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Iso 14692-4 2017石油天然气工业-玻璃钢(Grp)管线-第4部分:预制,安装和操作
Iso 14692-4 2017石油天然气工业-玻璃钢(Grp)管线-第4部分:预制,安装和操作
STANDARD 14692-4
Second edition
2017-08
Reference number
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
© ISO 2017
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
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Contents Page
Foreword .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................... v
Introduction .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................... vi
1 Scope .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 1
2 Normative references .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms .................................................. ................................................... .. 1
4 Fabrication and installation .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............. 2
4.1 Delivery, inspection and documentation o f GRP piping .................................................. .................................... 2
4.2 Handling and storage ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................ 2
4.3 System design documentation ................................................... ................................................... ............................................. 2
4.4 Installer requirements ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............ 3
4.4.1 Personnel qualification ................................................... ................................................... ........................................ 3
4.4.2 Health and sa fety .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..... 3
4.5 Installation .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................................... 3
4.5.1 General requirements .................................................. ................................................... ............................................. 3
4.5.2 Components fabricated on-site .................................................. ................................................... ...................... 4
4.5.3 Cutting .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 4
4.5.4 Above ground application — Supports .................................................. ................................................... ... 4
4.5.5 Buried piping ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............. 5
4.5.6 Tolerances .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 5
4.5.7 Jointing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. 7
4.5.8 Application o f fire-protective coating .................................................. ................................................... ....... 8
4.5.9 Electrical conductivity and electrostatic dissipative properties ............................................ 9
4.5.10 Earthing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 9
4.5.11 Quality programme for installation .................................................. ................................................... ............ 9
4.6 System testing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 10
4.6.1 Flushing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 10
4.6.2 Pressure testing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..... 10
4.7 Certification and documentation .................................................. ................................................... .................................... 13
4.7.1 Flushing certificate ................................................... ................................................... ............................................... 13
4.7.2 Pressure test certificate .................................................. ................................................... ..................................... 13
4.8 Inspection .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......................................... 13
4.9 Repair after installation ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ...... 13
4.9.1 General ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 13
4.9.2 Repair methods .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...... 13
5 Maintenance and repair .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..................... 14
5.1
Maintenance .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................... 14
5.1.1 General ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 14
5.1.2 Removal of scale and blockages .................................................. ................................................... .................. 14
5.1.3 Earthing requirements .................................................. ................................................... ....................................... 14
5.1.4 Surface and mechanical damage .................................................. ................................................... ................ 14
5.1.5 Fitter and inspector qualification .................................................. ................................................... .............. 14
5.2 Repair .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... 14
5.2.1 General ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 14
5.2.2 Replacement .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............. 15
5.2.3 Minor repairs .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........... 15
5.2.4 Temporary repair .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... . 15
5.2.5 Quality programme for repair and maintenance .................................................. ............................ 15
5.3 Modifications and tie-ins .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..... 15
5.4 Requirements for testing and re-certification .................................................. ................................................... ..... 15
Annex A (normative) De fect types — Acceptance criteria and corrective actions ............................................ 16
Annex B (normative) Handling and storage ................................................... ................................................... ........................................ 26
Annex C (normative) f
supervisor and inspector ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................. 29
M i n i m u m tra i n i n g r e q u i re m e n ts o r b o n d e r, p i p e fi tte r, s p o o l b u i l d e r,
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to con formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html .
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore
structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries , Subcommittee SC 6, Processing
equipment and systems .
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14692-4:2002), which has been
technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 14692-4:2002/Cor 1:2006.
A list of all parts of ISO 14692 can be found on the ISO website.
Introduction
performance requirements throughout their service life. Main users of the document are envisaged to
f
b e the pri ncip a l, abric ation/i n s ta l lation contrac tors , f
rep a i r a nd ma i ntenance contrac tors , cer ti yi ng
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s er vice appl ic ation s . T he re com mendation s apply to del iver y, i n s p e c tion, ha nd l i ng , s torage, i n s ta l lation,
2 Normative references
T he fol lowi ng do c uments a re re ferre d to i n the te x t i n s uch a way that s ome or a l l o f thei r content
con s titute s re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment. For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For
u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .
ISO 14692-2:2017, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping — Part 2:
Qualification and manu facture
ASTM D1599, Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure ofPlastic Pipe, Tubing,
and Fittings
ASTM D2583, Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol
Impressor
API Spec 5B, 2008, Specification for Threading, Gauging and Thread inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line
Pipe Threads
I S O 14 69 2 -1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
4 . 4 . 1 P e r s o n n e l q u a l i fi c a ti o n
All pipe, fittings and related items shall be installed by qualified GRP pipe fitters, bonders or spool-
builders and therea fter approved by a qualified GRP piping inspector. GRP pipe fitters and GRP piping
inspectors shall be qualified according to the minimum requirements detailed in Annex C.
4 . 4 . 2 H e a l th a n d s a f e ty
In general, all sa fety precautions set forth by the manu facturer o f pipes and fittings, chemicals, etc.
shall be adopted. Materials sa fety data sheets should always be read be fore commencing work.
4.5 Installation
All piping components shall be installed so that they are ideally stress- free and at least not over-
stressed, meaning that:
a) bending o f pipes to achieve changes in direction, or forcing misaligned flanges together by over-
torquing bolts is not permitted;
b) the manufacturer’s recommendations for bolt-torquing sequence, torque increments and maximum
bolt torque shall be followed;
c) all supports shall be installed (location and function) as per system design.
Pre fabricated pipework shall be fabricated in accordance with fully dimensioned piping isometrics.
Overall spool dimensions shall be sized, taking the following into consideration:
— site transport and handling equipment limitations;
— installation and erection limitations;
— limitations caused by the necessity to allow a fitting tolerance for installation (“cut-to-fit”
requirements).
I f shown on isometric drawings, the fabrication shall include “cut-to-fit” lengths and field joints on
f abricated pieces to allow for the setting up o f pipework accurately on-site between fixed points. “Cut-
to-fit” lengths shall be le ft square and plain.
The installer shall take the following considerations into account.
a) The need to avoid overstressing o f GRP components by the forced pulling o f GRP pipework to
facilitate alignment at joints, and particularly at flanged joints.
b) The need to prevent damage to joints when handling small-diameter thick-walled pipe, e.g. due to
fire protection.
NOTE This is because the high rigidity o f the pipe concentrates loading at the thinner sections o f pipe
wall adjacent to the joint.
c) The pre ferred location o f the last site joint in a piping loop to ensure that necessary access is
available, since this joint is o ften the most di fficult to complete.
d) Delays caused by the time required for adhesive or laminated joints to cure without being
disturbed. The scheduling of surrounding construction activities shall take into account the risk of
possible disturbances to such joints.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
e) T he ne e d to provide temp orar y pro te c tion for i n s ta l le d GRP pipi ng i f ri s k o f me cha nic a l damage i s
high. The installer shall also consider correct sequencing of fabrication activities to minimize risk
of damage.
f) T he ne e d to prevent overhe ati ng o f the GRP pip e materia l b y ele c tric s ur face he ati ng , i f appl ie d .
H e at trac i ng s hou ld b e lo o s ely s pi ra l ly wou nd onto GRP pip e i n order to d i s tribute the he at even ly
the pipe.
g) P rovi s ion o f s u itable j oi nts to fac i l itate i s ol ation or acce s s to the pip e for mai ntenance pur p o s e s .
All processes used to fabricate spoolpieces and components on-site, e.g. mitred elbows, tee pieces and
latera l s , s ha l l have b e en qua l i fie d accord i ng to pro ce du re s given i n I S O 14 69 2 -2 : 2 017, C lau s e 5 .
4.5.3 Cutting
GRP pipi ng s ys tem s may b e s upp or te d u s i ng the s ame pri nciple s a s tho s e for me ta l l ic pipi ng s ys tem s .
H owever, due to the proprie tar y natu re o f pipi ng s ys tem s , s tandard- s i ze s upp or ts do no t ne ce s s ari ly
match the pip e outs ide d i ame ters . T he u s e o f s add le s and ela s tomeric (ne oprene) p ad s may a l low the
use of standard-size
Getsupports.
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The following guidelines to GRP piping support shall be followed.
a) Supp or ts i n a l l c as e s shou ld have s u fficient width to s upp or t the pipi ng without c au s i ng damage
c) In all cases, support design should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.
d) Supp or ts s hou ld pre ferably b e lo c ate d on pla i n pip e s e c tion s rather th an at fitti ngs or j oi nts .
e) Supports shall be spaced to avoid sag (excessive displacement over time) and/or excessive vibration
for the de s ign l i fe o f the pipi ng s ys tem .
g) GRP pipe shall not be used to support other piping, unless agreed with the principal.
h) C on s ideration sh a l l b e given to the s upp or t cond ition s o f fi re -pro te c te d GRP pipi ng. Supp or ts pl ace d
on the outs ide o f fi re pro te c tion c an re s u lt i n lo ad s i rre gu la rly tran s m itte d th rough the co ati ng ,
wh ich c an re s u lt i n she ar/cr u sh i ng d amage and con s e quent lo s s o f s upp or t i nte grity.
i) GRP pipi ng shou ld b e ade quately s upp or te d to en s u re that the attach ment o f ho s e s at lo c ation s
s uch a s uti l ity or lo ad i ng s tation s do e s no t re s u lt i n the pip e b ei ng pu l le d i n a man ner that cou ld
k) Anchor or linestop clamps are recommended to be placed between two double 180° saddles,
adhesive-bonded or laminated to the outer surface of the pipe. The manufacturer’s standard
saddles are recommended and shall be bonded using standard procedures.
4.5.5 Buried piping
Global tolerances shall be within ±6 mm in all directions, unless otherwise shown on the approved
drawings. Dimensional tolerances for finished piping are given in Table 1. The dimension numbers are
shown in Figure 1.
T he accep table tolerance s for m i s a l ign ment o f flange s duri ng i n s ta l lation a re given i n Table 2. It is
com mon prac tice for s ome fl anges to b e ma nu fac ture d with b olt hole s la rger th an the s i ze o f b olt b ei ng
us e d with the flange . Typic a l ly, the hole wi l l b e 3 m m l arger. T h i s shou ld b e ta ken i nto accou nt when
Tolerances
DiameterGroup
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Misalignment
50 mm to 300 mm to 1 200 mm to
300 mm 1 200 mm 4 000 mm
Flange misalignment (mm) ±1,6 ±3,2 ±5
Separation between spools (mm) ±2 ±5 ±10
Key
1 face-to-face dimensions, or centre-to-face dimensions, or location of attachments, or centre-to-centre
dimensions
2 lateral translation of branches or connections
3 rotation o f flanges, from the indicated position
4 end preparations
5 cut o f alignment o f flanges from the indicated position, measured across the full gasket face
6 angular deflection
Figure 1 — Tolerance dimensions
4.5.7 Jointing
All jointing shall be per formed in accordance with the manu facturer’s recommendations. The selection
o f joint type shall take into account the following:
a) the ease o f access required by fitters to assemble the connection correctly;
b) the need to accommodate possible minor misalignments.
I f adhesive joints are used, the installer shall ensure that the adhesive bead, which is created when
the joint is made up, does not protrude significantly into the bore o f the pipe. Such a protrusion can
create a substantial blockage factor, as well as a source for erosion and cavitation damage. The height of
adhesive bead shall be such that the maximum flow obstruction is 5 % o f the inner diameter or 10 mm,
whichever is smaller.
Guidance on joint type and assembly is given in Annex D.
4 . 5 . 7 . 2 Q u a l i ty c o n tro l o f a d h e s i ve a n d l a m i n a te d j o i n ts
I f so required by the principal, the following requirements shall be included for installation.
a) The frequency o f hydrotesting shall be agreed between the installer and the principal.
b) The adhesive or resin used shall be in accordance with the manu facturer's recommendation and
its degree of cure shall be determined according to the requirements given in ISO 14692-2:2017,
Table 3.
c) The laminate surface shall be a minimum of 3 °C above the dewpoint.
The glass transition temperature, Tg , o f the cured adhesive or resin shall not be less than 95 % o f the
minimum value quoted by the manu facturer. This quoted value shall be demonstrated as an acceptable
criterion from the qualification test results.
For polyester and vinyl ester resins, the residual styrene monomer content may be determined by
measuring on a dummy joint made up prior to starting the jointing work. The styrene content shall be
less than or equal to 2 % (mass fraction) o f the resin content.
