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Chương 10 (Tính Toán)
Chương 10 (Tính Toán)
Chương 10 (Tính Toán)
GASES IN AIR EMISSION 2. Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, Fourth Edition, Susan J. Masten,
Michigan State University—East Lansing, MI, Mackenzie L. Davis, Emeritus, Michigan State
University—East Lansing, Mc Graw Hill Education, 2020
GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS
?
GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS
SO2 H2SO4
Primary NOx CO
R-SH R-S-R
NO2 O3
GASEOUS
CONTAMINANTS
Secondary H2SO4
SO2
NOX
Caused by burning fossil fuels
- 94% to 95% of the sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide.
Formed
- 0.5% to 2% of the fuel sulfur is converted to sulfur trioxide, SO3.
- Sulfur trioxide remains in the vapor state until temperatures decrease below
- During the combustion of fuels
approximately 300°C. At this temperature, sulfur trioxide reacts with water as
indicated in Reaction.
- Released from nitric acid plants and other types of industrial processes
involving the generation and/or use of nitric acid
VOCS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VOCS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
VOCs
• Organic compounds that can volatilize in industrial processes and participate in
photochemical reactions once the gas stream is released to the ambient air.
• Almost all of the several thousand organic compounds used as solvents and
as chemical feedstock in industrial processes are classified as VOCs.
• The few organic compounds that are not considered VOCs because of their
lack of photochemical reactivity are listed in Table 1-1.
VOCS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HCI AND HF
HCl and HF
• Acid gases
• Be released from processes:
Waste incinerators, fossil fuel-fired boilers, chemical reactors, or ore roasting
operations.
From air pollution control systems oxidizing chlorine- or fluorine-containing
organic compounds.
• They are gases at the normal stack concentrations
• However, at very high concentrations HCl can nucleate to form sub micrometer
acid mist particles.
OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
O3
OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
C. Caesium-137
OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
However, the concentrations of rural ozone are limited by the very low
concentrations of nitrogen oxides that are usually available.
OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
In the stratosphere, ozone forms OZONE AND OTHER PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
naturally from the irradiation of
molecular oxygen by sunlight.
The control of precursor gases, such as nitrogen oxides emitted
The presence of ozone in the into the troposphere to minimize ground level ozone
stratosphere is beneficial because it concentrations, will not have an adverse effect on the beneficial
absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the ozone levels in the stratosphere. The formation mechanisms for
sun. ozone in the stratosphere are different from those in the
troposphere.
What causes the depletion of the
stratospheric ozone What should we do with tropospheric ozone?
concentrations? stratospheric ozone?
MINI QUIZ
1.What fraction of the sulfur present in a
fossil fuel is converted to sulfur dioxide in a
utility or industrial boiler? 3. What categories of air pollutants are 5. What category of sources is most 7.What category of sources
a. 25% to 30% responsible for the formation of responsible for VOC emissions? has the highest NOx
b. 50% to 75% photochemical smog? Select all that a. Transportation (automobiles, trucks, emissions?
c. 75% to 90% apply. planes) a. Transportation (automobiles,
d. 94% to 95% a. Volatile organic compounds b. Fuel handling and distribution trucks, planes)
e. 100% b. Nitrogen oxides c. Solvent utilization b. Fuel handling and
c. Sulfur dioxide d. Fuel combustion distribution
2. What factors influence the formation of d. Ammonia e. None of the above c. Solvent utilization
NOx in a boiler? e. TRS compounds d. Fuel combustion (electric
a. Temperatures f. Carbon monoxide 6. What category of sources is most utilities)
b. Oxygen concentrations responsible for sulfur dioxide emissions? e. None of the above
c. Fuel nitrogen content 4. Ozone is a ______________ air a. Utility and industrial boilers
d. All of the above pollutant. a. primary b. Industrial processes
e. a and b b. secondary c. Transportation
d. None of the above
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR GASEOUS
CONTAMINANTS
1.What fraction of the sulfur present in a 4. Ozone is a ______________ air Six major techniques are used commercially for the capture and/or destruction of
fossil fuel is converted to sulfur dioxide in pollutant. b. secondary gaseous contaminants.
a utility or industrial boiler?
d. 94% to 95% 5. What category of sources is most 1. Adsorption onto solid surfaces
responsible for VOC emissions?
2. What factors influence the formation of c. Solvent utilization 2. Absorption into liquids and Biofiltration
NOx in a boiler?
d. All of the above 6. What category of sources is most 3. Oxidation to form nontoxic compounds
responsible for sulfur dioxide emissions?
3. What categories of air pollutants are a. Utility and industrial boilers 4. Chemical reduction to form nontoxic compounds
primarily responsible for the formation of
photochemical smog? Select all that 7. What category of sources has the 5. Condensation of vapors to form liquids
apply. highest NOx emissions?
a. Volatile organic compounds a. Transportation
b. Nitrogen oxides
f. Carbon monoxide
Five major techniques are used commercially for the capture and/or destruction of
gaseous contaminants.
