies and communication in the general public.

2 Material and Method

The research was carried out in the two rural parishes of Tosagua, a canton in the
Province of Manabı́ with a total population of 6175 inhabitants over the age of
16 (data obtained from the Consejo Nacional Electoral in 2017). Its main source
of income is agriculture. The purpose of this research is to reduce the digital gap
of the inhabitants by using the free internet with 10 access points with standard
802.11a/n/ac wireless technology. Himself that he will provide a minimum speed
of 2 Mbps and the maximum exceeds 25 Mbps with data delivery bursts of up to
35 Mbps for every 4 s where a primary node was established in Tosagua. The
execution was carried out using the V-cycle methodology, applying the following
phases.

2.1 Specifications Phase

A preliminary information survey was carried out, in order to obtain the require-
ments for the implementation of the infrastructure, where the first strategy was
6 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

a no-structured interview with the mayor of Tosagua town, where He mentioned

that it was required to provide free Internet to the following rural areas: Ciu-
dadela El Recreo, San Roque Abajo, Parque Central (Parroquia San José de
Bachillero), Parque Central (Parroquia Ángel Pedro Giler), Comunidad Caleño,
Comunidad Los Micos, Comunidad Monte Oscuro, Casical Community, Mutre
Afuera Community, and El Tambo Community. In order to define the financial
resources for the acquisition of technological equipment, it is the entity that
finances the project.
The increase of the digital divide between towns and big cities reflects better
in terms of poor internet access. Furthermore, networking in rural areas is a
complicated task, requiring a relatively large investment in network infrastruc-
ture against low profitability and decline seen from the perspective of a service
provider. Rural networks and their applications in health, education, and busi-
ness community development are vital but require an initial investment [10].
The second strategy was based on the survey carried out where it was deter-
mined that the residents of the two rural townships of Bachillero and Ángel
Pedro Giler do not have access to internet service, so the implementation of the
Tosagua Conectado project is necessary to undertake to reduce the existing digi-
tal gap in the town and provide residents with a free service that will allow them
to search for information, contribute to education, the use of content managers
and social networks.
The third strategy, was developed in three activities: the first was to iden-
tify the environmental situations in the benefited areas for the deployment of
the network, information such as temperature, humidity and wind speed; It
was obtained from the Plan de Desarrollo Ordenamiento Territorial of Tosagua,
Ángel Pedro Giler and San José de Bachillero parishes. From this information,
the obstructions variable was analyzed and determined, which was obtained
through visits in each of the areas, the values obtained are not mean values,
they are constants collected by the PDOT as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Distance analysis of wireless access points

Township Longitude Latitude Terrain elevation (m) Distance (km)

Tosagua Tower –0.781850◦ –80.238926◦ 35.0 3273
El Recreo –0.784725◦ –80.222254◦ 10.7 1881
San Roque Abajo –0.799444◦ –80.236030◦ 42.5 1983
Bachillero –0.766670◦ –80.213703◦ 25.0 3273
Estancilla –0.817080◦ –80.215902◦ 30.0 4680
Caleño –0.801289◦ –80.230322◦ 14.2 2364
Los Micos –0.798843◦ –80.233369◦ 25.0 1988
Monte Oscuro –0.764643◦ –80.184488◦ 25.0 6348
Cacical –0.771251◦ –80.256329◦ 10.9 2266
Mutre Afuera –0.762412◦ –80.254612◦ 34.3 2777
El Tambo –0.759236◦ –80.243969◦ 10.1 2576
 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks 7

Fig. 2. Logical design of the implemented infrastructure

2.2 High-Level and Detailed Design Phase

After the collection of information, the logical design of the infrastructure to

be implemented was made, the topology of the wireless network, for which the
SmartDraw software, 2015 was used. In this work, the need to use a simulator
was seen. of links so that an analysis of the different simulators available was
carried out to determine the software to be used.
For a correct design, was used the software Radio Mobile software, to reduce
the margin of error in the manual and visual calculations [2]. With this tool we
did simulations of each of the links, verifying if the site where the equipment
was expected to be placed and the height were adequate or not, and if neces-
sary, change these parameters. We make a cost-benefit analysis to agree on the
technology to be used in this work, where was taken into account aspects like
the useful life of the equipment, costs, safety, application of technology in the
area, among others.
According to the information collected in the requirements phase, the logical
design of the infrastructure to be implemented was carried out, where the wireless
network was included, as well as the perimeter security solution. This design is
shown in Fig. 2.

2.3 Implementation Phase

In this phase, we proceeded to implement each of the devices in the places accord-
ing to design made in the previous phase, beginning for the infrastructure, that
is, towers and mast (Fig. 3). The link at the City hall was then made towards
the main tower located on the hill of the San Cristobal township, then com-
munication equipment was installed that would play the role of repeaters. We
proceeded with the configuration of all the equipment in the planned areas. Con-
nection tests were carried out between each device, in order to have a response
8 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

Fig. 3. Topological diagram of physical node

and verify a connection. For this, the PING command was used from the Win-
dows console, as well as the PING TEST tool incorporated in the equipment
used.
Once the wireless network was implemented, the firewall was installed and
configured. Before that, a respective analysis was carried out to determine the
firewall to be implemented, where available support information was taken into
account, among other aspects. Afterward, a survey was carried out through a
checklist and an interview with the department director to determine the sys-
tems or servers to protect from the external network, in the same way, to carry
out security policies that would protect the internal network. Then, the firewall
security system was implemented, with an available server with the following
characteristics: Intel Xeon 3.0 GHz processor, 4GB of RAM, 1 TB hard drive,
and 2 network cards (Gigabit Ethernet). The first thing we did was to back up
the information stored on the computer and then format and install the soft-
ware. Once the installation process was completed, the two network cards of
the server were defined, one is the network card for the LAN and the other for
the WAN. Then the network cards were configured. Then, we enter the admin-
istration of the server through the web with the default credentials, admin as
user and pfsense as the access key, which was later modified for security rea-
sons. Once the administration on the web has been configured, all the firewall
configuration was done by adding the virtual IPs of the servers, assigning 1 to
1 where it will translate the public IPs to private, rules to allow access to cer-
tain computers through specific ports among other configurations to protect the
internal network from the external network. In addition, a package was installed
to control access to network users to allow certain websites at certain times, as
well as to control bandwidth at each of the access points. The equipment used
in the implementation was 2 Rocket M5 antennas, working at a frequency of 5.8
GHz with a gain of 30.0 dBi, an edge router Routerboard 1100 that will allow
efficient network management, 7 Nanostation M5 radios of 10 dBi, 3 Outdoor,
 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks 9

Table 2. Environmental situation of the areas benefited by the obstruction approach

Township Temperature (Celsius) Humidity (%) Block Wind (m/s)

Ciudadela el Recreo 26/25 81 No 1.6
San Roque Abajo 26/25 81 Yes 1.6
Central Park Bachillero 25/27 81 Yes 1.6
Central Park Estancilla 26 81 No 1.6
Comunity Caleño 26/25 81 No 1.6
Comunity los Micos 26/25 81 Yes 1.6
Comunity Monte Oscuro 26/27 81 Yes 1.6
Comunity Casical 26/25 81 Yes 1.6
Comunity Mutre Afuera 26/25 81 Yes 1.6
Comunity el Tambo 26/25 81 No 1.6

AP/CPE/Point-to-Point Braided 18 dBi M5 PowerBam with RP-SMA connec-

tors and a cable cover for moisture protection. This device is compatible with
the new 802.11ac standard that has a higher transmission speed (866 Mbps and
20/40 and 80 MHz channels), this radio was configured point to point between
the Rocket M5 antennas and then the distribution was defined to station equip-
ment, has an opening angle of 90◦ , a CPE device is a high speed, low-cost 5 GHz
MIMO wireless outdoor device. The unit is equipped with a powerful 600 MHz
CPU, 64 MB RAM, 16 dBi dual-polarization antenna, POE, power supply and
mounting kit, a 2.4 GHz Picostation M2 WiFi router that will provide the experi-
ence of wireless browsing from the reach area, a tower with support for 30-meter
turnbuckles and a mast that will allow a line of sight between the links.