The Barcol hardness shall be measured on all laminated joints using GRV or GRUP. The number o f
readings shall be determined from ASTM D2583. The minimum number of readings shall be ten. The
two highest and two lowest readings may be discarded, with the remaining six to be used to calculate
an average reading that shall not be less than 90 % o f the minimum value quoted by the manu facturer.
For small diameter pipework, the outside curvature of the pipe can make it awkward to measure
consistent readings. Care is required, therefore, when measuring Barcol hardness on small diameter
pipework.
4 . 5 . 8 A p p l i c a ti f
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The coating should pre ferably be applied a fter hydrotesting, to facilitate inspection o f possible leaks.
The application o f fire-protective materials to meet requirements concerning either flame spread,
smoke or toxicity shall be integral to the pipe construction. On-site application o f such material shall be
limited to that required for installation purposes, e.g. field joints.
I f a fire-protective coating is used for the sole purpose o f meeting the fire endurance requirements,
the coating shall pre ferably be applied by the pipe manu facturer, or an approved company, at the pipe
manu facturer’s location or approved company’s location. The pipes may be coated on-site in accordance
with the approved procedure, subject to on-site inspection and verification.
All fire protection applied to piping components shall be subjected to the following requirements.
a) The contractor, i f used, for fire-protection application shall have a quality management system and
shall, in addition, have written application procedures, covering environmental control, application
and inspection aspects, which are approved by the principal.
b) The following methods are acceptable for applying or covering piping components with fire
protection:
1) conventional hand application;
2) automated process;
3) use of moulded half-shells or sections of different shapes and lengths.
c) Be fore initiating fire-protection work on piping components, the contractor’s personnel intending
to apply the fire insulation material shall
1) have received training both in the application method and actual application o f the fire-
protection materials under the instruction o f the fire-protection manu facturer,
2) have applied fire protection to a sample pipe and fitting that is approved by the fire-insulation
manu facturer and by the principal.
The contractor shall use application equipment recommended by the fire-protection manu facturer.
Be fore fire-protection material is applied to any piping components, the sur faces shall be free from
moisture, grease or any other contaminants.
A fter the fire-protection material is applied to the piping components, an inspection o f the fire
protection shall be carried out to approve or reject the work. Inspection shall include the following
aspects:
— the fire-protection thickness shall be randomly measured in the cured state; the thickness shall not
be less than the minimum required thickness;
— both the finish and the appearance o f the fire protection shall be o f the same quality as the sample
submitted for approval by the fire-insulation manu facturer and the principal.
In fire-protection applications where the protection is to be removable for inspection purposes, e.g.
valves and flanges, one o f the following situations shall apply:
a) the fire protection shall be inside or outside a box or container so as to provide structural integrity; or
b) a complete structural rein forcing mesh integrated in the fire-protection material shall be used.
4 . 5 . 9 E l e c tr i c a l c o n d u c ti vi ty a n d e l e c tro s ta ti c d i s s i p a ti ve p r o p e r ti e s
I f electrical conductivity requirements are specified, the installer shall veri fy the electrical conductivity
and/or earth linkage o f the piping is installed according to the requirements documented by the system
designer. Further requirements are given in Annex E.
4.5.10 Earthing
I f an electrostatic hazard is reported in the documentation provided by the system designer, the
contents o f the pipes shall be directly connected to earth by at least one exposed earthing point on the
inside o f the system.
The location and/or maximum distance between earthing points shall be determined from the
documentation provided by the system designer.
4 . 5 . 1 1 Q u a l i ty p ro g ra m m e f o r i n s ta l l a ti o n
The contractor shall maintain a high level o f inspection and quality assurance to ensure compliance
with all requirements o f this document, and shall have a quality management system.
The contractor shall designate one individual, experienced in all aspects o f GRP piping field fabrication,
to be responsible for quality control throughout the installation o f the GRP piping system.
Quality control shall be based on the implementation o f:
a) records o f adhesive and lamination jointing procedure qualification;
b) requirements by the principal for inspection o f all types o f joints used;
c) inspection register for all types o f joints used;
d) inspection o f finished fabricated pipework for compliance with design drawings, within tolerances
as detailed in 4.5.6.
For quality assurance and quality control during the installation phase, the principal shall have the
right to inspect the ongoing work, as well as inspect the contractor’s quality control routines.
Each pipe joint shall be permanently marked for identification purposes and inspected. A log book
containing key values relevant for the bonding process and inspection shall be maintained. The key
values are the following:
— date;
— temperature and relative humidity;
— connection identification number;
— curing temperature and time;
— joint preparation procedure and elapsed time between sur face preparation and application o f
adhesive;
— signature o f pipe fitter and inspector;
— bolt torque;
— electrical continuity and resistance to earth, i f appropriate.
Each site and field joint between pipes, fittings or flanges shall be inspected by an approved inspector
as defined in 4.4.1.
It is recommended that the principal carry out hydrotesting o f representative site- fabricated joints and
fittings soon a fter the start o f installation to veri fy the standard o f workmanship irrespective o f the
pipe diameter.
4 . 6 S ys te m te s ti n g
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4.6.1 Flushing
On completion o f installation, GRP piping systems shall be flushed. The medium used for flushing shall
be seawater or fresh water. Flushing should pre ferably be carried out at temperatures above 5 °C. When
flushing with fresh water in sub-zero temperatures, precautions shall be taken to avoid freezing o f the
water in the piping system, i.e. the water should be continually circulating, or glycol anti freeze added,
or the system should be drained for the duration o f sub-zero temperatures.
4.6.2.1 General
All closed GRP piping systems shall be hydrostatically pressure-tested a fter installation. Pre ferably, the
system should be installed, such that smaller parts o f a system can be pressure-tested separately and at
the earliest opportunity during construction.
NOTE Early testing avoids having a pressure test o f the entire system late in a project phase, when joint
ailures could have a schedule impact on project completion.
f
Systems that are open to atmosphere (e.g. drains) shall be subjected to a hydrostatic joint leak test.
4.6.2.2 Preparation
A formal risk assessment should be carried out prior to the hydrotest. All supports, guides and anchors
shall be in place prior to pressure testing. Temporary supports and restraints shall be added based on
the system design from the hydrotest load case, i f required. Unless stated otherwise, all valves shall be
through-body tested. Piping containing check valves shall have the source o f test pressure located on
the downstream side.
All adhesive-bonded joints and laminated joints shall be fully cured prior to pressure testing. Threaded
connections and the bolts o f flanged joints shall be made up to the correct torque prior to pressure
testing.
4.6.2.3 Testing
Field hydrotesting testing shall be carried out on all piping systems and shall involve both a strength
test and a leak test.
Water shall be admitted at a low point in the system and provision shall be made for bleeding the air
at high points. Any compressed air in the system can give erroneous results. Removal o f air pockets
prevents damage to piping and personnel in the event of an unexpected failure during the pressure test.
4.6.2.3.1 Integrity test
The purpose o f the integrity test is to locate any inherent weaknesses in the piping system that could
result in failure within the design life.
For process piping, the integrity test pressure shall be 1,5 times Pdes , where Pdes is the client-specified
system design pressure expressed in MPa.
For pipelines, the integrity test pressure shall be the lower o f 1,5 times Pdes . The test condition shall be
within the occasional load ( f2 = 0,89) allowable design stress envelope; however, the test pressure shall
not be less than 1,25 times Pdes .
For pipeline systems with elevation variations, the required pressure should be achieved at the system
low point. However, the high point test pressure should not be less than 1,25 times Pdes . This may result
in sections with large elevation variations requiring multiple test sections.
The test pressure shall be gradually raised over a period o f 30 min or longer to the required test
pressure.
The integrity test shall be conducted for a minimum hold period o f 2 h, during which time the test
pressure shall be maintained with ±2,5 % o f the required test pressure with no test fluid being added
or removed during the hold period of the test.
To accommodate the e ffects o f air adsorption, temperature change or creep test fluid may be added or
removed until these conditions stabilize. The test hold period should begin once stable conditions have
been achieved.
4.6.2.3.2 Leak test
The purpose o f the leak test is to ensure that the piping system is leak- free at the time o f the test. The
leak test pressure shall be 1,1 times Pdes . For systems with elevation variations, the required pressure
should be achieved at the system low point and system high point test pressure should not be less than
1,0 time Pdes . For large elevation variations, the system low point test pressure may be increased above
the required test pressure; however, this should not exceed 1,25 times Pdes .
The leak test minimum hold period shall be as follows:
a) for piping systems with the joints and other potential leak sources exposed for inspection:
1) su fficient time to inspect all joints and potential leak sources;
2) a minimum duration o f 2 h;
b) for pipelines or piping systems where the joints and other potential leak sources are not exposed
for inspection:
1) su fficient time to determine by calculation or otherwise that the pipe is not leaking;
Gaskets at flanged joints which have been broken for testing shall be renewed.
4 . 7 C e r ti fi c a ti o n a n d d o c u m e n ta ti o n
4 . 7 . 1 F l u s h i n g c e r ti fi c a te
Upon completion o f flushing, a flushing certificate delineating the flushing boundary limits shall be
endorsed by the principal. As one flush may extend over more than one pressure or leak test, the flushes
shall be numbered separately and cross-re ferenced on applicable test isometric drawings. A copy o f the
completed flushing certificate shall be incorporated into the relevant test packs.
4 . 7 . 2 P re s s u re te s t c e r ti fi c a te
Upon completion o f success ful testing, a pressure test certificate showing the limits o f the test shall be
endorsed by the principal and incorporated into the relevant test pack.
4.8 Inspection
Visual inspection, both internally (as far as physical access allows) and externally, shall be carried out
o f all joints and all sur faces. An illumination source, mirrors and other suitable aids may be used to
maximize the extent and accuracy o f the visual inspection. Possible de fects that can occur during either
manufacture, installation or operation are listed in Table A.1. Acceptance criteria and corrective action
are also presented. Further guidance on defect detection using NDE/NDT methods is given in Annex F.
A pipe visual inspection may also include looking for signs o f pipe movement near changes o f diameter
or pipe direction.
The presence o f a uni form fillet o f adhesive is an indicator that an adhesive joint has been assembled
correctly.
4.9.1 General
Rejected components shall, in general, be replaced by the manu facturer. A fter the pipe spools are
installed, repair can be an alternative to replacement. The repair methods proposed by the contractor
or manu facturer shall be approved by the principal.
4.9.2.1 Replacement
Pipe sections with major damage shall be replaced in accordance with procedures qualified in
ISO 14692-2:2017, Clause 5. All replacement work shall be performed according to the methods and
requirements covered in 4.5 . Pipe fitter qualification requirements for the replacement o f piping shall
be identical to those for the installation o f the original pipework as defined in 4.4.1.
Minor repairs to pipe and fittings may be repaired on-site. Any damaged outer layer shall be ground
and cleaned, and resin/hardener mix applied as recommended by the manu facturer. It is permissible to
repair flanges by grinding and filling minor cracks with resin.
5.1 Maintenance
5.1.1 General
GRP pipes are generally maintenance- free, but attention shall be given to 5.1.2 to 5.1.5 during inspection.
Care shall be taken in the use of conventional methods for removal of scale and other internal blockages
(e.g. high-pressure water lances, mechanical and chemical cleaning methods). The manufacturer’s
recommendations shall be followed in all cases.
5.1.3 Earthing requirements
Earthed GRP piping systems shall be periodically checked to ensure that all earthing leads are
functional and that the requirements for continuity o f electrical path and the resistance to earth are
not greater than the specification given in the system design documentation (see 4.3).
If conductive paint has been applied to the outside of the pipe, the condition of the coating shall be
inspected. The maximum uncoated area on the painted surface shall be 100 cm 2 . If coating has peeled
away from the pipe, the coating shall be replaced in accordance with Annex E.
The following types o f damage can a ffect the per formance o f GRP pipes:
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a) breakdown o f outer sur face (chalking) due to UV influence, which may result in exposed fibres;
b) breakdown o f outer sur face due to weld splatter and abrasion;
c) impact damage;
d) cracks in flanges caused by over-torqued bolts or incorrect flange design;
e) excessive pressure transients, e.g. water hammer.
The damage shall be assessed in accordance with Table A.1.