(49 oC) (38 oC to 205 oC)
CALCULATION
The most important factor in the design of a carbon adsorption unit is that
of the adsorptive capacity of the carbon.
SOLUTION
First, calculate the capacity of carbon needed to achieve saturation in 4 hours, In order to achieve 90% or more capture efficiency, most carbon adsorption
using Equation (9.26): systems are designed for a maximum gas velocity of 30 m/min through the
adsorber.
Absorption is a process where transfer of a gaseous component from gas phase Common terms used in absorption process are as follows:
to liquid phase takes place.
1. Absorbent: the liquid, usually water, into which contaminant is absorbed
More specifically in air pollution control, absorption involves the removal of
objectionable gaseous contaminant from a process stream by dissolving them in 2. Absorbate or solute: the gaseous contaminant being absorbed, such as SO2, H2S,
liquid. etc.
3. Carrier gas: the inert portion of gas stream, usually air, from which the contaminant
is to
be removed.
4. Interface: the area where the gas phase and the absorbent contact each other.
2. Providing good mixing between gas and liquid phases. Step1: The pollutant diffuses from bulk area of the gas phases to the gas liquid
interface.
3. Allowing sufficient residence or contact time between the phases.
Step2: gaseous pollutant transfer across the interface to the liquid phase. This
4. Ensuring a high degree of solubility of the contaminant in the absorbent. second step is extremely rapid.
Step3: The pollutant diffuses bulk area of the liquid, making room for additional gas
molecule to absorb.
Absorbing liquid usually water is sprayed The polluted air is introduced from one
through the contaminated gas and the absorbent side of the bottom of the column, rise
contaminant solution falls downwards for up through the opening in each tray,
removal while clean gas exits through an outlet and the rising gas prevents the liquid
valve in the top of unit. from draining through the opening.
Spray tower has less gas liquid interfacial Due to repeated contact of gas and
area so they are less effective in removal of liquid the contaminant are removed
gaseous contaminant. and the clean air emerges from the
top.
ABSORPTION UNIT
BIOFITRATION
In packed tower the contact time between
vapour and liquid is increased by introducing
packing. Biological treatment systems are termed either biological oxidation or biofilter
systems.
The packing material has a large surface to
volume ratio and a large void ratio that offers Regardless of the term, the fundamental processes involved is the collection of
minimum resistance to gas flow. contaminants on the surface of a media that contains viable microorganisms.
Generally packed tower are operated counter The contaminant is metabolized by the organism and carbon dioxide and water
currently, with gas entering at the bottom of vapor are re-emitted.
tower and liquid entering from the top. Liquid
flows over the surface of the packing in a thin Accordingly, biofiltration can be classified as a special type of absorption system
film causing continuous contact with the gases. using irreversible processes to control the gaseous contaminant.
OXIDATION
Thermal oxidizers and catalytic oxidizers are used for sources such as surface
coaters, gasoline storage and distribution terminals, and synthetic organic chemical
plants.
Flares are used primarily to treat emergency vent gases in synthetic organic chemical
plants and petroleum refiners.
Flares can be used for sources that are well below the LEL or well above the UEL.
All chemical oxidation systems destroy organic compounds
in the effluent gas stream. Accordingly, they are used when
economic recovery of the compounds is impractical.
3T RESIDENCE TIME
Combustion time
Temperature
Turbulence where:
t = residence time, s
V = oxidizer volume, m3
Q= gas flow rate, m3/s.
where:
where:
F = quantity of natural gas required, scfm
Qnet = quantity of energy required, BTU/h
hf = enthalpy of natural gas, BTU/scf
Vin = oxidizer inlet gas volume, scfm
where:
where:
Vc = oxidizer internal volume, ft3
Vtotal = total gas flow rate at oxidizer temperature, ft3
RT = oxidizer residence time, s
Tc = oxidizer temperature , ∘F
SOLUTION
First, calculate the energy required to heat the incoming gas stream from 300∘F to 1,500∘F using Equation (9.30).
PROBLEM
Calculate the size of a thermal oxidizer that will be used to control VOC Then use that value to calculate the natural gas usage necessary to accomplish the desired heat rise, using Equation (9.31):
emissions from a gas 4,000 scfm gas stream. The temperature of the gas
stream entering the oxidizer is 300∘F and the oxidizer design operating
After the quantity of natural gas is calculated, use Equation (9.32) to calculate the total volumetric flow rate of the gas stream
temperature is 1,500∘F. For these two temperatures, use an enthalpy of 4.24 moving through the oxidizer chamber at the desired temperature of 1,500∘F:
There are three main categories of condensation systems based on the general
operating temperature range.
• The most common type of condensers are those using cooling water in direct
contact or indirect contact vessels. Refrigeration and cryogenic systems are used
primarily for the high efficiency recovery of high value contaminants.