2.4 Unit-Test Phase - Integration and Operational

In this phase the verification tests were carried out, one of them was to check
Internet access from the end-user computers in the different benefited areas,
also to corroborate the proper functioning of the perimeter system, attempts
were made to access certain sites websites that were blocked according to the
established security policies, finally, the bandwidth in the end computers was
evaluated. The devices are monitored to verify its correct operation with the
Ubiquiti administration software, so, visits to the site for physical verification,
and a revision to verify the connection of concurrent users connected to the
Internet service.

3 Results and Discussion

This part describes the three activities were developed: the first was to iden-
tify the environmental situations in the areas benefited by the deployment of
the network, information such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed; it was
obtained from the Development Plans and Territorial Planning of the parishes
10 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

Table 3. Link Group Team

Name Description Device

TX-Principal Main Device Rocket M5
RX-el Recreo Recreo Device NanoStation M5
RX-San Roque Abajo San Roque Abajo Device NanoStation M5
TX-Bachillero Bachillero Main Device Rocket M5
TX-Estancilla Estancilla Main Device Rocket M5
RX-Caleño Caleño Device NanoStation M5
RX-Los Micos Los Micos Device NanoStation M5
RX-Monte Oscuro Monte Oscuro Device Powerbeam M5
TX-Casical Torre Casical Device Rocket M5
RX-Mutre Afuera Mutre Afuera Device NanoStation M5
RX-El Tambo El Tambo Device Powerbeam M5

Table 4. Access group team

Name IP Address Device

El Recreo 10.10.10.3 PicoStation M2
Bachillero 10.10.10.2 PicoStation M2
Casical 10.10.10.4 PicoStation M2
Ángel Pedro Giler 10.10.10.5 PicoStation M2
Caleño 10.10.10.13 PicoStation M2
Los Micos 10.10.10.14 PicoStation M2
Mutre 10.10.10.17 PicoStation M2
San Roque Abajo 10.10.10.15 PicoStation M2
Monte Oscuro 10.10.10.16 PicoStation M2
El Tambo 10.10.10.18 PicoStation M2

Tosagua, Ángel Pedro Giler, and San José de Bachillero. Based on this infor-
mation, the variable obstructions were analyzed and determined, which was
obtained through visits to each of the areas, as shown in Table 2.
On the other hand, in the second activity, the transmission frequencies of
the communication devices in the town of Tosagua were diagnosed. For this,
an informal survey was carried out, with the number and percentages of teams
working at frequencies of 2.4 GHZ. with 58.82% and at frequency 5.8 GHZ with
41.18%. With this information, it was determined that the frequency to be used
should be 5.8 GHZ, because it is less saturated in the places where it will benefit
from Internet service and the channel would be 44 because it is not used by any
equipment and would avoid interference on the links.
 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks 11

Next, each of the computers on the network was configured where the author
could group them into two parts; The first group of computers that allow con-
nection between the links, all this information is shown in Table 3.
In the same way, the configuration of the equipment that functions as an
access point to which citizens would have to connect to access the Internet was
carried out, the information of these devices is shown in Table 4.
To complete the implementation of the wireless network, connectivity tests
were carried out between the different links using the ping command from the
windows console, resulting in response times of one millisecond, between a link
to a computer in the main tower. The implementation includes the installation
and configuration of the firewall, this objective includes certain activities, in the
first, it was determined that the security system to be used would be the distri-
bution of PfSense, which is a free access firewall, the distribution installation,
and configuration, where different rules were added to protect the internal net-
work from the external network. Because there are web servers in the institution,
the respective mapping of public addresses to LAN addresses was made. Also,
packages were installed in the security solutions to block websites for end-users
of the web and control bandwidth at access points.

Table 5. Response times from access points to the server

Access point Min (ms) Max (ms) Average (ms)

El Recreo 4,13 5,96 5,27
Bachillero 7,26 18,09 11,09
Casical 7,11 63,04 27,76
Ángel Pedro Giler 4,71 10,77 7,98
Caleño 7,5 16,48 11,19
Los Micos 8,06 17,29 12,08
Mutre 4,03 9,45 7,25
San Roque Abajo 5,59 16,13 8,07
Monte Oscuro 6,08 16,23 8,2
El Tambo 4,26 5,92 5,03

For the verification, three tasks were carried out to corroborate the good
functioning of the infrastructure. First, tests were carried out using the ping test
tool from the installed equipment to the server, to verify the response times.
Table 5 shows the summary of the times obtained, where we can be seen that
are low.
Advances in Information and Communication Technologies have led to the
need for a paradigm shift and one of them is distance education in rural areas
through the use of the internet [11]. The fifth strategy that I applied was a
survey of the two rural parishes with 6175 inhabitants in the 10 installed points
12 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

Table 6. Availability of pc at home

Availability Yes No
El Recreo 18 4
Bachillero 21 4
Casical 8 10
Ángel Pedro Giler 17 8
Caleño 8 10
Los Micos 5 7
Mutre 2 10
San Roque Abajo 6 6
Monte Oscuro 13 9
El Tambo 17 7
Total 115 75

Table 7. Free internet use in rural Tosagua

Uses Social networks Education Work

El Recreo 9 10 3
Bachillero 12 8 5
Casical 5 9 4
Ángel Pedro Giler 7 12 3
Caleño 7 8 3
Los Micos 3 5 4
Mutre 5 5 2
San Roque Abajo 3 7 2
Monte Oscuro 9 11 5
El Tambo 10 11 3
Total 70 86 34

of Tosagua connected, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of

7%. It is concluded that 190 surveys must be carried out that 90 were distributed
in the Bachillero parish and its communities, which have four access points, and
100 in the Ángel Pedro Giler parish and its communities, which have six access
points. The inhabitants were consulted if they have a computer in their home,
the results obtained that 60.53% have computer equipment and 39.47% do not
have the technical resource as shown in Table 6.
The inhabitants chosen in the sample were asked if there is a provider in
their community that provides the internet service and if they have contracted
the service, responding that 16.24% have contracted the internet, and they were
asked if they do you use the free internet Tosagua connected obtaining as a
 Digital Gap Reduction with Wireless Networks 13

result that 100% answered that they use the free internet, where 90% of the
respondents answered that they use the free internet Tosagua connected with
more than two hours and 10% less than two hours. Access to the Internet through
the deployment of infrastructure where it was not previously available, especially
in rural areas, makes the difference by benefiting people by giving them greater
opportunities to acquire knowledge through the Internet and make them more
productive, benefiting more than 20 households whose population is engaged in
agriculture [13].
The reasons why the inhabitants of the two rural areas connect are 45.26
for education and learning, 36.84% for social networks, and 17.89 for job search,
information that shows that the project has acceptance allowing to reduce the
digital divide as shown in Table 7. Having familiar who connect online has a
positive effect on individual use, as it encourages the use of the Internet as a
tool for communication, entertainment, information seeking, and social media.
This finding is consistent with research [12].
The development of wireless cities must address not only the construction of
hardware facilities but also the educational and support system that improves
Internet access. Therefore, not only the amount of wireless access but also the
quality of public access to the digital world deserves the attention of public
policymakers. Currently, there are many studies to implement wireless networks
in Ecuador, each having similarities and differences, shows in his research, an
analysis of wireless technologies, in order to improve the design of the existing
communications network in the rural sector center of the province of Morona
Santiago [8]. The objective of providing free Internet to the urban and rural
areas of the Tosagua town with the intention of eradicating the digital divide
and making ICT available to citizens was achieved and the satisfaction of its
inhabitants was achieved.

4 Conclusions

Wireless technologies have an increasingly determining element in urban and

rural development, making it essential o adopt the notion of a wireless city for
Internet access through public WiFi, which has become an integral part of the
economic competitiveness of the city for the benefit of its inhabitants and thus
be able to considerably reduce the digital divide. In the Tosagua town, access to
the public WiFi service was not available, neither in the urban area nor the rural
areas, the municipality of this canton in 2016 adopted as a public policy to offer
this service to its inhabitants, installing eight access points in parks and township
in the urban area, so what ten points were installed in parks and community
areas to reduce the digital divide, as part of a planned process, because the
second phase of the project contemplates offering courses free computing for
residents of townships.
The results of the analysis show that the gap in terms of Internet access
continues to be appreciable in the rural sector of Ecuador. The initiative taken
by the Tosagua canton partially reduced the digital gap. However, the use of the
14 C. Moreira-Zambrano et al.

