Kristine Joy L.

Millo
Readings in Philippine History
Historiography
 The study of how history is written
 Involves how history is interpreted by the
various writers
 History is not totally OBJECTIVE; It has a
SUBJECTIVE side
Factors Affecting Historiography
• Archeology of knowledge
• There is no such thing as objective truth
• Everything is an interpretation
• History is about power relation
8. Zeus Salazar
• “Pantayong pananaw” lamang kung ang lahat ay
gumagamit ng mga konsepto at ugali na alam ng lahat
ang kahulugan, pati ang relasyon ng mga kahulugang ito
sa isa’t isa. Ito ay nangyayari lamang kung iisa ang code
o “pinagtutumbasan ng mga kahulugan,”

1. Time it was written MGA DALUMAT

2. Bias of the writer
1. Pasalaysay na Kasaysayan
3. Intentions of writing narrative
4. Proximity to the event 2. Epiko
Philosophy of History 3. Mito
1. Herodotus 4. Kwentong Bayan
 Father of History 5. Biro
 the origins and execution of the Greco-Persian
6. Awit
Wars (499–479B.C.) that he called “The
Histories.” 7. Tula
 The Histories” was a straightforward account of
the wars. Historical Sources

2. Thucydides 1. Primary

• History of Peloponnesian War • First hand experience

• His writing is condensed and direct, almost • Written during the event
austere in places, and is meant to be read rather • Diaries, letters, pictures, and government
than delivered orally. documents
• He explains in a scientific and impartial manner 2. Secondary
the intricacies and complexities of the events he
observed • Interpretation of primary sources
• Written at the time way beyond the event
3. Giambattista Vico
Elements of History
• “comes to be at once a history of the ideas, the
customs, the deeds of mankind. 1. People
• the principles of the history of human nature,
2. Date
which we shall show to be
• the principles of universal history, which 3. Place
principles it seems hitherto to have lacked
4. Significance
4. Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel
Controversies in Philippine History
• History has a Telos (Goal)
A. First Mass
• Dialectics ( Thesis-Antithesis= Synthesis)
• Ideas towards the Human Freedom 1. Account of Antonio Pigafetta