5 . 1 . 5 F i tte r a n d i n s p e c to r q u a l i fi c a ti o n
GRP pipe and fittings shall be repaired or replaced by qualified GRP pipe fitters and therea fter approved
by a qualified GRP piping inspector. Approval shall be equivalent to fulfilment o f the requirements
detailed in 4.4.1.
5.2 Repair
5.2.1 General
The repair procedure shall be produced and qualified by the contractor in accordance with the GRP
pipework manu facturer’s recommendations and reviewed by the principal prior to implementation.
It shall be demonstrated that the repair method restores the specified properties. Test methods (i f
appropriate) shall be agreed between the principal and manufacturer. Areas and number of repairs
shall be reported and recorded.
5.2.2 Replacement
Pipe sections with major damage shall be replaced. All replacement work shall be per formed according
to the methods and requirements covered in 4.5 . Pipe fitter qualification requirements for the
replacement of piping shall be identical to those for the installation of the original pipework (see 4.4.1).
5.2.3 Minor repairs
Minor repairs to pipe and fittings may be carried out on-site in accordance with the manu facturer's
recommended procedures by qualified GRP fitters.
Annex A
(normative)
D e f
e c t typ e s — Ac c e p ta n c e c r i te r i a a n d c o r re c ti ve a c ti o n s
A summary o f visible de fects, along with acceptance criteria and corrective actions, is listed in Table A.1.
Major repair to major de fects is defined as:
a) permanent replacement;
b) temporary laminated joint prior to permanent replacement;
c) temporary clamps or saddles prior to permanent replacement.
Minor repair to minor de fects comprises on-site repair by grinding, cleaning and application o f
resin/hardener or laminations as recommended by the manu facturer.
Main detectable de fects are regions in bonded pipe joints lacking adhesive, delaminations, voids and
deviations in wall thickness.
For pipe body de fects, the corrective action termed reject is defined as replace.
For female joint ends, reject is defined as replace.
For male joint ends, reject is defined as either replace or remove and re-thread.
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Specification o f threading, gauging and thread inspection for all threaded joints shall be in accordance
with API Spec 5B. However, for non-standard API threaded connections, the dimensions and tolerances
o f the thread shall be according to the specifications o f the manu facturer, for that product.
The column with other potential NDE methods is for in formation only. Few o f these methods have been
tested and verified or acceptance criteria set. No re ference to these methods shall be made other than
for study purposes.
T a b l e A . 1 — D e f
e c t t y p e s , a c c e p t a n c e c r i t e r i a a n d r e c o m m e n d e d c o r r e c t i ve a c t i o n
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
down of surface external chemi- to cause weepage ate action
resin cal source
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
17
Table A.1 (continued)
18
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Corrective Corrective Corrective Corrective
Recommended Other potential action action action action
f Description Cause(s) Consequence(s) Criteria
NDT method(s) NDE methods
D e e c t t y p e
Maximum depth
such that wall
thickness is not
reduced below
minimum.
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
Table A.1 (continued)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Flange cracks Light area with Bolts over or Joint not sealed, Visual inspection Ultrasonics or None permitted Reject Reject Reject/ Detected dur-
or without under torqued. leakage radiography major repair ing operation:
broken fibres
GRP against Reduced life Grind crack
raised-face to maximum
flanges.
depth of less
than 30 % o f
Wrong GRP flange step,
and perform
flange design
selected. minor repair
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
19
Table A.1 (continued)
20
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Corrective Corrective Corrective Corrective
Recommended Other potential action action action action
f Description Cause(s) Consequence(s) Criteria
NDT method(s) NDE methods
D e e c t t y p e
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
wound into manufacture to cause weepage Radiography
laminate
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
21
Table A.1 (continued)
22
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Corrective Corrective Corrective Corrective
Recommended Other potential action action action action
f Description Cause(s) Consequence(s) Criteria
NDT method(s) NDE methods
D e e c t t y p e
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Radiography Remove by Remove by
(excess adhe- adhesive, foreign sive applied to flow inspection with o f 5 % o f inner di - careful grind- careful move by care - move by care -
sive) matter on the Operating con- Increased risk of endoscope ameter or 10 mm ing grinding ful grinding ful grinding
internal wall ditions resulting erosion damage height, whichever If no access: If no access:
o f pipe/fitting
in deposits of pipe is smaller Reject/ Reject/
causing forming inside major repair major repair
restriction of pipe
Scale deposits
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
23
Table A.1 (continued)
24
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Corrective Corrective Corrective Corrective
Recommended Other potential action action action action
f Description Cause(s) Consequence(s) Criteria
NDT method(s) NDE methods
D e e c t t y p e
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Reject Reject Reject
the L c area
Finish Finish cut end Damaged end Joint cannot be Visual inspection Radiography or Sharp edges, Reject Reject Reject N/A
faces sealed, leakage leak testing exposed fibres,
protrusions and/
or impact areas
are not permitted
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
25
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex B
(normative)
Handling and storage
B.1 Handling
B.1.1 General
GRP piping components can be susceptible to mechanical damage from impact, sharp edges or
scratching. Special consideration should therefore be given to protecting components and to ensure
that all personnel involved are given training in the relevant procedures. End protection of piping
components shall remain in place during handling and transport.
M anu fac tu rers s ha l l s upply de tai le d hand l i ng a nd s torage re qui rements for pip e s , fitti ng , ad hes ive s
and ancilleries.
B.1.2 Lifting and transportation
Lifting, loading, unloading and transportation shall be performed in accordance with procedures
agre e d b e twe en the pri nc ip a l and the manu fac tu rer. Under no ci rc um s tance s s ha l l pip e, fitti ngs or pip e
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P ip e o f s ma l l d i ame ter c an e a s i ly b e l i fte d b y h and . S hor t pip e s e c tion s , up to 3 m i n leng th, may b e
lifted with a crane using at least one sling made of 100 mm wide canvas or suitable plastic. Longer
f f
pip e s e c tion s , up to 6 m i n leng th, may b e l i te d with a 3 m s pre ader b a r and two s l i ngs o 10 0 m m
wide suitable plastic. The lifting point or points shall be such that the pipes are well balanced. Pipes
shall be transported, either packed in a container or strapped onto pallets. See B.2 for packing/storage
requirements.
Fitti ngs s ha l l b e lo ade d by ha nd onto p a l le ts , or i nto c rate s or b as ke ts , with i ntercomp onent p acki ng
material to avoid transportation damage, and shall be strapped down during lifting.
For l i fti ng pip e s p o ol s , two or more sl i ngs o f 10 0 m m wide s uitable pla s tic may b e ne ce s s a r y. T he l i fti ng
points shall be such that the pipe spools are well-balanced. The canvas or suitable plastic slings shall
no t b e place d u nder fitti ngs or pip e con ne c tion s .
B.2.1 General
Storage o f pipi ng comp onents may b e re qu i re d prior to i n s ta l lation . C on s ideration s ha l l b e given to the
s tate o f the s torage s u r face (i . e . level, with no s ha rp obj e c ts) , h igh wi nd s and temp eratu re .
B.2.2 Pipe
Pipe may be stacked for space-saving storage as illustrated in Figure B.1 , subject to the following
requirements.
a) Pipe may be stacked in heights up to 2,5 m i f side supports are provided. Spacer stripping
(approximately 50 mm × 100 mm) should be used both as supports for the pipes and as separators
between pipe layers. The plastic or wooden stripping when in pipe stacks should be located
directly above each other. Spacer stripping thickness should be su fficient to ensure that pipes are
not in contact with each other. The maximum distance between supports shall be 3 m and the
supports shall be placed at a minimum o f 1 m from the end o f the pipes. Pipe with bell ends may be
stored with the bell ends in alternate directions to avoid contact and possible damage to the ends.
Alternatively, pipes with bell ends may be stored with the bell ends in the same direction but with
the ends o f the pipes axially displaced to ensure that the ends are not in contact with each other.
Spacer stripping shall be located clear of the bell ends.
b) Pipes o f small diameter may be stored inside pipes o f larger diameter, assuming that spacers are
used and that the spacers are o f su fficient size (at least 25 mm) and strength (at least that o f GRP)
to prevent contact between the pipes. Spacer gap size shall be no greater than 3 m.
c) End protection should protect both inside and outside of the pipe ends and shall remain in place
during storage. Thickness o f wooden stripping shall be su fficient to ensure that pipes are not in
contact with each other.
d) Strapping down o f GRP pipe stacks may be necessary to prevent damage during high winds.
Suitable tie-downs such as nylon straps or padded metal strapping should be used to secure the
stack. Caution should be used to prevent damage when securing the stack.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 side support
2 spacer support
3 strapping rope
Figure B.1 — Stacking of pipes
B.2.3 Fittings
Fittings may be shipped in crates or boxes and may be stored in these crates or boxes, provided the
package is undamaged and suitable for long-term storage. End protection o f fittings and flanges should
remain in place during storage.
Adhesive kits and resin systems shall be stored in the original packaging in accordance with the pipe
manu facturer’s recommendations and sa fety regulations applicable to the storage location.
All separately delivered fire-protection materials shall be delivered at the receiving facility in factory-
sealed containers or in crates. Storage conditions shall be in accordance with the material sa fety data
sheet for the material in question.
Particular attention shall be accorded to the recommended storage temperatures and humidity, and
the requirement to keep certain materials apart for fire sa fety reasons. Unless otherwise specified by
the manufacturer, materials shall be stored in the original packaging at a temperature of between 10 °C
and 30 °C.
I f the shel f li fe o f any component o f the adhesive kit or resin system is exceeded, then the component or
resin shall be disposed o f in the appropriate manner (as defined by the manu facturer).
B.2.6 Ancillaries
Ancillary materials (elastomeric O-rings, flange gaskets, locking strips, rein forcements and lubricants)
shall be stored in accordance with the manu facturer's recommendations.
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Annex C
(normative)
M i n i m u m tra i n i n g re q u i re m e n ts f
o r b o n d e r, p i p e fi tte r, s p o o l
C.1 General
Installation and joining o f GRP pipes di ffer considerably from the techniques used for the installation
o f steel pipes, but for both types o f pipe, the quality o f the installation work depends on satis factory
cra ftsmanship. Training and assessment o f personnel is accordingly an important element in the
quality assurance and cost-e ffective use o f GRP pipes. This annex specifies the minimum requirements
for training and qualification o f bonders, pipe fitters, spool builders, supervisors and inspectors for the
prefabrication and installation of GRP pipes. Reference [6] provides further details on recommended
training requirements.
C.2 Training and assessment organizations
C.2.1 General
The assessment scheme regarding the GRP bonders, spool builders and pipe fitters shall be operated by
an independent organization, where it is recommended that this organization works in full compliance
with ISO/IEC 17024. The assessment organization shall be acceptable to the principal.
Joint instructions are manu facturer-specific. The training is there fore usually provided by the
manufacturer. Candidates shall therefore be trained and assessed on compliance with manufacturers’
(joint) instructions. A success ful hydro-static test is as such not su fficient exam evidence.
Exams are “spot-checks”; they typically cannot assess all know-how needed. The assessment scheme
should there fore set a constant and controllable training level applied by the various participating
manufacturers, in order to facilitate a constant and controllable assessment level.
Assessors shall be technical-competent on the know-how related to GRP piping installation and be
well in formed on the contents o f specific manu facturers’ (joint) instructions. By pre ference, the
assessment scheme should make use o f local and independent pro fessionals complying with these
requirements, thus promoting the aimed constant level of assessment. This assessment scheme allows
the responsibilities o f both trainer and assessor to be taken by one pro fessional, usually employed by
the manu facturer, while ensuring that the correct execution o f these responsibilities is approved by the
external verifier employed by an independent assessment organization.
A flowchart showing the procedure-related functions is presented in Figure C.1. The relationship
between the various organizations and manufacturer is presented in Figure C.2.