Internet is very important being that a large part of the rural population has low
educational levels and is not in contact with ICT. Therefore, reducing the digital
divide requires improving access conditions through the adequate development of
infrastructure and provision of high-speed Internet services; reducing the costs
associated with connecting to the Internet by promoting greater competition
between service providers.
As a future project, establish an agreement between the city hall and the Uni-
versidad Técnica de Manabı́ and the Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria
de Manabı́ so that computer and internet training courses are held to reduce
the digital divide in the use of ICT in the inhabitants of the rural areas of the
Tosagua town.

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 Development of an Industrial Data Server
for Modbus TCP Protocol

Violeta Maldonado, Silvana Gamboa, Marı́a Fernanda Trujillo(B) ,

and Ana Rodas

Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador

{violeta.maldonado,silvana.gamboa,maria.trujillo01,ana.rodas}@epn.edu.ec

Abstract. This document presents the development of a low-cost indus-

trial data server for communicating Modbus TCP devices and Windows
applications by using a database as a temporary storage space. The per-
formance of developed data server was evaluated by integrating it with
an commercial industrial Windows application, were data server demon-
strated an adequate behavior. The proposed application is based largely
on free software, Java and MySQL, to reduce its cost and to become it
an accessible option for industries with low investment capacity. Then,
this development aims to offer a low-cost alternative for implementing a
supervisory control system.

Keywords: Modbus TCP · Communication · Data server · Java ·

Database · MySQL

1 Introduction
Today, process automation goes beyond mechanical action on the process com-
ponents or the measurement of variables and its regulation by electrical and
electronic devices. Now, automation aims to extend through all company levels
covering not only the plant floor, but also business areas. But to achieve such
objective, information exchange from the process network to the company net-
work is essential. In this regard, several tools such as communication drivers or
data servers have been developed to enable data integration between industrial
equipment and computer system that executes process monitoring and control
applications. However, the initial high investment required for licensed indus-
trial communication software is an important limitation in the implementation
of global automation, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) since
its low investment capacity [1,8].
In recent years, free software has enabled the development of low-cost indus-
trial applications. For example, in [6] an OPC server, which exchanges infor-
mation with industrial devices through Ethernet was made in Phyton. So too
SCADA systems such as Argos, FreeSCADA, Indigo, IntegraXor, Likindoy, Lin-
touch, Proview, PVBrowser, among others were developed using free software
[5]. As result, small industry with low purchasing power can access these tools

c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

M. Botto-Tobar et al. (Eds.): ICAETT 2020, AISC 1302, pp. 16–28, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63665-4_2
 Modbus Data Server 17

that will allow them to improve their productivity and supervise their produc-
tion. But industrial applications developed in free software is not new, a local
development will further facilitate the access to this technologies for small indus-
try in Ecuador. It is important to mention that Modbus protocol is one of the
most used communication protocols in industrial automation. Modbus TCP, a
Modbus version over TCP/IP and Ethernet, is currently the most widely used
variation due to, among other things, its high transmission speed, the accessi-
bility to Ethernet network devices and its relatively low cost compared to other
industrial technologies [2].
With this background, this work is focused on developing an industrial data
server for communicating Modbus TCP devices and industrial Windows appli-
cations by using a database as kind of a temporary storage memory. The imple-
mentation was performed in Java since it is a free software characterized by
portability of its applications and MySQL database management system because
it is an open source database [3]. With this implementation, based largely on
free software, we seek to reduce the cost of software for implementing monitoring
and control systems in industries with low investment capacity. The developed
application use 8 of the most commonly used Modbus function codes to estab-
lish communication between Modbus TCP devices and a MySQL database in
which process input data will be stored and their can be accessed by Windows
applications latter. The use of a database as register mechanism helps later to
implement a kind of process historian too.
This work is organized as follow. Section 2 presents a review of Modbus TCP
protocol and details the structure of its data frame according with Modbus
function codes. Then, requirements for software development are exposed in
Sect. 3. In Sect. 4, procedure for mapping Modbus frames over TCP is detailed.
Later, communication with database is explained in Sect. 5. Section 6 describes
the development and operation of server configuration interface. In Sect. 7 tests
and their results are presented, and finally, the conclusions are drawn in Sect. 8.

2 Modbus TCP Protocol

Modbus is one of the most widely used protocols in industry since it is an open
protocol that is versatile and easy to implement in the different levels of the
process automation. This application layer protocol is based on a client/server
architecture in that the client sends a request message to the server, which per-
forms the action requested and returns a response message to the client with
the corresponding data. In the case that the requested action cannot be per-
formed by the server an error message is sent to the client [7]. Figure 1 shows
the Modbus TCP frame, in which PDU is the Protocol Data Unit independent
of underlying communication layers and integrated by two fields, Function Code
and Data. Data field may or may not contain certain blocks according to Func-
tion Code field. Instead, ADU is the Application Data Unit composed by Modbus
Application (MBAP) header and PDU. MBAP header contains four fields: (1)
transaction identifier, (2) protocol identifier, (3) length, and (4) unit identifier.
18 V. Maldonado et al.

Transaction identifier and Protocol Identifier are zero, in Length field is placed
the number of bytes from the unit identifier to the last byte of the frame, and
Unit Identifier varies according to Modbus TCP server. Despite differences in
the PDU, MBAP header is the same for all function codes. In the following
paragraphs, PDU for the eight implemented Modbus function codes [7] will be
reviewed.

Fig. 1. Modbus TCP frame

2.1 Read Coil Status

Function Code 01 allows the client to read status of coils in the server, and
through it being possible to read from 1 to 2000 states. Table 1 details PDUs
for Request and Response Messages for this function code, in where N is the
number of bytes in which status of coils read are returned.

Table 1. Request and response to read coils

REQUEST RESPONSE
Field Value Field Value
Function code 01 Function code 01
Starting address 0 to 65535 Byte count N
Quantity 1 to 2000 Values Read values

2.2 Read Discrete Input Status

Function Code 02 enables to read the client up to 2000 status of discrete input
or contacts in the server. PDU for Request and Response messages are similar
to messages that shown in Table 1 but function code field must be 02.

2.3 Read Holding Register

Function Code 03 allows the client to read holding registers which can be accessed
as integer type (2 bytes) or as floating type (4 bytes) in the server. In the case
of integer data up to 125 registers can be read. Table 2 shows the PDU for
the Request and Response messages for this code. Where N is the number of
elements to read on the device. If elements are integer type the byte count will
be twice N, however if elements are floating type, it will be four times N.
 Modbus Data Server 19

Table 2. Request and response to read holding register

REQUEST RESPONSE
Field Value Field Value
Function code 03 Function code 03
Starting address 0 to 65535 Byte count 2* N
Quantity 1 to 125 Values Read values

2.4 Read Input Register

Function Code 04 enables to the client to obtain the contents of input register
which can be integer or floating type. It is important to highlight that Big
Endian or Little Endian format must be specified for floating type to define the
byte order. In Table 2 PDU for Request and Response message are shown but
function code field must be 04.

2.5 Force Single Coil

Function Code 05 allows to change a coil between two states: ON (1) or OFF (0)
in the server. The PDU of the Request and Response message for this function
code are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Request and response to write single coil

FIELD VALUE
Function code 05
Address 0 to 65535
Value 0 or 1 (ON or OFF)

2.6 Write Single Holding Register

Function Code 06 allows to write an integer holding register. The data field in
PDU is similar for Request and Response messages. Table 3 shows the structure
but values in the function code field must be 06.

2.7 Force Multiple Coils

Function Code 15 allows to force multiple contiguous coils. Table 4 shows PDU
for Request and Response messages. It will be understood that bytes in the field
Values of Request message can contain up to 8 coil status.
20 V. Maldonado et al.