5. Karl Marx • That island lies in a latitude of nine and two

• Materialistic version of Dialectic
• Production affecting the movement of history
• A history of class struggle
• Towards a communist society
6. Fernand Braudel
• Founded the Annales school of History
• Importance of economic, social, political and
cultural context of the writing of History
• The subject matter of history changes because of
the changes in time frame
7. Michel Foucault
thirds degrees toward the Arctic Pole and in
a longitude of one hundred and sixty two
degrees from the line of demarcation. It is 25
leguas from the Acquada (Humonhon) and
is called Mazaua
2. Account of Fr. Urdaneta
• The Spaniards' next attempted call was at
Camiguin... but they met the same reception
at Masava. Then the ships made for Butuan
but contrary currents drove them
northwards, to Bohol.
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B. CAVITE MUTINY
1. Account of Jose Montero Vidal
• Events: The soldiers wanted to assassinate
their officers, their masters and the escort of
the Captain General at Malacanang and
dispose the governor general. The rebels will
start the rebellion upon the firing of the
rockets from the walls of the city.
2. Account of Jose Montero Vidal
• Jan 20, 1872 the rebels started the mutiny.
The assault headed by P. Felipe Ginoves in
Jan 22, 1872. The rebellion failed because
the people of Cavite mistook the fireworks
in the fiesta in Sampaloc Manila as the
signal to start the rebellion.
3. Account of Rafael Izquierdo
• The native clergy encouraged the Indios to
join the rebellion because God was with
them. The rebels made the signal agreed
upon by means of lanterns, but the native
civilians in Bacoor although they tried it,
failed because of the vigilance of the
Spanish Navy that had placed there a
gunboat and armed vessels.
4. Account of Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
• Few soldiers participated the attack No
further disturbance on peace or
insubordination in any kind. The uprising
among soldiers in Cavite was used as
powerful lever by the Spaniards and by the
friars.
C. CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN
1. Account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela
• In August 22, 1896, 1000 members of the
Katipunan attended the meeting in the house
of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino. In
August 23, 1896, debate and discussion on
whether or not the revolution against Spain
should be started in August 29, 1896. After
the meeting they tore their cedula and
shouted “long live the Philippines”.
2. Account of Mariano Alvarez
• In August 23, 1896, 10 AM, 500 members
of the Katipunan arrived in Sampaukan,
barrio of Bahay Toro, property of Melchora
Aquino. In August 24, 1896, about 1000
katipuneros arrived and attended the meeting
at 10:00 AM. In 12 noon of August 24,1896,
they tore their cedula and shouted “long
Live The Philippines”.
3. Account of Gregoria de Jesus
• In August 25, 1896, the first cry for freedom
happened. Through my friends, I learned
that I will be arrested by the Spanish
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soldiers. At 11 pm, I left our home and fled
to rice field of Laloma.
4. Account of Guillermo Masangkay
• In August 26, 1896, the meeting was held in
Balintawak house of Apolonio Samson At
about 9 AM, the meeting was open with
Andres Bonifacio as presiding and Emilio
Jacinto as secretary. The topic is about
whether to start the revolution or not.
Oral History
1. NATURE OF ORAL HISTORY
• Unwritten sources couched in a form
suitable for oral transmission and that their
preservation depends on the power of
memory of successive generations of human
beings
2. DANGER OF ORAL HISTORY
• The end-product is conditioned both by the
historian’s social position vis-à-vis the
informant, and by the terms in which he or
she learned to analyze the past and which
may well be communicated to the informant.
3. INTERPRETATION OF ORAL HISTORY
• It requires critical evaluation and that it must
be deployed in conjunction with all other
available sources. Transcriptions of
testimonies is needed.
Local History
1. NATURE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Narrative in the Local Context
• Concentrated in the local community
• Important in Building the National History.
• Local history is the study of history in a
local context, often
• concentrating on events that affected a local
community.
STATE
1. Nature
• A community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of
• their own to which great body of inhabitants
render obedience, and enjoying freedom
from external control. (de Leon & de Leon,
2014)
2. Element
A. People
B. Territory
C. Government
D. Sovereignty
3. Power of the State
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A. Power of Eminent Domain
B. Power of Taxation
C. Police Power
Constitution
A. Malolos Constitution
• Date of Ratification: January 21, 1899
• Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation:
Philippine Revolution against Spain and
Declaration of Independence
• Chairman of the Commission: Felipe Calderon
• President of the Philippines: Emilio Aguinaldo
• Form of Government: Republican
• Form of Legislature: Unicameral
• Term of the President: 4 years with reelection
• Suffrage: Male, 21 yrs old, welleducated and
had properties and annual tax amounting to 500
pesos.
Significant Provisions of Malolos Constitution
1. Legality of the Declaration of Independence
2. Division of Government into three branches;
Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
3. The Separation of Church and State
4. Freedom of Religion
5. National Assembly approve rules for it’s internal
government.
6. To approve a bill, only 1⁄4 of the vote of the
members of the legislative body is required.
7. The Chief Justice and the Solicitor-General shall
be chosen by the Natl. Assembly
8. the Executive Committee, headed by the Prime
Minister, as hereinafter
provided, shall exercise the powers and
discharge the duties of the President until a
President shall have been elected and qualified
9. If the Batasang Pambansa withdraws its
confidence in the Prime Minister, the Speaker
shall preside over the Executive Committee.
10. In the absence of an Executive Committee, the
Speaker of the Batasang Pambansa shall act as
President until a President shall have been
elected and qualified.
B. 1935 Constitution