In summary the roles involved in the training and assessment are:
— Trainee: person undergoing the training and assessment;
— Trainer: person supervising the training (usually employed by the GRP manu facturer);
— Assessor: person overseeing the training and per forming the assessment (usually employed by the
GRP manu facturer). This person can be the same person as the trainer;
— Internal verifier: person who audits the assessment for compliance with the procedure outlines in
this document (usually employed by the GRP manu facturer);
— E x terna l veri fier: i ndep endent p ers on from the tra i ner, a s s e s s or and i nterna l veri fier who s e role i s
to veri fy and approve/revoke the a s s e s s ment o f the tra i ne e . Pers on i s employe d by the a s s e s s ment
— C omp e tence com m itte e: a group o f s p e c ia l i s ts who defi ne the re qu i rements o f the a s s e s s ment. E ach
— Tra i n i ng com m itte e: a group o f s p e ci a l i s ts who defi ne the trai n i ng re qu i rements . E ach s p e ci a l i s t i s
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F i g u r e C . 1 — F l o wc h a r t o f t h e c e r t i fi c a t i o n s c h e m e
C . 2 . 2 F l o wc h a r t c l a r i fi c a ti o n
C.2.2.1 General
This subclause provides clarification o f the various steps in the assessment scheme.
C . 2 . 2 . 2 I te m n o . 1 — C l a r i fi c a ti o n
The competence committee (CC) shall generate, and is responsible for the following actions.
a) The approval of the exam question database (EQD) (see Table C.3).
b) The approval of the assessment observation sheet (AOS) (see Table C.3). The AOS documents the
Table C.11.
e xam re s u lts; a n example i s s hown i n
The training committee shall generate and maintain the theoretical and practical training for
candidates, as well as related training material. The training shall consist of a theoretical and a practical
p a r t. I t s ha l l comply with:
b) releva nt manu fac tu rers ’ i n s truc tion s , s uch as HSE i n s truc tion(s) , j oi nt a s s embly i n s tr uc tion(s) ,
T he d i ame ter o f j oi nts made du ri ng prac tica l trai ni ng s hou ld b e s l ightly d i fferent from the d i ame ters
T he trai n i ng and comp e tence o f the tra i ner and a s s e s s or s ha l l comply with C.2.4.
C.2.2.4 Item no.3 — Assess trainer(s) and assessor(s)
The CC shall assess (on technical issues) the trainer(s) and/or assessor(s).
C.2.4.
T he a s s e s s ment s ha l l comply with
2 ye ars from the date o f s ucces s fu l comple tion o f the e xam i nation . T he e x terna l veri fier sh a l l de c ide on
the prolongation or revoki ng o f cer ti ficate b as e d on exp erience o f the cer ti fic ate holder. T he cer ti fic ate
T he tra i n i ng/a s s e s s ment re que s t sh a l l s p e ci fy re qu i re d pro fe s s ion(s) ( p er Table C.1 and Table C.2) and
j oi nt typ e s ( p er Table C.4 ) for e ach c and idate . T he re que s t s ha l l b e add re s s e d to the i nterna l veri fier.
He/she subscribes the candidate(s) to the external verifier, at least 1 week prior to the start o f the
training.
C.2.2.7 Item no. 6 — Registration of candidates
C.2.2.8 Item no. 7 — Train the candidates using the training material
The trainer trains the candidate(s) in accordance with a) the request (see C.2.2.6) and b) the theoretical
and practical training as generated by the training committee. The trainer judges the candidate(s) on
their capability to enter the exam. I f not found capable, the candidate shall be re-trained or be advised
to withdraw from the assessment process.
C . 2 . 2 . 9 I te m n o . 8 — R a n d o m l y g e n e ra te d e xa m q u e s ti o n s
The external verifier generates the questions for the theoretical exam in accordance with the request
(see C.2.2.6 ), by random selection from the EQD. The number o f questions per subject and pro fession
type shall comply with Table C.6 . Neither the trainer nor the assessor shall be in formed on the randomly
generated exam questions. The exam questions shall be handed over to the assessor in a closed and
sealed envelope (or equivalent).
C . 2 . 2 . 1 0 I te m n o . 9 — R a n d o m l y g e n e ra te d e xa m q u e s ti o n s
The assessor assesses the trained candidates. The exam shall comply with the request (see C.2.2.6) and
consists of the following elements.
a) The theoretical exam consisting o f a maximum o f two-hour open-book exam, using the randomly
generated exam
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b) The practical open book exam consisting o f the independent jointing o f a representative joint by
each candidate. The candidate shall comply with:
1) actions and requirements described in the end terms, using representative products, all as
specified in Table C.11 and as applicable to the request (see C.2.2.6 );
2) the manu facturers’ (joint) instructions;
3) the dimensional requirements described in Table 1 and Table 2.
c) The hydrotest, in which the representative joint(s) made by the candidate shall pass the hydrotest
as specified in Table C.9.
d) Where applicable, the conductivity test, in which the representative joint(s) made by the candidate
shall pass the conductivity test as specified in Table C.10.
The assessor shall secure authentic and independent work of candidates, during both theoretical and
practical exam. As a minimum, the following applies.
— The candidate shall not be assisted by the assessor and internal verifier, neither verbally nor
physically.
— Authentic and independent work shall be secured by lay-out o f the examination area(s) and
supervision of the assessor. In order to maintain overview during the practical exam, the number of
candidates assessed simultaneously by one assessor should be limited to 6;
— The sealed envelope containing the exam questions (see C.2.2.9 ) shall only be opened at the start
of the theoretical exam. Direct upon conclusion of the theoretical exam, the assessor shall put the
questions and answers again in a sealed envelope.
— During the practical exam, the candidate may be assisted by (a) helper(s), e.g. to assist in handling.
In that case, the candidate remains responsible for the work done by the helper(s). The helper shall
not remind the candidate on the items stated in the end terms, including contents of manufacturers’
(joint) instruction(s).
The assessor shall collect the following exam evidence for each candidate.
a) Theoretical exam.
The assessor shall sign the AOS when candidate answers meet the requirement per Table C.6. The
answers shall be attached to the AOS in a sealed envelope.
b) Practical exam.
The candidate shall
— list the required information on the AOS, and
— sign for compliance with manu facturers’ (joint) instructions at each hold point.
The assessor shall approve the AOS per hold point when the candidate has met the requirements per
Table C.7. The candidate shall only continue the work a fter approval o f the hold point by the assessor.
Attitude
The assessor shall evaluate the candidate’s attitude based on a) use o f PPE, b) behaviour, c) ability, d)
use o f checklist, and report his/her findings on the AOS.
Recorded questions and answers
During the practical exam, the assessor shall ask each candidate at least two non-leading questions
related to the manu facturers’ (joint) instruction(s). Both questions and answers shall be recorded or
written on the AOS.
Video recording
The practical exam shall be recorded by at least one static video camera, adequately overviewing the
total exam area and showing candidate(s), as well as assessor(s), during the entire practical exam.
Photos
In case o f deviation by candidate from the manu facturers’ (joint) instruction(s), the assessor shall take
photos showing the deviation and the candidate.
Hydrotest
The assessor shall sign the AOS when the test result(s) meet(s) the requirement(s) per Table C.9. The
test report shall be attached to the AOS.
Conductivity test (optional)
The assessor shall sign the AOS when the test result(s) meet(s) the requirement(s) per Table C.10. The
test report shall be attached to the AOS.
The assessor shall submit the exam evidence, including the AOS, to the internal verifier.
The internal verifier audits the assessor on compliance with this annex.
The internal verifier evaluates the exam evidence and approves it when in con formance with:
a) this annex, including the end terms (see Table C.11 );
T he i nterna l veri fier s ubm its the approve d exam evidence to the e x terna l veri fier.
C . 2 . 2 . 1 2 I te m n o . 1 1 — Re g i s tra ti o n a n d i s s u e o f c e r ti fi c a te
T he a s s e s s ment orga ni z ation de cide s on i s s ui ng a cer ti fic ate o f pro ficienc y to the c and idate b as e d on:
— i s s ue the cer ti fic ate to the c and idate at a ma xi mu m o f 2 worki ng days a fter s ubm itta l o f e xam
b) i n form the ca nd idate and the i nterna l veri fier accord i ngly, at a ma xi mu m o f 2 worki ng days a fter
T he cer ti fic ate s ha l l b e va l id for a p erio d of 2 ye a rs from the date o f s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the
Table C.5.
exam i nation . T he cer ti fic ate sha l l s how the i n formation s tate d i n
All steps leading to successful assessment (i.e. theoretical training and exam, practical training
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and e xam, te s ts) c a n b e c arrie d out s ep arately over a n ex tende d p erio d o ti me but they sh a l l have
been completed within 2 months for the candidate to achieve successful assessment. However, it is
re com mende d that a l l s tep s b e c arrie d out con s e c utively over a s hor t p erio d o f ti me .
T he s ucces s fu l ly assessed pro fe s s iona l sh a l l lo g authentic ate d evidence relevant to j oi nti ng work
ca rrie d out, i nclud i ng i n formation on the typ e and nu mb er o f j oi nts prep are d . S e e Table C.3.
C.2.2.14 Item no. 13 — Advise on prolongation/revoking
Re que s ts for prolongation or revoki ng o f the cer ti fic ate s s ha l l b e add re s s e d to the i nterna l veri fier.
a) reviews the request, as well as the experience log for compliance with this annex,
b) advises on requested training and assessment, and
c) i n form s the a s s e s s ment orga ni z ation o f the fi nd i ngs .
C . 2 . 2 . 1 5 I te m n o . 1 4 — I s s u e c e r ti fi c a te p r o l o n ga ti o n o r r e vo ki n g
T he e x terna l veri fier de c ide s on i s s u i ng a prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate or de c ide s to revoke the
— i s s ue the prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate to the c and idate at a ma xi mum o f 2 worki ng days a fter
s ubm itta l o f advice a nd (where appl ic able) e xam evidence b y the i nterna l veri fier.
b) i n form the c and idate a nd the i nterna l veri fier accord i ngly, at a ma xi mum o f 2 worki ng days a fter
T he prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate s ha l l b e va l id for a p erio d o f 2 ye ars from the date o f prolongation .
— u naide d or corre c te d ne ar vi s ua l ac uity i n at le as t one eye, s uch that the c and idate i s cap able o f
I n order to b e ad m itte d to the tra i ni ng and the e xa m, the c and id ate sh a l l b e age d 1 8 ye a rs at the
a) pip e j oi nter: c ap able to exe c ute j oi nt i n s truc tion(s) , to b e demon s trate d b y th i s a s s e s s ment pro ce s s;
b) s p o olbui lder: s ame as pip e j oi nter and , in add ition, fu l fi l one of the fol lowi ng m i ni mum
requirements:
1) h ave a trade cer ti ficate demon s trati ng b a s ic s ki l l s relate d to i ndep endently re ad i s ome tric
d rawi ngs and apply/control the d i men s ion s shown to form a pip e s p o ol;
O n ly the re qui re d s p e c i fic GRP knowle dge wi l l form p ar t o f the trai n i ng a nd the e xa m:
c) pip e fitter: S ame a s pip e j oi nter a nd, i n add ition, fu l fi l either o f the fol lowi ng m i n i mu m re qu i rements:
1) h ave a trade cer ti fic ate demon s trati ng b as ic s ki l l s as an i ndu s tri a l pip e fitter, able to
O n ly the re qui re d s p e c i fic GRP knowle dge wi l l form p ar t o f the trai n i ng a nd the e xa m .
O ther do c u mente d evidence o f e duc ation, trai n i ng and e xp erience may b e con s idere d to give e qu iva lent
competence.
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T a b l e C . 1 — P r o f e s s i o n - r e l a t e d d e fi n i t i o n s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
Profession D e fi n i t i o n R e s p o n s i b i l i t y
Pipe jointer An individual who joins — Work according to relevant jointing procedures
GRP pipe(s) and fittings(s) — Work according to relevant procedures related to
(straight joints only a). handling, storage, health and sa fety
— Work according to relevant repair procedures
— Registration of relevant information
Spoolbuilder-A An individual who joins Same as pipe jointer and, in addition:
GRP pipe(s) and fittings(s)
(straight joints only) accord - — Work according to dimensions shown on isometric(s)
ing to dimensions shown on — Work according to relevant jointing procedures
isometric(s). addressing accuracy o f dimensions per 4.5.7.1
— Work according to mill hydrotest procedures
— Registration of relevant information
Spoolbuilder-B An individual who fabricates Same as spoolbuilder-A and, in addition:
GRP pipe spools from seg- — Work according to relevant procedures for fabrication
mented pipes and fitting lam - o f laminated fittings, addressing accuracy o f dimensions
inates according to dimen- per Figure 1
sions shown on isometric(s).