Table 4. Request and response to write multiple coils

REQUEST RESPONSE
Field Value Field Value
Function code 15 Function code 15
Starting address 0 to 65535 Starting address 0 to 65535
Quantity 1 to 1968 Quantity 1 to 1968
Byte count N
Values Data to write

2.8 Write Multiple Holding Register

Function code 16 enable to the client to write one or more holding register in
the server. Because this function code allows to write floating type elements, in
such case it is necessary to specify the number in the IEEE754 single-precision
format, and then to organize the bytes according to Big Endian or Little Endian
format that depends of the server device. Table 5 shows PDU for the Request
and Response messages.

Table 5. Request and response to write multiple

REQUEST RESPONSE
Field Value Field Value
Function code 16 Function code 16
Starting address 0 to 65535 Starting address 0 to 65535
Quantity 1 to 123 Quantity 1 to 123
Byte count 2*N
Values Data to write

3 Proposal for Industrial Data Server Implementation

3.1 Industrial Data Server Requirements

Requirements that must accomplished by data server that will be developed are:
(1) ability to enable communication between Modbus TCP devices and Windows
applications, (2) facilitate the recording of data temporarily or for short-term,
as well as historical data storage or for long-term, and (3) a reduced investment
cost. The last requirement is achieved by using free software as Java for server
implementation.
As regards the second requirement, the use of a database is considered since
that will enable a temporary data registration as well as a long-term data storage
 Modbus Data Server 21

in a similar way to a process historian. Besides this, database will be a link

between the developed data server and Windows applications such as operator
interfaces that run in a PC. Therefore, database facilitates to accomplish the
first proposed requirement. The creation and management of this database will
be made by using MySQL as management system because it is an open source
set of tools that contribute to reduce the cost implementation.

3.2 Software Implementation

For data server implementation, two modes of operation are considered. The
first mode allows testing the eight basic function codes of the Modbus Protocol
which are described in the previous section; in this mode, the user selects the
code and configure the required parameters for its execution. Instead, the second
mode enables an automatic reading and writing of the industrial device through
function code 2 and 4 to read discrete inputs (Contact) and analog inputs (Input
Register) respectively. Meanwhile, function code 5, 6 and 16 are used to write
outputs to field devices, code 5 for a discrete output (Coil), code 6 for a integer
analog output (Holding Register) and code 16 for floating values. The execution
of these codes will be carried out according to the first digit of the Modbus
register address since it define the variable type. Table 6 shows the function
code according to the register address. For example, if the address is 30001 the
function code 4 is executed, that code corresponds to write in the industrial
device register.

Table 6. Registration address relationship with function code

ADDRESS VARIABLE TYPE FUNCTION CODE

0XXX Coil 05
1XXX Contact 02
3XXX Input register 04
4XXX Holding register 03(Integer), 16 (Float)

In the second mode, the data server acts as an interface between the industrial
device and the database. Regarding the database, two tables are created for each
configured Modbus TCP device. First table is intended for temporary recording
of values in real-time, and the other table for the long-term storage of process
variable. Figure 2 shows a schema of our implementation, in where the Windows
application is an Human Machine Interface (HMI).
22 V. Maldonado et al.

Fig. 2. Communication between industrial device and a HMI through developed server

4 Sending Modbus Frames over TCP

In order to send Modbus Frames over TCP and IP protocols from the indus-
trial data server to a Modbus device, a communication connection is opened
by using Java Socket Class since TCP/IP communication is based on sock-
ets, i.e., the connection with a Modbus field device is fully defined by its IP
address and logical port number. Afterwards, “Request Frame” is assembled
according to the corresponding Modbus function code and sent by using getOut-
Stream().Write(b) method. Subsequently, industrial data server will be wait-
ing for “Response Frame” from the Modbus field device and its reception is
accomplished by implementing getInputStream().Read(b) method. After that
“Response Frame” is received by the data server and once error check field has
been verified in it, values in the data field are read. After, read data is organized
according to Big-Endian or Little-Endian format, depending on the Modbus field
device features. Endian formats are shown in Fig. 3a) and 3b) respectively. Also,
if data type of read values is float, so they will be handled according to IEEE 754
format with simple precision. An example of assembled frame for Function Code
3 is presented in Fig. 4, in which reading of Holding Register is accomplished.
This code requires as input parameters (1) starting read address, (2) quantity
of registers to read, and (3) variable data type (Integer or Floating). A MBAP
header is added to the frame too, in which address and quantity fields use the
byte order according to the Big-Endian format.

Fig. 3. a) Big-Endian order data (AB CD), b) Little-Endian order data (CD AB)

Fig. 4. Example for function code 03

 Modbus Data Server 23

5 Database Implementation
In automatic communication mode, the data server must be connect to the
database. As previously mentioned, two tables will be created in the database
for each Modbus device. The first table contains the real-time data, so it saves
records of name, address, value, and the time of last entry. The second table
stores historical data that corresponds to time and value of the last 1000 reg-
istered values. Additionally, there is a table to save the configuration of the
industrial data server, if the user selects such option. Since the implemented
database is managed through MySQL database management system (DBMS),
interaction between the developed data server and the DBMS is established by
using SQL statements. Among the used statements are SELECT for reading
the table with the values in real-time, UPDATE for modifying the values of the
records, INSERT for adding a new row in the table and, CREATE TABLE for
creating a new table.

6 Server Configuration Interface

A graphical user interface (GUI) for configuring data server is implemented
considering that two operating modes described above can be executed, i.e., GUI
allows the user to test each function code individually by Function Code Test
Mode or establish a continuous communication between the server and a Modbus
device by Continuous Communication Mode. In the following, implementation
of the two operation modes on GUI are described.

6.1 Function Code Test Mode

For this mode (Fig. 5) IP address, Modbus register address and, register quantity
are mandatory input parameters. If the function code is a write code (05, 06,
15, and 16), a input field for every register to write is enabled in the lower left-
hand of the window for entering data that will be written in Modbus device. For
reading function codes (01, 02, 03, and 04), data will be displayed at the lower
right-hand too.

6.2 Continuous Communication Mode

In this mode three tabs has been implemented: Configuration, Database, and
Data (Fig. 6). In Configuration tab, user enters the data related to the configu-
ration of the Modbus device. As can be seen, several devices can be added even
after starting some connection. When CONNECT button is pressed communi-
cation between the configured devices and the data server is established. It is
important to consider that if the table cannot be found in the database, the user
should be create it first. Additionally, SAVE CONFIGURATION button saves
current configuration, and LOAD CONFIGURATION button restore the last
saved configuration. Database tab enables the user to enter name and address of
24 V. Maldonado et al.

Fig. 5. Function code test interface

Fig. 6. Continuous communication mode - configuration tab

registers in the specified Modbus device, this is shown in Fig. 7a). Once such con-
figuration is done, user must push UPDATE button to update table in database.
Data tab allows user to monitor a database table. In this tab user can enter the
table name and before to press SHOW button data from rows name, value, and
time will be shown. It is important to highlight that the database tables create
in this mode allows data exchange with some Windows application as HMI that
runs in a PC. In our work an HMI developed in InTouch is used to validate
this functionality. HMI application is communicated with the database through
SQL Functions available in InTouch, so the creation of Bind List to associate
tagnames with table columns is required.
 Modbus Data Server 25

Fig. 7. Second mode interface a) Database and b) Data tab

7 Tests and Results

Each server operating mode were tested with PLCs from different brands to val-
idate its performance. In the Function Code Test Mode, performance of imple-
mented Modbus function codes are tested using a PLC M580 from Schneider and
a Modbus PLC emulator as Modbus field devices. Figure 8 shows experiments
for the function codes 16 and 3, in which on left side is M580 PLC programming
and on right side is the data server interface. Meanwhile, Fig. 9 shows test for
function code 4 with the PLC emulator. In this case, two floating data are read
from address 30002 with Big Endian format. As result, in both cases data server
reads correct values, then, by these tests we verify the correct functioning of this
first mode. For Continuous Communication Mode tests were carried out by
simulating a chocolate process which has a Supervisory Control System. This
process has 3 PLCs that are Micro850 and ML1400 from Allen Bradley, and S7-
1200 from Siemens, all of them are configured as Modbus TCP servers. Figure 10
shows the configuration for the PLC ML1400. On left side is shown connection
configuration and on right side is address configuration of Modbus registers. As
mentioned above, each Modbus device has two tables in database, historical and
real-time. Figure 11 shows historical table on left side and real-time table on
right side of PLC ML-1400. Figure 12 shows the interface process developed in
InTouch, which is connected with the database tables and interacts with them

