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Topic 3 - Pump Note LATEST
Topic 3 - Pump Note LATEST
PUMPS
INTRODUCTION
• A pump is a device used to moves and/or
pressurize fluids such as liquids.
• A pump moves fluid from lower pressure to
higher pressure and overcomes the difference
in pressure by adding energy to the system.
SELECTING A PUMP
a. Stability of the Head (H) vs Discharge (Q)
relationship
b. Operational flexibility
c. Future population increase
d. Deterioration of the delivery pipework with age
e. Uncertainty or errors in the original calculations.
ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS
Based on bladed impellers which rotate within the fluid to
impact a tangential acceleration to the fluid and consequent
increase in the energy of the fluid.
Type of rotodynamic pump
a) Centrifugal pump
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Definition:
Centrifugal pumps increase
momentum and pressure head by
means of rotating blades which
converts radial velocity into
pressure head.
Components
– Inlet duct
– Impeller
– Volute
– Discharge nozzle
Velocity head is imparted to the liquid by the vanes of
the impeller and is converted into pressure head
Variables that affect pump operation.
▪ Flow rate
▪ Impeller
▪ Size & diameter
▪ Process liquid characteristics
▪ Impeller speed
▪ Impeller vanes
Pressure (h)
Rotary Pumps
a) Gear – Internal, External
b) Lobe
c) Vane
d) Screw
Reciprocating Pumps
a) Piston
b) Plunger
c) Diaphragm
PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
destination
Head (H) Static
head
a) Resistance of the system
b) Two types: static and friction
source
b) Independent of flow
Flow
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PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Friction head
a) Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
b) Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate,
nature of liquid
c) Proportional to square of flow rate
d) Closed loop system
only has friction head
(no static head)
Friction
head
Flow
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In most cases:
Total head = Static head (Hs) + friction head (hf)
System
System
curve
Friction curve
head
System System
head head Friction
Static head head
Static head
Flow Flow
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Pumping System Characteristics
Pump performance curve
• Relationship between head and flow
Head
a) Flow increase
b) System resistance increases
c) Head increases
Flow
d) Flow decreases to zero
• Zero flow rate: risk of pump burnout Performance curve for
centrifugal pump
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PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Pump operating point
Duty point : rate of flow at certain head
Pump operating point : intersection of pump curve and system
curve
Pump performance
curve
Pump
operating
Head System point
curve Design Point Curve
Static
head
Flow
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PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Pump suction performance (NPSH)
Cavitation or vaporization: bubbles inside pump
If vapor bubbles collapse
a) Erosion of vane surfaces
b) Increased noise and vibration
c) Choking of impeller passages
Net Positive Suction Head
a) NPSH Available: how much pump suction exceeds liquid
vapor pressure
b) NPSH Required: pump suction needed to avoid
cavitation
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ENERGY CONVERSION
Pump and Turbines
- Pump turn electrical or mechanical energy into
fluid energy
- Turbines turn fluid energy into electrical or
mechanical energy
- Energy per unit weight is head, H
H = z + v2 + P
2g ρg
- Power = rate of conversion of energy
- Power = ρgQH
- Efficiency, η = power out x 100%
power in
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC
Pump Performance Characteristics (Curves)
• Mathematical equations relating the variables H, Q, N, P and h are long
and complicated. It is more convenient to hold the information in the
form of graphs, using data obtained from performance tests.
• Pumps are usually tested at constant speed N, and the other variables
plotted against discharge Q. The tests are repeated for different speeds,
producing a family of characteristic curves.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVES
COMMON CAUSES OF CAVITATION
Situations:
a) Pumping liquid close to boiling point
b) Pumping liquid stored at a level below the pump
EFFECT OF CAVITATION
• Pump makes loud chattering noise
• Drop in pump efficiency
• Future failures due to metal erosion of
impeller (Long term)
• Future failures of seals on the shaft (Long
term)
CAVITATION
If the pump operates to the right of point A,
then the required suction head is greater than
the available suction head.
a) This means that vapor bubbles will occur in
the suction pipe.
b) As the vapor bubbles move through the
pump, the pressure will increase and the
bubble will collapse.
c) This process is called Cavitation and can
cause severe damage to the pump.
d) Operation to the left of point A means that
vapor bubbles will not form, and so
Cavitation will not be a problem.
PUMP
• NPSH – The amount by which pressure at the
suction point of pump, expressed as the head
of the liquid to be pump, must exceed the
vapor pressure of the liquid
• Cavitation – formation, growth and rapid
collapse of vapor bubble in flowing liquids.
PUMP PERFORMANCE
FLOW = Q m3 /s
ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Describe the basic pump classification
2. Identify types of pump
a) Reciprocating pump
b) Centrifugal pump
3. Explain the concept of performance and characteristics of
centrifugal pump
a) Radial flow
b) Axial Flow
4. Explain the performance- degrading effect of a centrifugal
pump
a) Cavitation
b) Internal recirculation
ASSIGNMENT REPORT
• INDIVIDUAL • COVER PAGE
• ARIAL 12 • TABLE OF CONTENT
• PDF FORMAT • INTRODUCTION
• SOFTCOPY • ANSWER Q1 – Q4
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
STATIC AND DYNAMIC HEAD
a) The Static Head (H) is the
difference between Suction Head
(HS) and Delivered Head (HD).
b) As the Suction Head changes the
Static Head changes.
c) When the pump is operating the
liquid will be moving within the
pipe wok and so a loss due to
friction will occur.
d) Dynamic Head
H = H D − HS − H F
LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION
• A centrifugal pump incurs head losses due to
friction.
• The friction is caused by the fluid changing
direction when travelling through the pump
and by clearances within the pump .These
losses vary with both head and flow.
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
H system = H static + HL
fLQ 2
H system = H static + ( h f = 3D 5 + hm)
f = friction factor
D = Diameter of pipe
Hf = head loss due to friction
Hm = minor head loss
HL = Hf + Hm
PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Pump operating point
Duty point : rate of flow at certain head
Pump operating point : intersection of pump curve and system
curve
Pump performance
curve
Pump
operating
Head System point
curve
Design Point Curve
Static
head
Flow
PUMPS IN SERIES
• Same discharge : Q
• Add the heads : H1 + H2
• Pump in series may be necessary to generate high
heads, or provide regular “boosts” along long
pipelines without large pressures at any particular
points
PUMP IN PARALLEL
Hs = 12 + 109.74 Q2
fLQ 2
P = ρgQH hf =
3D 5
Darcy Weisbach
Equation
Q (l/s) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Q
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
(m3/s)
H (m) 22.5 22 20.9 19 16.3 12.7 7.7 0
n (%) 25 38 60 75 80 78 65 44
P 0 10.8 20.5 28 32 31.1 22.7 0
Hs 12 12.3 13.1 14.5 16.4 18.9 21.9 25.4
SERIES PUMP 2H vs Q
Q
(m3/s 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
)
2H 45 44 42 38 33 25 15 0
Series – H2 = 2H1 - 2H vs Q
PARALLEL H vs 2Q
H (m) 23 22 21 19 16 13 7.7 0
Parallel – Q2 = 2Q1 - H vs 2Q
Q (l/s) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Q
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
(m3/s)
H (m) 22.5 22 20.9 19 16.3 12.7 7.7 0
n (%) 25 38 60 75 80 78 65 44
P 0 10.8 20.5 28 32 31.1 22.7 0
Hs 12 12.3 13.1 14.5 16.4 18.9 21.9 25.4
H(m) 60 58 52 41 25
Η (%) 0 44 65 64 48