Pipe fitter An individual who installs Same as pipe jointer and, in addition:
GRP piping — Work according to relevant procedures for installation
of GRP piping
— Work according to piping isometric(s)
— Work according to field hydrotest procedures
— Registration of relevant information
Supervisor b An individual able to perform — Responsible for, and coordinate/monitor, the work
practical supervision of the done by pipe jointer, spoolbuilder-A and -B and/or pipe
installation and joining o f fitter. The supervisor reports to (and usually is an employ -
composite pipes. ee of) the installer.
Inspector b An individual able to perform — Independent inspection of GRP pipe installations and
independent inspection. installation work, on compliance with the purchase order.
The inspector reports to the principal.
a Straight joint: joint where centre lines o f jointed parts (e.g. bell/spigot or plain/plain) are in line.
b To date, no end terms have been defined for this pro fession, hence, no assessment can be provided.
T a b l e C . 2 — P r o c e d u r e - r e l a t e d d e fi n i t i o n s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
E n t i t y D e fi n i t i o n R e s p o n s i b i l i t y
Principal Party that initiates the — The principal generally specifies the technical
project and ultimately pays requirements and is ultimately responsible for ensuring
for its design and construc- that sa fety and all other issues are addressed. The princi -
tion pal may also include an agent or consultant, authorized to
act for the principal.
Assessment A recognized organization — Independent issuing and registration o f certificates
organization acceptable to the for professions stated in Table C.1
principal — Adequate level o f workmanship covered by these
certificates
— Participate in competence commission
— Certi fy trainer(s)/assessor(s), internal verifier(s) and
training facilities
— Provide external verifier(s)
Consultant Party which carries out all or — Independent execution of all or part of the design and
part of the design and engineering o f a project
engineering for a project — Could be appointed by the principal to act on their
behalf
— Participate in competence commission, acting on
behalf of the principal
Manufacturer Party which manu factures or — Usually provides trainer and training o f pipe jointer,
supplies GRP pipe spoolbuilder-A and -B and pipe fitter.
components — Usually provides assessor and internal verifier for
examination of these professions
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— Participate in competence commission
Competence An appointed group of — Provide an open plat form that defines and guards the
committee specialists, acceptable to assessment process as an industry standard
the principal, that defines — Set exam at adequate level
and guards the assessment
process. — Define and maintain the exam question databank
Members (minimum): (EQD) and the assessment observation sheet (AOS)
— assessment organiza- — Appoint training committee
tion(s) — Approve training for candidates
— consultant(s) — Examine and authorize trainer(s) and assessor(s) on
— manufacturer(s) technical issues
— Decide on disagreements between entities involved
with this assessment scheme
— Provide feedback on remarks from field
Training committee An appointed group of — Defines and maintains the training and training
specialists that defines and material
guards the training and — Provide adequate technical training and exam for
related materials trainers and assessors
— Guards standardization of trainings
Candidate An individual who applies for — Comply with minimum entry requirements
assessment of profession(s)
described in Table C.1
a Training on specific GRP know-how only.
b In order to adequately assess on correct execution o f (manu facturer specific) joint instructions, the assessor shall at
least be technically trained and examined to the level o f trainer.
c The QA manager may delegate the function o f internal verifier to an appointed QA function.
— the type, number and date(s) o f joints made by success fully assessed pro -
fessional and, where applicable, the project identification;
— any relevant in formation related to the quality o f work o f the success fully
assessed pro fessional;
— authentication of stated information.
a Indication: five times the number o f questions used during exam.
T a b l e C . 4 — P r o d u c t- r e l a t e d d e fi n i t i o n s
Item D e fi n i t i o n
Joint type A particular joint method that serves a particular service and may require spe -
cific skills for jointing. Joint types are considered identical on the condition that
their joint instructions are identical.
Joint instruction An instruction describing the field installation procedure o f a specific joint type
Repair type A particular repair method that serves a particular service and may require
specific skills
Repair instruction An instruction describing the field installation procedure o f a specific repair type
Tool instruction An instruction describing the field operation procedure o f a specific tool
T a b l e C . 5 — M i n i m u m c o n t e n t s o f c e r t i fi c a te
er builder-A er-B
T.1 GRP, GRP applications and products
— Description o f joint types applicable to the certificate
— Typical joint design aspects (e.g. tapered and conical/cylindrical adhesive
joints, taper angle, bonding length, type o f adhesive, type o f O-rings, type o f
gaskets and their limitations/use, etc.)
— Description o f various (GRP and steel) flange types In total 4 In total 4 In total 4 In total 4
— Typical applications o f GRP, abbreviations used, advantages, disadvan -
tages
— Typical manu facturing methods o f GRP
— Typical tools for GRP jointing, spool building and installation
— Labelling, piping systems, pressure classes, identification codes 1 1 1 1
— Packing, storage, handling, loading and unloading of GRP products.
— Packing, storage, handling of raw materials (e.g. glass reinforcements,
adhesives, resins, hardeners, etc.)
— Packing, storage, handling of accessories (e.g. O-rings, gaskets, locking In total 2 In total 2 In total 2 In total 2
keys, etc.)
— Packing, storage, handling o f tools (e.g. shavers, temperature/humidity/
dew-point measuring devices, torque wrenches, etc.
— Sequence o f joint instruction process steps. 1 1 1 1
T.2 Joint instructions
— Execution o f joint instruction(s), including but not limited to (as applica -
ble):
— Limitations and corrective actions (e.g. temperature, dew point, use of
sheltering)
— Dimensioning o f joint
— Cleaning In total 7 In total 7 In total 7 In total 7
— Preparation o f joint sur faces
— Preparation for joint assembly
— Joint assembly
— Curing
— Use o f tools and contents o f tool instructions for joint types applicable to
the certificate (e.g. field shavers, curing blankets, temperature/humidity/ 4 4 4 4
dew-point measuring devices, torque wrenches, etc.).
— Use o f exam log(s) o f joint types applicable to the certificate. 1 1 1 1
T.3 Health and sa fety regulations
— Hydrotest sa fety protocols (integrity test versus leak test, awareness
o f stored energy di fference o f GRP versus steel, de-airing, sa fe personnel
distance, etc.).
— Use of PPE with respect to dust, noise, protection, etc.
1 question 1 question 1 question 1 question
— Sa fe use o f relevant machinery for cutting, sanding, shaving, pulling, etc. each sub- each sub- each sub- each sub-
ject (total ject (total ject (total ject (total
— Sa fe use o f relevant raw materials, MSDS, certificates, remedial actions, 6) 6) 6) 6)
etc.
— Basic sa fety rules with respect to GRP related to eating, drinking, person -
al hygienic
— Awareness o f project-specific standards and specifications related to
sa fety protocols
er builder-A er-B
T.4 Installation techniques
— Contents of manufacturers installation guide, including (but not limited
to):
— Installation techniques for underground and above ground piping.
— Trench construction and –inspection, backfilling, compacting. — — — In total 5
— Support types and their use. Support inspection.
— Installation of bellows.
— Awareness o f project-specific requirements (e.g. field hydrotest)
er builder-A er-B
— Assembling o f three-dimensional spool(s) from pipe(s) and fitting(s) in
accordance with:
a) dimensions shown on isometric;
b) tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2 ; — In total 5 — —
c) appropriate joint instruction(s);
d) appropriate QC procedure(s)
— Execution o f fitting laminate procedure(s), including QC
— Assembling of three-dimensional spool(s) from segmented pipes and
fitting laminates in accordance with:
a) dimensions shown on isometric; — — In total 5 —
b) tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2 ;
c) appropriate fitting laminate procedure(s);
d) appropriate QC procedure(s)
— Execution of end control including spool dimensions (and tolerances),
markings, registration o f findings — In total 1 In total 1 —
— Correct sequence of process steps
T.7 Repair (where applicable)
— Recognition of defects needing repair (e.g. impact, deep scratch, mis-
alignment o f flanges, incorrect execution o f Joint Instruction)
— Determination of repair needed In total 3 In total 3 In total 3 In total 3
— Execution of manufacturer’s repair instruction(s), including appropriate
QC, o f repair types applicable to the certificate
Total amount of questions 34 44 44 42
Minimum exam requirement: 70 % correct answers.
er er-A er-B
P.1 Production o f pipe spool from pipe and joint b (as applicable for the certifi -
cate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— execute manu facturer’s joint instruction(s), √ √ √ √
— execute manufacturer’s tool instruction(s),
Minimum exam requirement:
— 100 % approved hold points on AOS;
— 100 % correct answers on recorded questions d :
— Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the hydrotest.
Optional: Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the conductivity test.
a √ means: check.
b The purpose o f this pipe spool is to per form a hydrostatic test on the joint(s). It is not the intention to produce a spool in accordance with
tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Candidates that need to be able to work according to these tolerances shall be trained and examined
in accordance with end terms P.2 and/or P.3.
c In absence of actual construction work, assessor might use photos.
d I f the candidate fails on one question, the candidate shall be given a second change by asking one more question. I f the candidate
answers that question correctly, he/she will pass this section o f the exam. I f not, he/she will fail the exam.
er er-A er-B
— register relevant data, apply relevant markings, and
— work sa fely with necessary materials and tooling. Apply required PPE.
Apply proper housekeeping.
P.2 Production o f pipe spool from pipe(s) and fitting(s) (as applicable for the
certificate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— produce a three-dimensional pipe spool from pipes and fittings, accord -
ing to:
— dimensions shown on isometric; — √ — —
— manu facturer’s joint instruction(s);
— manu facturer’s tool instruction(s);
— control dimensions of three-dimensional spool,
— register relevant data, apply relevant markings,
— work sa fely with necessary materials and tooling. Apply required PPE.
Apply proper housekeeping.
P.3 Production o f pipe spool from segmented pipe(s) and fitting laminate(s) (as
applicable to the certificate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— produce a three-dimensional pipe spool from segmented pipes and
fitting laminates,
Getaccording to:
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— dimensions shown on isometric; — — √ —
— manu facturer’s fitting laminate procedure(s) (including instructions
for segmenting);
er er-A er-B
P.8 Execute a conductivity test (where applicable) √ √ √ √
P.9 Repair (where applicable):
— Determine the need for, and required type o f, repair.
— Determine the required tool(s) and material(s). √ √ √ √
— Execute the repair according to manufacturer’s repair instruction(s).
P.10 Installation:
— Determine the required tool(s), material(s) and man-hours for a (small)
specific job. — — — √
— Inspect a) trench, b) backfill, c) supports c .
— Register relevant data.
Minimum exam requirement:
— 100 % approved hold points on AOS;
— 100 % correct answers on recorded questions d :
— Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the hydrotest.
Optional: Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the conductivity test.
a √ means: check.
b The purpose o f this pipe spool is to per form a hydrostatic test on the joint(s). It is not the intention to produce a spool in accordance with
tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Candidates that need to be able to work according to these tolerances shall be trained and examined
in accordance with end terms P.2 and/or P.3.
c In absence of actual construction work, assessor might use photos.
d I f the candidate fails on one question, the candidate shall be given a second change by asking one more question. I f the candidate
answers that question correctly, he/she will pass this section o f the exam. I f not, he/she will fail the exam.
T a b l e C . 9 — E n d t e r m s — H yd r o s t a t i c t e s t
T a b l e C . 1 0 — E n d t e r m s — C o n d u c t i v i t y t e s t (o p t i o n a l )
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.5 JOINTER ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
ASSESSOR ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.6 JOINTER ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
ASSESSOR ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
C.11.2.7 — Bonding
Nr. Check point Finding
1 Time mixing components adhesive finished (hrs, min.) Time:
2 Time s tart applying adhesive on bonding sur faces Time:
(hrs, min.)