Fig. 8. Function code test mode with PLC M580

26 V. Maldonado et al.

Fig. 9. Function code test mode with Emulator

Fig. 10. Continuous communication mode with ML1400

Fig. 11. Database tables for ML1400

through SQL statements. It was verified that values from inputs and outputs of
every PLCs match with values displayed in HMI.
After experiments that were described above, we made and present in Table
7 a comparison between developed server and a commercial data server that is
Wonderware MBTCP DAServer. MBTCP features that are shown in Table were
taken from its User Guide [4].
 Modbus Data Server 27

Table 7. Comparison between developed server and MBTCP DAServer

Description MBTCP DAServer Developed server

Operating system
End-user investment in software
Connectivity with other applications Windows applications
Register address size
Device sampling time
Response timeout
Item configuration
Data visualisation
Data base
Windows Anyone
Paid license Free
Applications that handle
acting as a DDE, Suite SQL language to access data
Link, or OPC client in MySQL
4, 5 and 6 digits 4, 5 and 6 digits
Configurable for the server Configurable for each device
Configurable, default 3 sec 10 msec
In Device Item tab In Database tab
Visualization in console Visualization in Data tab
Database en SQL server Database en MySQL

Fig. 12. Chocolate process interface

8 Conclusions
1. Development of a industrial data server for communicating Modbus TCP
devices and Windows applications by using a database as a temporary storage
space were presented.
2. In Fuction Code Test Mode, the eight function codes can be tested individu-
ally, however in Continuous Communication Mode the implementation of the
8 function codes is not necessary for a correct communication.
3. Use open source software could reduce costs of engineering software. Besides,
the advantage of Java is the portability of its programs that allows its execu-
tion in any operating system.
4. This developed server and its database allow the monitoring of data in real-
time as well as historical data of a process.
Another random document with
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 the Court, observed: 'The solution of this question must
necessarily depend on the words of the Constitution; the
meaning and intention of the convention which framed and
proposed it for adoption and ratification to the conventions
of the people of and in the several States; together with a
reference to such sources of judicial information as are
resorted to by all courts in construing statutes, and to which
this court has always resorted in construing the
Constitution.' 12 Pet. 657, 721. We know of no reason for
holding otherwise than that the words 'direct taxes,' on the
one hand, and 'duties, imposts and excises,' on the other,
were used in the Constitution in their natural and obvious
sense. Nor in arriving at what those terms embrace do we
perceive any ground for enlarging them beyond or narrowing
them within their natural and obvious import at the time the
Constitution was framed and ratified.

{555}

"And passing from the text, we regard the conclusion reached

as inevitable, when the circumstances which surrounded the
convention and controlled its action and the views of those
who framed and those who adopted the Constitution are
considered. … In the light of the struggle in the convention
as to whether or not the new Nation should be empowered to
levy taxes directly on the individual until after the States
had failed to respond to requisitions—a struggle which did not
terminate until the amendment to that effect, proposed by
Massachusetts and concurred in by South Carolina, New
Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island, had been rejected—it
would seem beyond reasonable question that direct taxation,
taking the place as it did of requisitions, was purposely
restrained to apportionment according to representation, in
order that the former system as to ratio might be retained
while the mode of collection was changed. This is forcibly
illustrated by a letter of Mr. Madison of January 29, 1789,
recently published, written after the ratification of the
Constitution, but before the organization of the government
and the submission of the proposed amendment to Congress,
which, while opposing the amendment as calculated to impair
the power only to be exercised in extraordinary emergencies,
assigns adequate ground for its rejection as substantially
unnecessary, since, he says, 'every State which chooses to
collect its own quota may always prevent a Federal collection,
by keeping a little beforehand in its finances and making its
payment at once into the Federal treasury.'

"The reasons for the clauses of the Constitution in respect of

direct taxation are not far to seek. The States, respectively,
possessed plenary powers of taxation. They could tax the
property of their citizens in such manner and to such extent
as they saw fit; they had unrestricted powers to impose duties
or imposts on imports from abroad, and excises on
manufactures, consumable commodities, or otherwise. They gave
up the great sources of revenue derived from commerce; they
retained the concurrent power of levying excises, and duties
if covering anything other than excises; but in respect of
them the range of taxation was narrowed by the power granted
over interstate commerce, and by the danger of being put at
disadvantage in dealing with excises on manufactures. They
retained the power of direct taxation, and to that they looked
as their chief resource; but even in respect of that, they
granted the concurrent power, and if the tax were placed by
both governments on the same subject, the claim of the United
States had preference. Therefore, they did not grant the power
of direct taxation without regard to their own condition and
resources as States; but they granted the power of apportioned
direct taxation, a power just as efficacious to serve the needs
of the general government, but securing to the States the
opportunity to pay the amount apportioned, and to recoup from
their own citizens in the most feasible way, and in harmony
with their systems of local self-government. If, in the
changes of wealth and population in particular States,
apportionment produced inequality, it was an inequality
stipulated for, just as the equal representation of the
States, however small, in the Senate, was stipulated for. …

"Moreover, whatever the reasons for the constitutional

provisions, there they are, and they appear to us to speak in
plain language. It is said that a tax on the whole income of
property is not a direct tax in the meaning of the
Constitution, but a duty, and, as a duty, leviable without
apportionment, whether direct or indirect. We do not think so.
Direct taxation was not restricted in one breath and the
restriction blown to the winds in another. Cooley (On
Taxation, page 3) says that the word 'duty' ordinarily 'means
an indirect tax imposed on the importation, exportation or
consumption of goods'; having a broader meaning than "custom,"
which is a duty imposed on imports or exports'; that 'the term
"impost" also signifies any tax, tribute or duty, but it is
seldom applied to any but the indirect taxes. An excise duty
is an inland impost, levied upon articles of manufacture or
sale, and also upon licenses to pursue certain trades or to
deal in certain commodities.' In the Constitution the words
'duties, imposts and excises' are put in antithesis to direct
taxes. Gouverneur Morris recognized this in his remarks in
modifying his celebrated motion, as did Wilson in approving of
the motion as modified. …

"Our conclusions may therefore be summed up as follows:

"First. We adhere to the opinion already announced, that,

taxes on real estate being indisputably direct taxes, taxes on
the rents or income of real estate are equally direct taxes.

"Second. We are of opinion that taxes on personal property, or

on the income of personal property, are likewise direct taxes.

"Third. The tax imposed by sections twenty-seven to

thirty-seven, inclusive, of the act of 1894, so far as it
falls on the income of real estate and of personal property,
 being a direct tax within the meaning of the Constitution,
and, therefore, unconstitutional and void because not
apportioned according to representation, all those sections,
constituting one entire scheme of taxation, are necessarily
invalid."

