DISSOLUTION IN WATER

 Many substances such as sugar and salt

dissolve in water.

 Substances which are dissolved are called

solutes.

 Matter like water and ethanol that dissolve

other substances are called solvents.

 Matter that is formed after the dissolution

is called a solution.
Matter which has minute solid particles
suspended in liquid is called a suspension.
(After sometime, the suspended particles will
settle to the bottom. (e.g cloudy rivers,mixture
of starch and water )
This is why medicine bottle has instruction
[Shake before use]
The type of matter formed from non-mixable
(immiscible) liquids in which one is dispersed as
droplets throughout the other is called emulsion.
Two examples are milk and soap water.
 Solutions, suspensions and emulsions are
mixtures that are made of many different
substances.
 Suspensions and emulsions are unstable, they
will separate into layers if left untouched after
some time.
 Solutions are homogeneous and stable
mixtures.(salt solution, iodine solution, clear
limewater)
When the particles in a solvent reach certain
sizes, a colloid ( colloidal solution ) is formed.
Examples of colloids are as shown below.
 When a beam of light is shown onto a colloid,
a shaft of light can be seen. This phenomenon
is called the Tyndall Effect.
This effect is used to differentiate a colloid
from a solution.
 When a beam of light is shone onto a colloid,
a “shaft” of light can be seen.
• During the dissolution process, energy is released
to the surroundings (exothermic reaction) or
absorbed from the surroundings (endothermic
reaction).
• Energy is absorbed to cause a drop in temperature
and energy is released to cause a rise in
temperature.
2types of solvents are aqueous and organic solvents.
Water is aqueous solvent and a very good solvent. It is
called the universal solvent as many solids, liquids
and gases can dissolve in it.
Organic (non-aqueous) solvents can be used to
dissolve substances which do not dissolve in water.
Examples are alcohol, acetone, petrol and propanone.
 Solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of
solute that can be dissolved in 100g of a solvent
at a fixed temperature (e.g. Solubilty of sodium
chloride/common salt is 36g/100g of water at
20oC.)

 Different salts have different solubilities at a

certain temperature. Table 3.2 (refer to Textbook
pg 52) shows solubilities of five salts at 20 oC.

 The higher the solubility value, the more

dissolvable or soluble the salt.
 The solubilities of many substances change
with temperature.

 Solubilities of most solids (salts) increase with

increasing temperature ( solubility values of
potassium nitrate increase with temperature.)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature

(oC)

Solubility(g)
13.3 20.9 31.6 45.8 63.9 85.5 110. 138 169
0
 Only a few salts have solubility values decrease
with increasing temperature (solubility values of
calcium hydroxide decreasing with temperature.)
 The solubilities of all gaseous substances
decrease with increasing temperature.

 Think:
Of all the factors solubilities, which are internal, and which are
erternal?
Internal factors: properties of solute and solvent
External factors: temperature and pressure
3.3.3 Reading Solubility Curves
• The curve is drawn based on the solubilities of a solid substance at
different temperatures is called the solubility curve of a solid.
• The potassium nitrate and
sodium nitrate have the same
solubilities at_____OC.

• The solubility of ammonium

chloride at 700C is_______ g

• If 110g of sodium nitrate are

mixed with 100g of water at
300C, how much will not
dissolve?_______g
Figure Reading(pg 54)
1.Same solubility

2.solubility at that temperature

3.For the solubility of potassium nitrate is

greater than potassium chloride with the
increasing temperature
• If a solution can still dissolve more solute at a fixed
temperature in a fixed amount of solvent, it is an
unsaturated solution.

• If a solution cannot dissolve any more solute at a

fixed temperature in a fixed amount of solvent, it is
a saturated solution.
 A solution that contains a lot of solute is known
as a concentrated solution.
(e.g. A concentrated sugar solution)


A solution that contains only a small amount of
solute is known as a dilute solution.
(e.g. Dilute sugar solution)
 Concentrated solution and dilute solution are
unsaturated solutions as more solutes can
still be dissolved.

 Dilution is the process whereby we add more

solvent (water) to a concentrated solution to
change it to a dilute solution.

 At the same temperature, the saturated

solution of a certain solute has a higher
concentration than that of its unsaturated
solution
How to make saturated solution?

Step 1: Addition of solute

Step 2: Evaporation of the solvent
Step 3: Lowering the temperature( cool down
the solution to room temperature, it is
found that small crystal)
 Concentration of a solution is determined by
calculating its mass percentage by using two
formulae as given below.
………………………………………………………..
Mass % = Mass of solute x 100% *
* Mass of solution ( Formula 1 )
…………………………………………………………..
Mass % = Mass of solute x 100% *
* Mass of solute + solvent * *
* ( Formula 2 )
…………………………………………………………
The greater the mass percentage, the greater
the solute content in the solution and the
greater the concentration of the solution.
 Example 1: A 300 g salt solution contains 60 g salt. Find
mass % of solution. [Use Formula 1]

 Mass % = Mass of solute (salt) x 100%

Mass of solution

60𝑔
= x 100%
300𝑔

= 20%
Example 2:
 20 g sugar is dissolved in 180 g of water. Find
mass % of solution. [Use Formula 2]
Mass % = Mass of solute (sugar) X100%
Mass of solute + solvent

20 𝑔
= x 100%
180𝑔+20𝑔
=10%
Example 3
How much common salt and water is needed to
prepare a 150kg salt solution with a mass
percentage of 16%.

Mass % = Mass of solute (salt) X100%

Mass of solution
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
16% = X 100%
150 𝑘𝑔
16%
Mass of salt = x 150kg
100%
= 24 kg
Mass of water= 150kg-24kg
=126 kg
When a solution is diluted by adding water, will
the mass of the solution, solute and solvent be
separately increased, decrease or unchanged?

Mass of the solution:

Mass of solute:
Mass of solvent:
The solute content of the solution before and after
dilution remains unchanged.
 Copper sulphate sodium chloride cobalt chloride

• The process of separating the solute out of

its solution in the form of crystals is known
as crystallization.
3.5.1 Differentiating Crystals and Non-crystals

• Different Crystals have different shapes

• Crystals have definite geometric shape and non-crystals

irregular shape
3.5.2 Crystals of Matter
 Methods of crystallization
(i) Evaporation of the solvent
Eg: getting salt from sea water

• For solid substances that

have solubilities less
affected by changes in
temperature , evaporation
of the solvent is generally
used to obtain crystals.
(ii) cooling hot saturated solution
 Is generally used for crystallizing solid substances
that have solubilities very much affected by
temperature change.

Crystallization
process