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3 Apply adhesive layer on bonding sur face bell ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK
4 Apply adhesive layer on bonding sur face spigot ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK
5 Pull spigot into bell and check alignment/orientation and ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK X = mm
insertion depth (max) X
6 Time after insertion spigot in bell (hrs, min.) Time:
7 Check correctness support ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK
8 Remove excessive adhesive ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK
9 Mount heating blanket, insulation, temperature gauge and ⧠ OK ⧠ Not OK
switch power on
10 Check required curing time, mark start of curing time and Time: °C
temp. next to joint (a fter heating up)
11 Check curing temperature, mark time end of curing next to Time: °C
joint (switch power o ff)
Hold point C.11.2.7
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.7 JOINTER ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
EXAMINER ⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
C.11.3 Assessment observations (to be filled in by assessor)
C.11.3.1 — Attitude
Use of PPE ⧠ OK ⧠ NOT OK Remarks:
Behaviour ⧠ OK ⧠ NOT OK Remarks:
Ability ⧠ OK ⧠ NOT OK Remarks:
Use of checklist ⧠ OK ⧠ NOT OK Remarks:
The candidate trainer/assessor/internal verifier shall understand the language in which the course is
being conducted. The candidates shall be in satis factory physical condition and shall have eye sight
which fulfils either o f the following requirements:
a) ISO 9712 or equivalent and have an eyesight test every 12 months, or
b) unaided or corrected near visual acuity in at least one eye, such that the candidate is capable o f
reading N4 Times Roman type at a distance o f not less than 30 cm on a standard reading test.
In order to be admitted for assessment, the trainer/assessor/internal verifier shall be at least 21 years
o f age and fulfil either o f the following minimum experience requirements.
— Trainer Same as pipe jointer/spoolbuilder A or B/pipe fitter, all as applicable to the training.
One year experience in GRP piping installation or equivalent
— Assessor Same as trainer
— Internal verifier QA manager
In order to be admitted for assessment, the training and examination facility shall:
a) be equipped with adequate HSE provisions;
b) provide adequate working space for the number o f candidates trained/examined simultaneously;
c) enable authentic work of the candidates during both theoretical and practical exam.
C.2.4.2 Proficiency assessment o f trainer/assessor
The assessment organization decides on issuing a certificate o f proficiency to the candidate
trainer/assessor based on the result o f the theoretical exam, as well as the reported findings o f the
external verifier and competence committee delegate as described below.
The candidate trainer/assessor shall be trained and assessed on both technical and procedural
competence, in accordance with the applicable parts of C.2 with the following additions/deviations.
a) The training committee is responsible for the technical training of candidate, i.e. takes the role of
“trainer” o f candidate trainer/assessor.
b) The competence committee is responsible for the technical assessment of candidate, i.e. takes the
role o f “assessor” o f candidate trainer/assessor.
c) The assessment organization is responsible for both training and assessment of procedural
competence of candidate trainer/assessor.
d) The candidate is to receive introduction to pipe and fitting production and assist winder operator,
where possible. The candidate is to receive introduction to QA/QC system and assist QC inspector
with in-process control and dimensional control.
e) The candidate is to receive training on site installation issues and experiences, installation manuals,
basic explanation o f both product and system design, introduction to stress analysis.
f) The candidate is to be assessed, both theoretical and practical, in accordance with C.2.2.9 and
C.2.2.10 , on one diameter per pro fession and joint type. The number o f questions per theoretical
exam shall beGetthree times
more the numbers
FREE standardsstated in Table C.6.
from Standard The maximum
Sharing Group andtheoretic
our chatsexam duration
shall be 4 hours. The minimum theoretic exam requirement is 90 % correct answers. Candidate to
per form a hydrotest on each joint in accordance with Table C.9.
g) The candidate shall train and assess (a) jointer(s) or other pro fession per Table C.1 (as applicable to
the aimed certificate o f candidate trainer/assessor), in accordance with C.2 and in front of external
verifier and competence commission delegate. During this session, the candidate shall be assessed
on the following subjects:
1) technical competence, by competence commission delegate;
2) procedural competence, by external verifier from assessment organization;
3) training abilities, by competence commission delegate and external verifier.
s p o olbu i lders and pip e fitters , du ri ng b o th the pro duc tion and i n s ta l lation pha s e . T he s up er vi s or
mon itors a nd en s ure s th at b onders , s p o ol bui lders and pip e fitters a nd o thers , are worki ng accord i ng to
the relevant H S E re qu i rements , (qua l ity) s tandard s , pro ce dure s and (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign
b) identi fyi ng qua l ity problem s a nd re com mend i ng corre c tive ac tion s or s olution s;
c) regu la rly rep or ti ng and do c u menti ng the pro gre s s o f the work and i nclud i ng the fi na l rep or t
accord i ng to he a lth and s a fe ty re gu lation s , i n s ta l lation i n s truc tion s and pip e s ys tem de s ign;
e) mon itori ng the thorough ne s s o f the GRP pipi ng s ys tem i n s ta l lation a nd acce s s orie s;
f) mon itori ng the ac tivitie s o f the j oi nters a nd veri fyi ng th at they are worki ng accord i ng to the H S E
re qui rements , s ta ndard s , pro ce dure s and (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign;
c) i n s ta l lation and te s ti ng te ch n ique s o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s the ore tica l, a s wel l a s prac tic a l;
d) materi a l s u s e d duri ng i n s ta l lation the ore tic a l, a s wel l a s prac tic a l, e s p e ci a l ly with re ference to
la m i nate d j oi nts , ad he s ive j oi nts , o -ri ngs , lo cki ng keys , th re ade d j oi nt, e tc . ;
c) orga n i z ation;
d) i n s truc tion s;
e) rep or ti ng;
f) com mu n ic ation;
i) worki ng with to ol s;
C.3.6 Training
As a minimum, the supervisor training course shall include the following:
a) the s up er vi s or's dutie s and re s p on s ibi l itie s;
4) hyd ro te s t and le a k te s t;
5) rep ai r pro ce du re s;
assessment organization.
C.3.8 Validity and renewal
C.3.8.1 Validity
T he s up er vi s or qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate (i s s ue d by the as s e s s ment orga n i z ation) s ha l l b e va l id for a
p erio d o f 5 ye ars from the date o f s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the origi na l e xam i nation .
C.3.8.2 Renewal
For renewa l o f the s up er vi s or cer ti fic ate, a m i n i mu m o f 2 5 we eks o f authentic ate d ac tive work with
GRP pip e i n s ta l lation s up er vi s ion duri ng the 5 -ye ar va l idation p erio d i s re qui re d . O f the s e, a m i n i mum
C . 4 . 1 Q u a l i fi c a ti o n s a n d e x p e r i e n c e
T he c and idate s hou ld b e age d 2 5 ye ars at the m i n i mum, and shou ld fu l fi l at le a s t one o f the fol lowi ng
experience requirements:
a) a s a qua l i fie d GRP s up er vi s or, a m i n i mum o f 1 ye a r o f e xp erience;
O ther do c u mente d evidence o f e duc ation, trai n i ng and exp erience may b e con s idere d to give e qui va lent
competence.
C and idate s sh a l l b e i n s ati s fac tor y phys ic a l cond ition and s ha l l h ave eye s ight wh ich fu l fi l s either o f the
following requirements:
— I S O 9 71 2 or e qu iva lent a nd have a n eye s ight te s t ever y 1 2 month s; or
— u naide d or corre c te d ne ar vi s ua l ac u ity i n at le a s t one eye s uch that the c and idate i s c ap able or
the s up er vi s or, b onders , s p o olbu i lders , pip e fitters are worki ng accord i ng to the he a lth a nd s a fe ty
re qu i rements , s tand ard s , pro ce du res a nd (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign .
b) mon itori ng o f the ac tivitie s o f the s up er vi s ors , b onders , s p o olbu i lders , pip e fitters and veri fyi ng
i f they are worki ng accord i ng to the ( he a lth a nd s a fe ty) re qu i rements , s tandard s , pro ce du res a nd
c) identi fyi ng qua l ity problem s a nd re com mend i ng corre c tive ac tion s or s olution s;
d) regu la rly rep or ti ng and do c u menti ng o f the qua l itative pro gre s s to the pri nc ip a l;
the work o f the b onders , s p o ol bui lders , pip e fitters and s up er vi s or.
Regarding the knowledge level, the following additional supplements are required:
a) GRP pip e pro duc ts regard i ng i n s ta l lation and reviewi ng o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s;
b) materi a l s for, e . g. l am i nate d j oi nts , ad he s ive j oi nts , O -ri ngs , lo cki ng key, e tc . ;
e) the appl ic able qua l ity s ys tem s and pro ce du res , i nclud i ng re qua l i fic ation o f ad he s ive s;
b) organ i z ation;
c) i n s tr uc tion s;
d) rep or ti ng;
g) worki ng with to ol s;
b) i n s p e c tion o f re cei ve d go o d s;
d) i n s p e c tion o f s upp or t;
e) i n s p e c tion o f rep a i r;
typ e s and fitti ngs i nclud i ng pip e -to -fitti ng , a s wel l a s pip e -to -pip e j oi nts .
C . 4 . 7 E xa m i n a ti o n a n d q u a l i fi c a ti o n
T he c a nd idate sh a l l b e come qua l i fie d a s an i n s p e c tor on s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the fol lowi ng:
assessment organization.
C . 4 . 8 Va l i d i ty, re n e wa l a n d w i th d rawa l o f a p p r o va l
C . 4 . 8 . 1 Va l i d i ty
T he i n s p e c tor qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate (i s s ue d by the as s e s s ment organ i z ation) sh a l l be va l id for a
C.4.8.2 Renewal
For renewa l o f the i n s p e c tor qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate, a m i n i mum o f 2 5 we eks o f authentic ate d ac tive
work with GRP pip e i n s ta l lation i n s p e c tion duri ng the 5 -ye ar va l idation p erio d i s re qui re d . O f thes e, a
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Annex D
(informative)
Guidance for use of jointing methods
D.1 General
Guidance is presented for the following types o f thrust-resistant types o f joint (restrained joint):
a) adhesive-bonded joint;
b) elastomeric seal lock joint;
c) laminated joint;
d) flanged joint;
e) threaded joint.
The designer should take into account the following factors when selecting the jointing method:
— criticality (reliability);
— per formance under axial (bending) loads;
— installation environment (ease o f inspection);
— ease of fabrication.
The workmanship involved in the make-up o f any o f the above mentioned joints should not be
overlooked. It is imperative that appropriate supervision of all tasks involved in the make-up of the
joint is ensured and that the appropriate QA checks as defined are followed in strict accordance.
D.2.1 Description
The adhesive-bonded joint consists o f a tapered bell end and a tapered or cylindrical spigot end, bonded
with an adhesive/hardener mixture (see Figure D.1). Alternatively, the bell-and-spigot may be taper-
threaded.
Key
1 pipe with integral socket end
2 adhesive
3 spew fillet o f adhesive
4 pipe with spigot end
Figure D.1 — Adhesive-bonded joint
When a cylindrical spigot is used, the joint is made up to a shoulder. The tapered bell and tapered
spigot joint has two matching tapered sur faces and does not make up to a shoulder. The former has the
advantage o f enabling the position o f final make-up to be readily determined. The latter (taper/taper
joint) is a stronger joint but is more prone to positional errors i f incorrectly assembled, which can
weaken the joint.
There is a perception that adhesive joints require a low degree o f skill to make up correctly. This is
not the case; a similar degree o f discipline to that needed by coded welders is required, although the
task itsel f is easier. Preparation and make-up o f the adhesive joint tends to become more di fficult with
increasing diameter, particularly for diameters above 450 mm.
An issue o f concern is the
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into the bore o f the pipe. Unless great care is taken to control the size o f the bead when applying the
adhesive, these beads can be very large, with a height o f several millimetres as experience has shown.
D.2.2 Preparation
End caps and sur face protectors should be le ft in place until just prior to sur face cleaning.
The manufacturer’s recommendations regarding preparation and adhesive application at ambient
temperature and humidity should be followed. A suitable environmentally controlled habitat may be
necessary in adverse weather conditions.
I f a taper/taper joint is being prepared, it is recommended that:
a) a self-adhesive masking tape is wrapped around the pipe circumference at the edge of the taper
prior to shaving. This very significantly reduces localized damage to the outer layer o f the pipe and
produces a clean-cut edge at the end o f the taper;
b) following shaving o f the pipe using a proprietary tool, hand abrasion with abrasive paper should
be undertaken to remove loose fibre filaments. The prepared sur face o f the pipe should then be
cleaned with a clean rag or brush to remove any dust from the sur face.
The inside o f the socket, which is usually pre-machined, should receive the same hand abrasion and
cleaning process as the prepared pipe end. If the bonded surface has been prepared beforehand, each
bonding sur face should be checked visually for ultraviolet degradation prior to cleaning, by lightly
sanding the bonding sur faces. UV degradation can be noted by a change in colour o f the sanded sur face.
The appearance o f UV degradation requires refinishing o f the sur face. Spigots should be re-shaved.