Four dissenting opinions were prepared, by Justices Harlan,

Brown, Jackson and White. In that of Mr. Justice Harlan, he
said: "What are 'direct taxes' within the meaning of the
Constitution? In the convention of 1787, Rufus King asked what
was the precise meaning of 'direct' taxation, and no one
answered. Madison Papers, 5 Elliott's Debates, 451. The
debates of that famous body do not show that any delegate
attempted to give a clear, succinct definition of what, in his
opinion, was a direct tax. Indeed the report of those debates,
upon the question now before us, is very meagre and
unsatisfactory. An illustration of this is found in the case
of Gouverneur Morris. It is stated that on the 12th of July,
1787, he moved to add to a clause empowering Congress to vary
representation according to the principles of 'wealth and
numbers of inhabitants,' a proviso 'that taxation shall be in
proportion to representation.' And he is reported to have
remarked, on that occasion, that while some objections lay
against his motion, he supposed 'they would be removed by
restraining the rule to direct taxation.' Elliott's Debates,
302.
{556}
But, on the 8th of August, 1787, the work of the Committee on
Detail being before the convention, Mr. Morris is reported to
have remarked, 'let it not be said that direct taxation is to
be proportioned to representation.' 5 Elliott's Debates, 393.
If the question propounded by Rufus King had been answered in
accordance with the interpretation now given, it is not at all
certain that the Constitution, in its present form, would have
been adopted by the convention, nor, if adopted, that it would
have been accepted by the requisite number of States." The
following is from the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Brown:
"In view of the fact that the great burden of taxation among
the several States is assessed upon real estate at a
valuation, and that a similar tax was apparently an important
part of the revenue of such States at the time the
Constitution was adopted, it is not unreasonable to suppose
that this is the only undefined direct tax the framers of the
Constitution had in view when they incorporated this clause
into that instrument. The significance of the words 'direct
taxes' was not so well understood then as it is now, and it is
entirely probable that these words were used with reference to
a generally accepted method of raising a revenue by tax upon
real estate. … But, however this may be, I regard it as very
clear that the clause requiring direct taxes to be apportioned
to the population has no application to taxes which are not
capable of apportionment according to population. It cannot be
supposed that the convention could have contemplated a
practical inhibition upon the power of Congress to tax in some
way all taxable property within the jurisdiction of the
Federal government, for the purposes of a national revenue.
And if the proposed tax were such that in its nature it could
not be apportioned according to population, it naturally
follows that it could not have been considered a direct tax,
within the meaning of the clause in question."

Mr. Justice Jackson concluded his dissenting opinion as

follows: "The practical operation of the decision is not only
to disregard the great principles of equality in taxation, but
the further principle that in the imposition of taxes for the
benefit of the government the burdens thereof should be
imposed upon those having the most ability to bear them. This
decision, in effect, works out a directly opposite result, in
relieving the citizens having the greater ability, while the
burdens of taxation are made to fall most heavily and
oppressively upon those having the least ability. It lightens
the burden upon the larger number in some States subject to
the tax, and places it most unequally and disproportionately
on the smaller number in other States. Considered in all its
bearings, this decision is, in my judgment, the most
disastrous blow ever struck at the constitutional power of
Congress. It strikes down an important portion of the most
vital and essential power of the government in practically
excluding any recourse to incomes from real and personal
estate for the purpose of raising needed revenue to meet the
government's wants and necessities under any circumstances.

"I am therefore compelled to enter my dissent to the judgment

of the court."

The opinion delivered by the majority of the Court was

criticised with severity by Mr. Justice White, who said: "The
injustice of the conclusion points to the error of adopting
it. It takes invested wealth and reads it into the
Constitution as a favored and protected class of property,
which cannot be taxed without apportionment, whilst it leaves
the occupation of the minister, the doctor, the professor, the
lawyer, the inventor, the author, the merchant, the mechanic,
and all other forms of industry upon which the prosperity of a
people must depend, subject to taxation without that
condition. A rule which works out this result, which, it seems
to me, stultifies the Constitution by making it an instrument of
the most grievous wrong, should not be adopted, especially
when, in order to do so, the decisions of this court, the
opinions of the law writers and publicists, tradition,
practice, and the settled policy of the government must be
overthrown.

"To destroy the fixed interpretation of the Constitution, by

which the rule of apportionment according to population, is
confined to direct taxes on real estate so as to make that
rule include indirect taxes on real estate and taxes, whether
direct or indirect, on invested personal property, stocks,
bonds, etc., reads into the Constitution the most flagrantly
unjust, unequal, and wrongful system of taxation known to any
civilized government. This strikes me as too clear for
argument. I can conceive of no greater injustice than would
result from imposing on one million of people in one State,
having only ten millions of invested wealth, the same amount
of tax as that imposed on the like number of people in another
State having fifty times that amount of invested wealth. The
application of the rule of apportionment by population to
invested personal wealth would not only work out this wrong,
but would ultimately prove a self-destructive process, from
the facility with which such property changes its situs. If so
taxed, all property of this character would soon be transferred
to the States where the sum of accumulated wealth was greatest
in proportion to population, and where therefore the burden of
taxation would be lightest, and thus the mighty wrong
resulting from the very nature of the extension of the rule
would be aggravated. It is clear then, I think, that the
admission of the power of taxation in regard to invested
personal property, coupled with the restriction that the tax
must be distributed by population and not by wealth, involves
a substantial denial of the power itself, because the
condition renders its exercise practically impossible. To say
a thing can only be done in a way which must necessarily bring
about the grossest wrong, is to delusively admit the existence
of the power, while substantially denying it. And the grievous
results sure to follow from any attempt to adopt such a system
are so obvious that my mind cannot fail to see that if a tax
on invested personal property were imposed by the rule of
population, and there were no other means of preventing its
enforcement, the red spectre of revolution would shake our
institutions to their foundation. …

"It is, I submit, greatly to be deplored that, after more than

one hundred years of our national existence, after the
government has withstood the strain of foreign wars and the
dread ordeal of civil strife, and its people have become
united and powerful, this court should consider itself
compelled to go back to a long repudiated and rejected theory
of the Constitution, by which the government is deprived of an
 inherent attribute of its being, a necessary power of taxation."

United States Reports,

v. 158, pages 601-715.

{557}

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895 (July-November).

Correspondence with the Government of Great Britain
on the Venezuela boundary question.

See (in this volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (JULY), and (NOVEMBER).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895 (September).

Executive order for the improvement of the consular service.

In his annual Message to Congress, December 2, 1895, President

Cleveland made the following statement of measures adopted for
the improvement of the consular service of the country:

"In view of the growth of our interests in foreign countries

and the encouraging prospects for a general expansion of our
commerce, the question of an improvement in the consular
service has increased in importance and urgency. Though there
is no doubt that the great body of consular officers are
rendering valuable services to the trade and industries of the
country, the need of some plan of appointment and control
which would tend to secure a higher average of efficiency can
not be denied. The importance of the subject has led the
Executive to consider what steps might properly be taken
without additional legislation to answer the need of a better
system of consular appointments. The matter having been
committed to the consideration of the Secretary of State, in
pursuance of his recommendations, an Executive order was
issued on the 20th of September, 1895, by the terms of which
it is provided that after that date any vacancy in a consular
or commercial agency with an annual salary or compensation
from official fees of not more than $2,500 or less than $1,000
should be filled either by transfer or promotion from some
other position under the Department of State of a character
tending to qualify the incumbent for the position to be
filled, or by the appointment of a person not under the
Department of State, but having previously served thereunder
and shown his capacity and fitness for consular duty, or by
the appointment of a person who, having been selected by the
President and sent to a board for examination, is found, upon
such examination, to be qualified for the position. Posts
which pay less than $1,000 being usually, on account of their
small compensation, filled by selection from residents of the
locality, it was not deemed practicable to put them under the
new system.

"The compensation of $2,500 was adopted as the maximum limit

in the classification for the reason that consular officers
receiving more than that sum are often charged with functions
and duties scarcely inferior in dignity and importance to
those of diplomatic agents, and it was therefore thought best
to continue their selection in the discretion of the Executive
without subjecting them to examination before a board.
Excluding seventy-one places with compensation at present less
than $1,000, and fifty-three places above the maximum in
compensation, the number of positions remaining within the
scope of the order is one hundred and ninety-six. This number
will undoubtedly be increased by the inclusion of consular
officers whose remuneration in fees, now less than $1,000,
will be augmented with the growth of our foreign commerce and
a return to more favorable business conditions. In execution
of the Executive order referred to, the Secretary of State has
designated as a board to conduct the prescribed examinations
the Third Assistant Secretary of State, the Solicitor of the
Department of State, and the Chief of the Consular Bureau, and
has specified the subjects to which such examinations shall
relate.
"It is not assumed that this system will prove a full measure
of consular reform. It is quite probable that actual
experience will show particulars in which the order already
issued may be amended, and demonstrate that, for the best
results, appropriate legislation by Congress is imperatively
required. In any event these efforts to improve the consular
service ought to be immediately supplemented by legislation
providing for consular inspection. This has frequently been a
subject of Executive recommendation, and I again urge such
action by Congress as will permit the frequent and thorough
inspection of consulates by officers appointed for that
purpose or by persons already in the diplomatic or consular
service. The expense attending such a plan would be
insignificant compared with its usefulness, and I hope the
legislation necessary to set it on foot will be speedily
forthcoming.