• Date of Ratification: May 14, 1935
• Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation:
Ratification of Tydings Mcduffie Law by
Philippine Assembly
• Chairman of the Commission: Claro M. Recto
• President of the Philippines: Manuel L Quezon
• Form of Government: Commonwealth
• Form of Legislature: Unicameral
• Term of the President: 4 years with re-election
Notable Provisions
• The government established by this Constitution
shall be known as the Commonwealth of the
Philippines
• The public debt of the Philippines and its
subordinate branches shall not exceed limits
Kristine Joy L. Millo
now or hereafter fixed by the Congress of the
United States
C. 1973 Constitution
• Date of Ratification: January 17, 1973
• Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation:
Martial Law
• Chairman of the Commission: Ferdinand Marcos
• President of the Philippines: Ferdinand Marcos
• Form of Government: Parliamentary
• Form of Legislature: Unicameral
• Term of the President: 6 years without re-
election
Notable Provisions
1. Suffrage shall be exercised by citizens of the
Philippines not otherwise
2. disqualified by law, who are eighteen years of
age or over,
3. No literacy, property, or other substantive
requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of
suffrage.
4. The Legislative power shall be vested in a
Batasang Pambansa
5. The Prime Minister may advise the President in
writing to dissolve the Batasang Pambansa
whenever the need arises for a popular vote of
confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a
matter involving his
6. own personal integrity
7. The Legislative power shall be vested in a
Batasang Pambansa
8. The Prime Minister may advise the President in
writing to dissolve the
9. Batasang Pambansa whenever the need arises for
a popular vote of confidence on fundamental
issues, but not on a matter involving his own
personal integrity
10. 7. The incumbent President shall continue to
exercise legislative powers until martial law
D. 1987 Constitution
• Date of Ratification: February 2, 1987
• Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation:
EDSA Revolution I
• Chairman of the Commission: Cecilia Munoz-
Palma
• President of the Philippines: Corazon Aquino
• Form of Government: Republican
• Form of Legislature: Bicameral
• Term of the President: 6 years without re-
election
Important Provisions:
1. The State shall pursue an independent foreign
policy
2. The State shall develop a self-reliant and
independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos.
3. In case of serious illness of the President, the
public shall be informed of the state of his health
4. Military Bases of other countries are not allowed
in the country
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5. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public
safety requires it, he may, for a period not
exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus or place the
Philippines or any part thereof under martial
law.
6. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at
least a majority of all its Members in regular or
special session, may revoke such proclamation
or suspension.
7. The Congress may, in the same manner, extend
such proclamation or suspension.
8. There is hereby created an independent office
called the Commission on Human Rights.
Land Reform
A. Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
• RA No. 1199
• President: Ramon Magsaysay
• It allows tenants to shift from share tenancy to
leasehold.
• This act prohibited the ejection of the tenants,
unless the Court of Agrarian Relations found a
just cause.
B. Land Reform Act of 1955 RA No. 1400
• President: Ramon Magsaysay
• Provided for the expropriation of private
agricultural land over 300 hectares of contiguous
area if owned by private individual
• It allows for the expropriation of the land
regardless of the hectares in the places where
there were justified agrarian unrest
Kristine Joy L. Millo
soil fertility as determined by the Presidential
Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) created
hereunder, but in no case shall retention by the
landowner exceed five (5) hectares.
• Three (3) hectares may be awarded to each child
of the landowner
THEORIES IN TAXATION
A. Ability-to-pay principle
• the belief that taxes should be based on the
individual’s ability to pay.
B. Benefit principle
• the idea that there should be some equivalence
between what the individual pays and the
benefits he subsequently receives from
governmental activities.
Types of TAXATION
• A progressive tax imposes a higher percentage
rate on taxpayers who have higher incomes.
• A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a
manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount
subject to taxation increases
• A Proportional Tax- A proportional tax is a tax
imposed so that the tax rate is fixed, with no
change as the taxable base amount increases or
decreases.
Taxation in the Philippines

C. RA No. 3844 TRAIN

• President: Diosdado Macapagal
• This code provided the purchase of private
agricultural land with the intention of
distributing them to the landless tenants in easy-
term payments.
• It lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares.
• It formulated the bill of rights for the
agricultural workers.
• The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
(TRAIN) under the Comprehensive Tax Reform
Program seeks to correct a number of
deficiencies in the tax system to make it simpler,
fairer, and more efficient.
• Those with annual taxable income below PHP
250,000 are now exempt from paying personal
income tax

D. Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1971

• President: Ferdinand Marcos

• Abolition of personal cultivation or the
conversion of agricultural land to residential
land as reasons for the ejection of the tenants.
• Automatic conversion of the share-tenants to
leasehold tenants with some exemptions and
qualifications.
• Creation of the Department of Agrarian Reform

E. CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

Program or RA 6657

• Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no

person may own or retain, directly or indirectly,
any public or private agricultural land, the size
of which shall vary according to factors
governing a viable family-size farm, such as
commodity produced, terrain, infrastructure, and

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