Sanding should remove all discolouring, but not to the degree that flat spots are made.
The cleaned sur faces should not be touched or contaminated by oil or moisture prior to bonding. I f
sur faces become wet or contaminated, they should be cleaned, re-sanded and made dust- free. Generally
prepared surfaces should be bonded within 6 hours of surface pre-treatment.
Pipe connections should be aligned as true as possible. Any visually detectable misalignment is not
permitted. I f recommended by the pipe manu facturer, a re ference mark should be made on the spigot
end of the connection to check for proper insertion and seating after connection is made up. The
distance o f the re ference mark from the spigot nose should be specified by the manu facturer for each
pipe diameter and should include the insertion depth of the spigot in the bell plus 25 mm.
Bonding surfaces should have a temperature of at least 3 °C greater than the dew point prior to
application o f adhesive. I f preheating is required, separate heating o f bell-and-spigot by electric blanket
is recommended. Contamination o f the spigot can be avoided by inserting the heating blanket in the pipe
bore instead o f by external wrapping. I f the air humidity is high, water can condense on the sur faces
prior to bonding, which will degrade the bond strength.
A uniform coating of adhesive should be applied to the bonding surface, taking care to avoid an excessive
resin bead on the inside o f the pipe which will cause flow disturbance. A thin layer o f adhesive should
be applied to the inside sur face o f the socket and a thicker layer to the pipe spigot. This minimizes the
amount o f spew fillet in the bore o f the pipe at the nose o f the joint. All machined or sanded sur faces
should be coated. Adhesive should be coated down into the bell to the insertion depth of the spigot plus
25 mm. The cut end of the spigot should be coated.
Piping o f diameter up to 150 mm may be assembled by hand unless otherwise dictated by the
manu facturer. The spigot should be inserted as far as possible by hand. The spigot should be driven
into the bell in a manner that does not damage the pipe or fitting. Assembly o f the joint should be such
that the design length of the spigot is entered into the coupling. With tapered couplings, misalignment
is virtually impossible i f the spigot is su fficiently entered into the coupling. Proper insertion o f straight
spigot connections is verified by measuring the re ference mark on the spigot; it should be 25 mm from
the bell.
Connections with a diameter o f 200 mm or more may be assembled with a ratchet winch or hydraulic
pullers. Furthermore, care should be taken to prevent the connections from being damaged during this
operation. Spigots should be inserted until they bottom against pipe stops and the re ference marks are
in their fully home position.
Assembly o f the adhesive joint up to full insertion should be per formed as a single action to avoid
entrainment o f air into the adhesive. I f the joint has been pulled out again so as to entrain air, the old
adhesive should be wiped o ff and the bonding procedure repeated. The spew fillet on the outside o f the
joint should be shaped to be smooth and at an angle o f approximately 45°.
The working li fe o f the adhesive at the ambient temperature o f the field installation should be checked
to ensure that it is at least 30 min.
In high ambient temperature environments when assembling joints on large diameter pipes where
more than one adhesive kit may be required, the gelling time o f the adhesive should be su fficiently long
to ensure that the adhesive from the first applied kit will not have started to gel prior to application o f
the adhesive from the other kits.
D.2.5 Curing
Heat-assisted curing may be required for epoxy adhesive-bonded connections, for which purpose, full-
wrap electric collars should be used. Heating collars should be provided or approved for use by the pipe
manu facturer. Heat-assisted curing should be per formed immediately a fter bonding. The curing time
and temperature depend on the type o f adhesive used. For large assemblies and high wall thickness pipe,
the use of ovens, if available, is preferable to individual heating collars. Accurate temperature control
and monitoring is essential, since undercure o f the adhesive may result in significant loss o f strength.
Open pipe ends should be closed in order to avoid circulation of cold air through the pipe spool.
For large wall thicknesses, the curing times given by the manu facturer should be verified to give
complete cure for the adhesive on the inside. (Sometimes the curing times given will not give the
recommended temperature because of the low heat transfer of the GRP material.)
I f ambient temperatures are below 5 °C, the heating collars should be long enough to completely encircle
the connection or fitting area to be cured, plus a minimum 50 mm overlap. Heating collars should
be wrapped around the connection to be cured so that the collar thermostat is not against the pipe
wall. The heating collar (blanket) should be 50 mm to 100 mm longer axially than the adhesive joint in
order to get full heating o f the whole pipe. Heating collars should be insulated. Foil-backed fibreglass
insulation is typically used. Insulation should overlap the collar by at least 100 mm on either side and
be tied down onto the pipe at the edges. Pipe ends should be loosely closed with non-sealing devices to
prevent interior cooling in windy conditions.
Flanges may be cured by inserting
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be wiped from the interior o f the pipe prior to inserting the collar. A fibreglass core for the collar may
be made from a section of pipe having the same diameter as that being connected.
Adhesive-bonded connections between pipes, fittings and flanges should not be disturbed, and i f
necessary, provided with additional bracing to prevent accidental movement until fully cured.
A balloon or rubber packer is used by some producers to make a smooth inner sur face. The balloon is
deflated for removal.
When connecting two pipes, the ends of the pipes should be chamfered back to a minimum taper of
1 in 6 or as specified by the manu facturer, as illustrated in Figure D.2.
Key
1 laminate overlay
2 pipe laminate
3 laminate length
4 tapers not steeper than 1 in 6
5 pipe centreline
Figure D.2 — Laminated joint
The outer pipe surface should be abraded to remove the outer resin-rich surface and expose the
rein forcing fibres over a length extending at least 100 mm along both ends o f the laminate as defined in
the manu facturer’s technical specifications. The pipe ends should also be abraded.
Bonding sur faces should be cleaned as recommended by the manu facturer. The cleaned sur faces should
not be touched or be contaminated by oil or moisture prior to bonding. I f sur faces become wet or
contaminated, they should be cleaned, re-ground and made dust- free.
For large diameter pipes, where manual access is possible, an internal lamination may also be applied.
The procedures for applying this lamination are the same as for the external lamination.
D.3.3 Resin mixing
The resin used should be o f the same type, or compatible with, the resin used in the manu facture o f
the pipes.
The curing agent or hardener should be mixed with resin, strictly following the recommendation o f
the manufacturer regarding weighing, metering, mixing and temperature. No more resin should be
prepared than can be applied within the pot life of the mixture. Mixing should continue until the resin
mixture has a uni form colour and consistency.
The working li fe (pot li fe) depends on the type o f resin and hardener used and the mixing temperature.
If the resin starts to heat up in the mixing can, it has begun to cure and should be discarded. If lumps or
gels are apparent in the can, the resin should be discarded.
D.3.4 Assembly
The pipe ends should be placed together and fixed in the correct position. Bonding sur faces should have
a temperature of at least 3 °C above the dew point prior to application of resin. An electric heating
blanket may be used to heat the pipe ends. The cham fered, abraded and cut sur faces should be covered
with a uni form resin or adhesive layer.
Layers o f chopped strand mat and/or woven rovings impregnated by resin/hardener mix should be
applied as recommended by the manu facturer. The manu facturer’s recommendations regarding
rein forcing-layer wrapping tension should be followed in order to force out air inclusions, optimize resin
impregnation and ensure correct glass/resin ratio. Wrapping should proceed, each layer impregnated
with resin, until the required thickness is obtained. An outer resin-rich layer should be applied.
D.3.5 Curing
Heat-assisted curing is recommended for all laminated epoxy joints; for which purpose, full-wrap
insulated electric collars should be used. Heating collars should be provided or approved for use by
the pipe manufacturer. Other means of heat-assisted curing should be agreed with the principal. Heat-
assisted curing should be per formed immediately a fter bonding. The curing time and temperature
depend on the type o f resin used.
NOTE Additional heat curing can be detrimental to polyester and vinyl ester joints in some cases.
Heating collars should be long enough to completely encircle the joint or fitting area to be cured, plus
a minimum 50 mm overlap. The heating collar should be wrapped around the joint to be cured in such
a way that the collar thermostat does not rest against the pipe wall. A protective film (plastic, metal)
between the collar and uncured laminate should be used to prevent the collar from being bonded to the
laminate. If ambient temperatures are below 5 °C, the heating collars should be insulated. Foil-backed
fibreglass insulation is typically used. Insulation should overlap the collar by at least 100 mm on either
side and be tied down onto the pipe at the edges. Pipe ends should be loosely closed with non-sealing
devices to prevent interior cooling in windy conditions.
Laminated joints should not be moved or otherwise disturbed until fully cured.
Key
1 pipe with integral socket end
2 elastomeric ring
3 locking device
4 pipe with spigot end
5 insert hole for locking device
Figure D.3 — Typical elastomeric bell-and-spigot sealed joints (locking type)
e) Clean, non-contaminated lubricant should be used on both seals and spigot end prior to insertion.
f) C orre c t to ol i ng s hou ld b e u s e d to enter the s pigo t i nto the b el l to avoid j am m i ng or damage to the
g) E ntr y lo c ation ma rks on the s pigo t (i f appl ic able) shou ld be che cke d to en s u re corre c t entr y
distance.
h) Pipe sections should be aligned as straight as possible in order to retain the O-rings in their grooves.
i) A feeler gauge should be used to establish good seating of the seals.
j) For key lo ck ten s i le -re s i s tant j oi nts , a cle an a nd lubric ate d lo cki ng device s hou ld b e i n s er te d i n
the complete circumference of the locking device groove, and the locking device should have the
correct cross-section and length.
D.5 Flanged joints
F lange d j oi nts fac i l itate con ne c tion s with s te el pipi ng and a l low for e a s y a s s embly and d i s a s s embly o f
pipi ng s ys tem s . GRP fla nge s shou ld b e con ne c te d to flat- face s te el fl ange s . When con ne c ti ng to rai s e d-
face fl anges , s upp or t ri ngs may b e ne e de d, dep end i ng on gas ke t typ e, to re s tric t exce s s ive b end i ng
s tres s es when the b olts are torque d up . Two typ e s o f flange are com mon ly u s e d:
b) lo o s e ri ng-typ e flange s , with GRP col lars ad he s ive -b onde d or l am i nate d to the pip e end s with lo o s e
T he manu fac tu rer ’s i n s ta l lation i n s tr uc tion s re ga rd i ng flange s shou ld be fol lowe d to en s ure go o d
b) b olt-th re ad lubric ation shou ld b e i n accordance with the ma nu fac tu rer ’s re com mendation s;
c) corre c t torqu i ng (a s p er the manu fac tu rers re com mendation s) shou ld b e s tric tly p er forme d u s i ng
a torque wrench . O ver-torqu i ng to comp en s ate for p o or a l ign ment o f flange s or o ther d i s c rep anc ie s
i s no t accep table;
d) tightening sequence, torque increments and maximum torque should be in accordance with the
ma nu fac turer ’s re com mendation s;
e) connecting bolts should be inserted with washers on both sides. Flange faces should be intact, clean
a nd plane;
f) corre c t ga s ke ts (a s s p e c i fie d by the manu fac tu rer) for the re qui re d s er vice s hou ld b e u s e d;
g) fla nge s shou ld b e ad hes ive -b onde d s qua re to the a xi s o f the pip e, to with i n the tolera nce a s de tai le d
i n 5 . 5 . 6;
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Key
1 standard API threads
2 female thread connector
3 pipe centreline
4 pipe laminate
Figure D.4 — Standard API joint
Key
1 standard API threads
2 pipe body — male end
3 pipe body — female end
4 pipe centreline
Figure D.5 — Integral joint (API thread)
Key
1 coarse thread
2 p ip e b o dy — male end
3 f
p ip e b o dy — emale end
4 O-ring seals
5 pipe centreline
Figure D.6 — Integral thread (coarse thread and O-ring seals)
Annex E
(normative)
E l e c tr i c a l c o n d u c ti vi ty a n d e l e c tro s ta ti c d i s s i p a ti ve p ro p e r ti e s
Veri fic ation o f the ele c trica l conduc tivity and/or e ar th l i n kage re qu i rements c an be demon s trate d
c) ma xi mu m re s i s tance to e ar th from a p oi nt on the outs ide o f the pip e or the fi re -pro te c tive co ati ng
e) re com mende d ma xi mum d i s tance b e twe en e a r th i ng p oi nts , b a s e d on the conduc tivity prop er tie s
T he i n s ta l ler s ha l l ta ke i nto accou nt the manu fac tu rer's re com mende d me tho d s for applyi ng e ar th-
grou nd i ng s trap s and en s u ri ng rel iabi l ity o f the conduc tivity p ath a nd/or e ar th b ond i ng duri ng
surface or earth-bonding point shall be measured using a suitable megohmmeter with a minimum scale
division of less than 1 × 10 6 foh m s . T he voltage shou ld pre erably no t b e more than 1 5 0 0 V.