"I am thoroughly convinced that in addition to their salaries

our ambassadors and ministers at foreign courts should be
provided by the Government with official residences. The
salaries of these officers are comparatively small and in most
cases insufficient to pay, with other necessary expenses, the
cost of maintaining household establishments in keeping with
their important and delicate functions. The usefulness of a
nation's diplomatic representative undeniably depends upon the
appropriateness of his surroundings, and a country like ours,
while avoiding unnecessary glitter and show, should be certain
that it does not suffer in its relations with foreign nations
through parsimony and shabbiness in its diplomatic outfit.
These considerations and the other advantages of having fixed
and somewhat permanent locations for our embassies, would
abundantly justify the moderate expenditure necessary to carry
out this suggestion."

Message of the President

(54th Congress, 1st Session,
 House Documents, volume 1).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895 (December).

Message of President Cleveland on the boundary dispute
between Great Britain and Venezuela.
Prompt response from Congress.

On the 17th of December, 1895, the country was startled and

the world at large excited by a message from President
Cleveland to Congress, relating to the disputed boundary
between British Guiana and Venezuela, and the refusal of the
British government to submit the dispute to arbitration.

See, (in this volume),

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (DECEMBER).

The tone in which the President recommended the appointment of

a commission to ascertain the "true divisional line" between
Venezuela and British Guiana, with a view to determining the
future action of the United States, was peremptory and
threatening enough to awaken all the barbaric passions which
wait and watch for signals of war; and Congress, in both
branches, met the wishes of the President with the singular
alacrity that so often appears in the action of legislative
bodies when a question arises which carries the scent of war.
The House refused to wait for any reference of the matter to
its Committee on Foreign Relations, but framed and passed at
once (December 18) without debate or division, an act
authorizing the suggested commission and appropriating
$100,000 for the expenses of its work.
{558}
In the Senate there were some voices raised against needless
and unseemly haste in the treatment of so grave a proposition.
Senator Teller, of Colorado, was one who spoke to that effect,
saying: "I do not understand that our great competitor in
commerce and trade, our Great English-speaking relative, has
ever denied our right to assert and maintain the Monroe
doctrine. What they claim is that the Monroe doctrine does not
apply to this case. Whether it applies to this case depends upon
the facts, which are unknown to us, it appears. If I knew what
the facts were, as an international lawyer I would have no
difficulty in applying the law. As a believer in the American
doctrine of the right to say that no European power shall
invade American soil, either of North or South America, I
should have no trouble in coming to a conclusion. Is it an
invasion of American soil? I do not know that. I repeat, I
thought I did. I have found that I do not.

"If the President of the United States had said that in the
Department of State they had determined what was the true line
between the British possessions and Venezuela, and if he had
said, 'We are confident that the British Government, instead
of attempting to arrange a disputed line, is attempting to use
this disputed line as a pretense for territorial acquisition,'
no matter what may be the character of the Administration,
whether Democratic or Republican, I would have stood by that
declaration as an American Senator, because there is where we
get our information upon these subjects, and not from our own
judgment. We must stand by what the Department says upon these
great questions when the facts are ascertained by it. The
President says that he needs assistance to make this
determination. We are going to give it to him. Nobody doubts
that. The only question is, how shall we give it to him? I am
as firm a believer in the Monroe doctrine as any man who
lives. I am as firm a believer as anyone in the maintenance of
the honor of the American people, and do not believe it can be
maintained if we abandon the Monroe doctrine.

"Mr. President, there is no haste in this matter. The dispute

is one of long standing. Great Britain is not now taking any
extraordinary steps with reference to the control of the
territory in dispute. They took, it is said, five months to
answer our Secretary's letter of July 20. Mr. President, the
time was not excessive. It is not unreasonable in diplomatic
affairs that there should be months taken in replying to
questions of so much importance. We may properly take months,
if we choose, to consider it before we plant ourselves upon
what we say are the facts in this case. I repeat, so far as
the American people are concerned, the Monroe doctrine is not
in dispute, is not in doubt, whatever may be the doubt about
the facts in this case. If the facts are not ascertained, we
must, before we proceed further, ascertain them.

"This is a very important question. It is not a question of

party politics. It is not a question that any political party
ought to take advantage of to get votes. The political party
that attempts to make capital out of this question will find
that it is a loser in the end. The American people will not be
trifled with on a question of this kind. If the other side of
the Chamber, or the Administration, or anybody, attempts to
make capital out of it they will find that they will lose in
the end, as we should lose on our side if we should be foolish
enough, as I know we are not, to attempt to make capital out
of it in any way. … This question is of so much importance
that I do not care myself if the bill goes to the Committee on
Foreign Relations and lies there a month. You will not impress
the world with our solidarity and solidity on this question by
any haste in this body. Let this proceeding be a dignified
proceeding. Let the bill go to the committee. Let the
committee take their time on it. Let them return it here and
say what is the best way by which we can strengthen the hands
of the President of the United States in his efforts to
maintain this American doctrine.

"Mr. President, I am not one of those who want war. I do not

believe in war. I believe in this case Great Britain made a
great mistake when she said she would not arbitrate, and I
have faith enough in the love of justice and right that
pervades the people of Great Britain to believe that on second
sober thought they will submit this question to arbitration,
as many of their representative men have declared they are
willing to submit all questions of this character. … Let this
bill go to the committee. Let it be considered. If the
committee wants a week, ten days, or two weeks, or a month,
let the committee take it. Nothing will be lost. Great Britain
will not misunderstand our attitude. She does not misunderstand
it now. She knows just as well how we feel upon these subjects
as she will when we pass this bill. She has had it dinned in
her ears again and again from nearly every Secretary of State
that we were not willing to abandon the Monroe doctrine, nor
view with indifference the improper interference of any
European power with any existing American Government, whether
such interference is a violation of the Monroe doctrine or
not."

Congressional Record,
December 19, 1895, page 246.

Senator Call made a similar appeal, saying: "As to all this

talk about war, in my opinion there is no possibility of war.
There can be, and ought to be, no possibility of it. The
enlightened sentiment of the nations of the world would forbid
that there should be a war between this country and England
upon this question. Nevertheless, it would be the duty of this
country to maintain by force of arms the proposition that
there shall be no forcible establishment of European
institutions and European Governments over any portion of this
territory. Who can entertain the idea that war can be made
with Great Britain, and that the people of the British Empire
will permit that Government to engage in war upon a question
of boundaries which is not sustained by the facts of the case,
but a mere aggression, and that the peace of mankind shall be
disturbed by it. …

"I agree with the Senator from Ohio [Mr. Sherman] that there
is no necessity for haste in this action and that it comports
better with the dignity of Congress for the Senate of the
United States and the House of Representatives to declare that
 this Government will firmly maintain, as a definite proposition,
that Venezuela shall not be forced to cede any portion of her
territory to Great Britain or to recognize a boundary line
which is not based upon the facts of history and upon clear
and ascertained proof.
{559}
It seems to me, Mr. President, that all this discussion about
war should not have place here, but that we should make a bold
and independent and firm declaration as to the proper policy
of this Government, and vote the President of the United
States the money necessary, in his judgment, to carry out that
declaration so far as obtaining information which may be
desired. …

"The possibility that war between these two nations will be

the result of our defending the right of Venezuela to the
integrity of her territory against its forced appropriation by
England should not be entertained. These two nations, the
United States and Great Britain, are the main pillars of the
civilization of the world, neither can afford to demand of the
other anything that is wrong or any injustice to the other.
Great Britain recognizes the supremacy of the United States in
the Western Hemisphere, and it is sufficient for them to know
that we will maintain this with all the power of the Republic,
and that this is not an idle menace.

"This is my view of the situation. The President has done his

duty. He has recommended that the traditional policy of this
country to protect all people who establish governments of
their choice against forcible intervention by European powers,
under whatever pretense, whether by claiming fictitious
boundaries and enforcing their claim, or by any other means,
and that we will be the judge of this, but that we are ready
to submit the facts to the judgment of a fair arbitration. It
is sufficient for us to sustain this declaration and for us to
provide the means of obtaining the information necessary for
an intelligent judgment on the question. It will suffice for
 the able statesman who represents the Government of Great
Britain to know and to inform his Government that the people
of the United States are united in the determination to
maintain and defend this policy with all their power, and a
peaceable settlement of the question will be made."

Congressional Record,
December 20, 1895, page 264.

The Senate was persuaded to refer the House Bill to its

Committee on Foreign Relations, but the Committee reported it
on the following day (December 20), and it was passed without
division.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (December-January).

The feeling in England and America over the
Venezuela boundary dispute.

Happily President Cleveland's Message did not provoke in

England the angry and combative temper that is commonly roused
by a demand from one nation upon another, made in any
peremptory tone. The feeling produced there seemed to have in
it more of surprise and regret than of wrath, revealing very
plainly that friendliness had been growing of late, much
warmer in English sentiment toward the American Republic than
in American sentiment toward England. Within the past thirty
years there had been what in France would be called a
"rapprochement" in feeling going on between the two peoples;
but the rate of approach had been greater on one side than on
the other, and neither had understood the fact until it was
brought home to them by this incident. There seems to be no
doubt that the English people were astonished and shocked by
the sudden prospect of a serious quarrel with the United
States, and that Americans were generally surprised and moved
by the discovery of that state of feeling in the English mind.
The first response in the United States to the President's
message came noisily from the more thoughtless part of the
people, and seemed to show that the whole nation was fairly
eager for war with its "kin beyond sea." But that was a
short-lived demonstration. The voices that really speak for
the country soon made themselves heard in a different
tone,—anxious to avert war,—critical of the construction that
had been given to the Monroe doctrine by President Cleveland
and his Secretary of State,—earnestly responsive to the
pacific temper of the English public,—and yet firm in
upholding the essential justice of the ground on which their
government had addressed itself to that of Great Britain. The
feeling in the two countries, respectively, at the beginning
of 1896, appears to have been described very accurately by two
representative writers in the "North American Review" of
February in that year. One was Mr. James Bryce, the well-known
English student of American institutions—author of "The
American Commonwealth"—who wrote:

"Those Englishmen who have travelled in America have of course

been aware of the mischief your school-books do in teaching
young people to regard the English as enemies because there
was war in the days of George III. Such Englishmen knew that
as Britain is almost the only great power with which the
United States has had diplomatic controversies, national
feeling has sometimes been led to regard her as an adversary,
and displays of national feeling often took the form of
defiance. Even such travellers, however, were not prepared for
the language of the President and its reception in many
quarters, while as to Englishmen generally, they could
scarcely credit their eyes and ears. 'Why,' they said, 'should
we be regarded as enemies by our own kinsfolk? No territorial
dispute is pending between us and them, like those we have or
have lately had with France and Russia. No explosions of
Jingoism have ever been directed against them, like those
which Lord Beaconsfield evoked against Russia some twenty
years ago. There is very little of that commercial, and none
of that colonial, rivalry which we have with France and
Germany, for the Americans are still chiefly occupied in
 developing their internal resources, and have ample occupation
for their energy and their capital in doing so. Still less is
there that incompatibility of character and temper which
sometimes sets us wrong with Frenchmen, or Russians, or even
Germans, for we and the Americans come of the same stock,
speak the same language, read the same books, think upon
similar lines, are connected by a thousand ties of family and
friendship. No two nations could be better fitted to
understand one another's ideas and institutions. English
travellers and writers used no doubt formerly to assume airs
of supercilious condescension which must have been offensive
to Americans. But those airs were dropped twenty or thirty
years ago, and the travellers who return now return full of
gratitude for the kindness they have received and full of
admiration for the marvellous progress they have witnessed. We
know all about the Irish faction; but the Irish faction do not
account for this.
{560}
So we quite understand that resentment was caused in the North
and West of America by the attitude of our wealthy class
during the Civil War. But that attitude was not the attitude
of the British nation. … Our press, whose tone often
exasperates Continental nations, is almost uniformly
respectful and friendly to America. What can we have done to
provoke in the United States feelings so unlike those which we
ourselves cherish?'

"In thus summing up what one has been hearing on all sides in
Britain during the last fortnight, I am not exaggerating
either the amazement or the regret with which the news of a
threatened breach between the two countries was received. The
average Englishman likes America far better than any foreign
nation; he admires the 'go,' as he calls it, of your people,
and is soon at home among you. In fact, he does not regard you
as a foreign nation, as any one will agree who has noticed how
different has been the reception given on all public occasions
to your last four envoys, Messrs. Welsh, Lowell, Phelps, and
Lincoln (as well as your present ambassador) from that
accorded to the ambassadors of any other power. The educated
and thoughtful Englishman has looked upon your Republic as the
champion of freedom and peace, has held you to be our natural
ally, and has even indulged the hope of a permanent alliance
with you, under which the citizens of each country should have
the rights of citizenship in the other and be aided by the
consuls and protected by the fleets of the other all over the
world. The sentiments which the news from America evoked were,
therefore, common to all classes in England. … Passion has not
yet been aroused, and will not be, except by the language of
menace."

J. Bryce,
British Feeling on the Venezuelan Question
(North American Review, February, 1896).

The writer who described American feeling, or opinion, in the

same magazine, was Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who said: "In the
United States, East, West, North and South, from which
divergent voices were at first heard, there is but one voice
now. Public opinion has crystallized into one
word—arbitration. In support of that mode of settlement we now
know the nation is unanimous. The proofs of this should not
fail to carry conviction into the hearts of Britons. The one
representative and influential body in the United States which
is most closely allied with Britain not only by the ties of
trade, but by the friendships which these ties have created,
is the Chamber of Commerce of New York. If that body were
polled by ballot, probably a greater proportion of its members
than of any other body of American citizens would register
themselves as friendly to England. So far did the feeling
extend in this body, that a movement was on foot to call a
meeting to dissent from the President's Message. Fortunately,
wiser counsels prevailed, and time was given for an
examination of the question, and for members to make up their
minds upon the facts. The result was that at the crowded
meeting subsequently held, there was passed a resolution, with
only one dissenting voice, in favor of a commission for
arbitration. In the whole proceedings there was only one
sentiment present in the minds of those assembled: 'this is a
question for arbitration.' …

"Every nation has its 'Red Rag,' some nations have more than
one, but what the 'Right of Asylum' is to Great Britain, the
Monroe Doctrine is to the United States. Each lies very deep
in the national heart. Few statesmen of Great Britain do not
share the opinion of Lord Salisbury, which he has not feared
to express, that the 'Right of Asylum' is abused and should be
restricted, but there has not arisen one in Britain
sufficiently powerful to deal with it. The United States never
had, and has not now, a statesman who could restrain the
American people from an outburst of passion and the extreme
consequences that national passion is liable to bring, if any
European power undertook to extend its territory upon this
continent, or to decide in case of dispute just where the
boundary of present possessions stand. Such differences must
be arbitrated. …

"In his speech at Manchester Mr. Balfour said he 'trusted and

believed the day would come when better statesmen in
authority, and more fortunate than even Monroe, would assert a
doctrine between the English-speaking peoples under which war
would be impossible.' That day has not to come, it has
arrived. The British Government has had for years in its
archives an invitation from the United States to enter into a
treaty of arbitration which realizes this hope, and Mr.
Balfour is one of those who, from their great position, seem
most responsible for the rejection of the end he so ardently
longs for. It is time that the people of Great Britain
understood that if war be still possible between the two
countries, it is not the fault of the Republic but of their
own country, not of President Cleveland and Secretary of State
Olney, but of Prime Minister Salisbury, and the leader of the