Electrical contact with the pipe shall be with a suitable electrode and shall be connected with the
f f
megoh m me ter. T he ele c tro de s ha l l provide the ne ce s s ar y conduc ti vity to the s u r ace o the pip e without
abrading the material to achieve better electrical contact, unless required as part of the installation
pro ce dure, for e xa mple, to apply a n e ar th- ground i ng s trap to the pip e .
Examples of means of electrical contact include conductive paints, conductive adhesive tape and brine-
s o a ke d s p onge s held i n place with clamp s . T he re s i s tance to e ar th s ha l l b e le s s tha n the va lue s p e c i fie d
— I f conduc tivity i s provide d by an emb e dde d ne twork o f conduc ti ng elements with i n the wa l l o f the
comp onent, the i n s ta l ler sh a l l veri fy that there i s ele c tric a l conti nu ity a long the comp onent b e twe en
earth-bonding points.
— I f conduc tivity i s provide d b y u s e o f a n e x terna l conduc tive p ai nt, the i n s ta l ler sh a l l veri fy that
the co ati ng i s conti nuous b e twe en e a r th-b ond i ng p oi nts . T he conduc tivity (oh m s p er me tre) and
(see 5.3).
I f re qu i re d , the i n s ta l ler s ha l l co at the pipi ng with a s u itable conduc tive p ai nt to provide the ne ce s s a r y
ele c tric a l conduc tivity. T he ma xi mu m s i ze o f unco ate d are a, i n region s on the pip e that a re i ntende d to
be painted, shall not be more than 100 cm 2 . The coating shall be effective over the design life and shall
no t b e i mp ai re d by norma l s er vice, hand l i ng or i n s ta l l ation . T he i n s ta l ler s ha l l provide evidence o f the
T he conduc tive co ati ng shou ld pre ferably be appl ie d a fter hyd ro te s ti ng , to faci l itate i n s p e c tion of
p o s s ible le a ks . B e fore the co ati ng i s appl ie d to a ny pipi ng comp onents , the s u r face s sh a l l b e fre e from
moi s tu re, gre as e or a ny o ther contam i nants . T he co ati ng s ha l l b e conti nuou s b e twe en e ar th i ng p oi nts ,
shou ld no t b e place d on the i nte grity o f p a i nt appl ie d over a fitti ng , s i nce a crack i n the p a i nt may re s u lt
in the formation of an isolated conductor. In these situations, an independent means of providing a good
conduc tive p ath b e twe en the pip e and s upp or t i s ne ce s s ar y.
Annex F
(informative)
Guidance on inspection and NDE methods
F.1 General
This annex provides generic guidance on the NDE methods available for inspecting GRP. Visual
inspection remains the most important technique if the resin is transparent, as large areas can be
inspected quickly within the laminate. However, some o f the most important de fects, such as poor
bonding, may require sophisticated NDE methods and a high degree o f operator skill. Further guidance
on the application procedures for these methods is given in Reference [4].
F.2 Visual defects
The main visually detectable de fects are as follows:
a) de formations and dimensional deviations;
b) sur face cracks and microcracks;
c) near-sur face delaminations, inclusions and air entrapments;
d) impact damage;
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e) blisters;
f ) internal excess o f adhesive (internal inspection);
g) chemical attack and erosion (internal inspection).
F.3 Pressure testing
The hydrotest is considered to provide the best assurance o f a GRP pipe system's integrity, and is o ften
more reliable than other NDE techniques for assessing that the system has been properly fabricated
and installed. There are two significant drawbacks associated with pressure testing.
a) The cost o f blinding o ff systems can be significant.
b) Pressure testing is usually done late in the project cycle, when any corrective work can cause
commissioning delays.
The main de fects detectable by pressure testing are as follows:
— adhesive-bonded joints lacking adhesive or improperly prepared and assembled;
— inadequately cured adhesive in the bonded joints;
— manu facturing de fects in GRP materials;
— leaking joints.
A pressure test at 1,5 times the design pressure reveals leaks and such major de fects as severe impact
damage (e.g. from improper transport or incorrect burial conditions), improperly designed or fabricated
systems (lacking adequate strength), or very poor adhesive bonding. However, adhesive-bonded joints
are designed with a large margin o f sa fety and bonded joints having as much as 80 % unbonded area can
70 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
pass a pressure test. Thus, the pressure test is a major element in ensuring that the GRP pipe system is
structurally and functionally adequate, but cannot be viewed as an absolute guarantee o f per formance.
F.4.1 General
A short assessment o f the merits and restrictions o f commercially available inspection techniques and
their applicability to GRP piping systems are presented in F.4.2 to F.4.11.
F.4.2 Ultrasonic testing
The pulse-echo (PE) method (where one transducer functions as both transmitter and receiver) is the
most commonly used ultrasonic test method for GRP. In addition, through-transmission and time-o f-
flight (using two transducers) and impedance plane methods (IPM), where one transducer is used with
phase monitoring, have been applied.
The main defects detectable with ultrasonic testing are as follows:
a) areas in bonded pipe joints lacking adhesive;
b) delaminations;
c) voids;
d) deviations in wall thickness (20 %).
Voids and areas lacking adhesive can be detected using ultrasonic methods to resolutions of
approximately 50 mm and to depths o f 20 mm. Areas o f poor adhesion, i.e. little or no adhesion but
with joint faces in contact (also known as “kissing bonds”) are not reliably detected by this method.
Delaminations can be detected with resolution similar to that for voids. Variations in wall thickness of
approximately 20 % can also be detected.
Probe selection should recognize the trade-o ffs between resolution (typically improved at higher
frequencies, i.e. >2,25 MHz), depth penetration (typically best at lower frequencies, i.e. <2,25 MHz),
signal damping characteristics and diameter (larger diameters allow higher energy input, but at the
expense o f spatial definition o f de fects and success ful coupling to curved sur faces). Use o f back-wall
echoes is recommended for inspecting adhesively bonded joints, since missing adhesive causes the
back-wall signal to disappear. The quality o f the sur face finish a ffects coupling and ultrasonic results.
Results can be improved by use o f coupling agents (e.g. water, gels, etc.) or by smoothing the sur face.
Scanning devices (or multiple point inspections) are recommended due to the uncertainties associated
with coupling, sur face finish and materials fabrication.
A relatively low frequency, typically between 0,25 MHz and 2,25 MHz, is considered to be best suited
for PE ultrasonic testing o f GRP i f the wall thickness is in the range 8 mm to 25 mm. Reflected pulses in
GRP have more complex wave forms and less time separation between the reflected pulses than is the
case for steel. There fore, multiple echoes cannot reliably be used in signal interpretation. Two methods
for increasing the time between reflected signals are:
a) transmission through flooded GRP pipes with the signal returning from the opposite pipe wall;
b) use of a suitable stand-off.
F.4.3 Radiographic testing
Radiographic testing is not as sensitive to surface roughness, but it is sensitive to the orientation of
the de fect. It is relatively easy to per form onshore, while it is somewhat more complicated on o ffshore
installations because of the need to close off areas while tests are being conducted.
The main de fects detectable by DSC and Barcol testing are as follows:
a) improperly mixed or cured adhesive in bonded joints (DSC);
b) improperly mixed or cured laminate in laminates or laminated joints (Barcol).
DSC is a quantitative, accurate and relatively fast semi-non-destructive technique which is based on
the measurements of thermal changes related to phase transitions and chemical reactions, such as
the c u ri ng o f thermo s e ts . Sma l l s a mple s c an b e c ut from the ex terna l ad he s ive s e a m s o f the j oi nts for
measuring the glass transition temperature, Tg , b y D S C a na lys i s .
Barcol hardness is an indirect method of measuring the degree of cure in thermoset resin laminates
and la m i nate d j oi nts .
F. 4 . 6 T h e r m o g ra p h y
T hermo graphy ha s b e en s ucce s s fu l ly used for i n s p e c tion of aero s p ace comp o s ite s a nd also ha s
p o tenti a l for N D T o f GRP pip e s ys tem s . Fu r ther development o f the te ch n ique i s ne e de d b e fore it ca n b e
a) s c a le bu i ld-up;
T hermo graphy me tho d s c a n b e s pl it i nto p as s ive thermo graphy i nvolvi ng temp eratu re mappi ng with
a therma l i magi ng c amera a nd ac tive (or tra n s ient) thermo graphy i n wh ich temp erature i s mapp e d
after a heat pulse is applied. The main advantage is that it is a fast screening method and sensitive to a
range o f de fe c t typ e s . T he l i m itation i s re s olution de cre as e s i n th ick s e c tion s (>10 m m) and there c an
b e d i ffic u ltie s with refle c tion s from sh i ny and c ur ve d s u r face s , s uch a s pip e s , wh ich may re qu i re a matt
Fu r ther development o f the te ch nique is re qu i re d b e fore it c a n be con s idere d a field-rel i able NDT
inspection technique.
T he ma i n de fe c ts de te c table b y m icrowave s are as fol lows:
a) i mp ac t damage;
c) dela m i nation;
d) b onde d j oi nt de fe c ts .
M icrowave NDT e quipment h as re cently b e come com merc i a l ly avai lable to me as u re d iele c tric
properties of non-metallic materials and has potential for examining defects in thick sections where
appl ic ation o f u ltra s on ic s i s l i m ite d b y h igh s igna l attenuation and p o or s ur face coupl i ng o f prob e s .
F. 4 . 8 L a s e r s h e a ro g ra p h y
L a s er s he aro graphy h as p o tenti a l for N D T o f GRP pip e s ys tem s . Fu r ther development o f the te ch n ique
a) i mp ac t damage;
c) dela m i nation;
d) b onde d j oi nt de fe c ts .
Laser shearography is a rapid and non-contact inspection technique that projects a laser speckle
pattern onto a component and then presents a surface strain map in response to an applied stress or
heat pulse. Modern equipment usually comprises a laser scanner and a computer with some form o f
vacuum hood to apply a uni form load.
F.4.9 Acousto-ultrasonics
Acousto-ultrasonics is a seldom used technique but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further
development o f the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection
technique.
The main de fects detectable by acousto-ultrasonics are as follows:
a) impact damage;
b) internal fatigue damage;
c) adhesively bonded connections;
Acousto-ultrasonics is a relatively new commercially available system, although it has been developed
over many years as a remote screening method for inspecting adhesive bonds. The technique is a
combination of acoustic emission monitoring and ultrasonics and is capable of generating C-scan images
o f amplitude and time o f flight as well as A-scans.
F.4.10 Tap testing
Tap testing is used occasionally but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further development o f
the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection technique.
The main de fects Get
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a) impact damage;
b) adhesively bonded connections.
Tap testing can be classified into mechanical and acoustic techniques and involves the analysis o f the
mechanical response o f the component or structure to an impulse from a low energy impactor. Tapping
can be done manually or mechanically and the main advantage is speed and simplicity o f the method.
Limitations are apparent when testing thicker sections.
F. 4 . 1 1 U l tra s o n i c ve l o c i ty
Ultrasonic velocity is a seldom used technique but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further
development o f the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection
technique.
The main de fects detectable by ultrasonic velocity are as follows:
a) change in pipe axial sti ffness;
b) internal fatigue or creep damage.
Ultrasonic velocity measurements using separate transmitter and receiver probes mounted on angled
wedges some distance apart can be used to assess the change in velocity with applied load or pressure
and hence, axial stiffness and onset of matrix cracking damage in stressed pipe. Ultrasonic attenuation
can be used for measuring void content and porosity.
Bibliography
[1] ISO 14692-3, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping —
Part 3: System design
[2] ISO/IEC 17024, Con formity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating certification
of persons
[3] ASTM D257, Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
[4] DNV Certification Scheme https://www.dnvgl.nl/services /grp-pipe-systems-specialists-58133
[5] S pec API 15HR, Specification for high pressure fiberglass line pipe
[6] AWWA M45:2013, Fiberglass pipe design
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