SIES GST
A Non-invasive way to Detect Anemia using
Machine Learning
Prof . Shyamala Mathi. Samiksha Chikka.
Dept.Electronics and Telecommunication Dept.Electronics and Telecommunication
SIES Graduate School of Technology, ,SIES Graduate School of Technology,
Navi Mumbai, India Navi Mumbai,
shyamalae@sies.edu.in samikshacextc120@gst.sies.edu.in
Ajaz Shaikh. Amir Mithagiri.
Dept.Electronics and Telecommunication Dept.Electronics and Telecommunication
SIES Graduate School of Technology, SIES Graduate School of Technology,
Navi Mumbai, India Navi Mumbai,
ajazahmedssextc221@gst.sies.edu.in amirsmextc221@gst.sies.edu.in
Abstract—The challenge of anemia significantly impacts
children and pregnant women worldwide. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), anemia affects
approximately 40% of pregnant women and an alarming 42%
of children under six years old globally. It is a real problem for
approximately 33% of the entire population due to iron
deficiency. In recent times, there has been a lot of buzz around
machine learning algorithms to deal with anemia, and it seems
kind of promising. Thus, two machine learning methods were
employed in this study to identify iron-deficiency anemia. by
analyzing images of their conjunctiva. The process involves
collection of data, doing some preprocessing, and developing
their models. So, the abstract talks a lot about critical
considerations in this field, like dataset quality and the pesky
issue of model interpretability. We need more research to refine
and validate these models across diverse populations and
healthcare settings. It's advocating for collaboration between
data scientists, medical professionals, and policymakers. Using
machine learning with non-invasive techniques for anemia
detection is a new technique in healthcare. It's like an
advancement in human life . It's all about revolutionizing the
way we diagnose, manage, and monitor anemia. And as
technology keeps progressing and we get more and more data, it
is going make millions of lives better. Early detection,
personalized treatment, efficient healthcare delivery becomes
easy. As a result of our efforts, we have designed a computerized
screening test that is noninvasive, easy to use, and affordable.
This innovative test is portable and user-friendly, making it
accessible for widespread use in developing nations. By offering
a practical substitute to invasive techniques for detecting
anemia, this screening test has the potential to significantly
improve the quality of life for individuals in these regions. Its
simplicity and affordability make it a valuable tool in addressing
healthcare challenges faced by populations in resource-limited
settings. This advancement represents a step forward in
providing essential healthcare solutions tailored to the needs of
underserved communities.
Keywords— iron deficiency, Anemia, non-invasive, Machine
Learning, image processing ,detect , user friendly , Healthcare ,
I. INTRODUCTION
Anemia, a common worldwide health condition,
disproportionately affects vulnerable groups including kids
as well as pregnant women. Early and correct identification
of anemia is critical for successful intervention and therapy.
Furqan Budye.
Dept.Electronics and Telecommunication
, SIES Graduate School of Technology,
India Navi Mumbai, India
furqansbextc221@gst.sies.edu.in
India
In recent years, the use of machine learning has emerged as
a significant tool in healthcare, with promising outcomes in
illness detection. This study employs convolutional neural
networks (CNN) for the development of a noninvasive
screening test for anemia.and Random Forest algorithms to
identify anemia. The application of CNN enables effective
extraction of features from conjunctiva pictures, which aids
in the detection of anemia-related abnormalities. Random
Forest, noted for its collaborative learning technique,
excelsin handling various datasets and making reliable
predictions. By integrating these methods, we hope to
improve both the precision and dependability of anemia
identification while resolving the constraints.
This study uses a Virtual reality (VR) anaemia detection
presents a new method for medical diagnostics. The goal of
this research is to increase accuracy and user experience.
for anemia detection through the integration of VR
technologies. Through the use of virtual reality
environments, people can partake in immersive experiences
that mimic different diagnostic circumstances, like
evaluating photographs of the conjunctiva and also creates a
control environment for anaemia detection. The study aims
to identify minor signs of anemia by utilizing the optical and
cognitive capabilities of virtual reality through this novel
approach. Users can explore virtual worlds, look at 3D
models of blood components, and take part in mock
diagnostic exercises. The intention is to develop a more user-
friendly platform that will help medical professionals and
even the general public recognize possible cases of anemia.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Numerous scholars and students have published relevant
research in national and international journals, theses, and
papers. Their work aims to understand the objectives, explore
the range of algorithms employed, and investigate various
methods for pre-processing and data analysis
In a study published in 2023 by Emmanuel Timmy Donkoh,
Giovanni Dimauro, and Rosalia Maglietta, non-invasive
methods utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms were
explored for anemia detection, focusing on palm images as an
alternative to conjunctiva images. The methodology consisted
of three phases: dataset collection involving palm images,
preprocessing including image extraction, augmentation, ROI
segmentation, and analysis in the CIELAB color space, and
model development using Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), Naive Bayes, Sum,
and Decision Tree algorithms. The CNN model was
configured with AlexNet architecture, optimized with
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), ReLU activation
function, regularization (a coefficient of 0.0001), and 10
iterations. Data processing involved converting the ROI into
the CIELAB Color space to mimic human visual perception,
with criteria set for high (a* > 160) and low (a* < 142)
hemoglobin values. Results showed high accuracy with Naive
Bayes achieving 99.66%, Sum algorithm 96.39%, and CNN
the highest at 99.92%. Image augmentation was highlighted
as a key technique, increasing the dataset size from 527 to
2635 images,enhancing model robustness for anemia
detection. [1].
Peter Appiahene1, Justice Williams Asare proposed a study
which evaluated machine learning models for iron-deficiency
anemia detection using The accuracy, F1-score, AUC,
precision, recall, and machine learning models for anemia due
to iron deficiency identification were assessed in this work.
With an accuracy of 98.96% on the palpable palm, the Naïve
Bayes model outperformed the Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) at 99.12%. The Support Vector Machine
(SVM) produced the least accurate findings, with 95.34%
accuracy.The models' results on the dataset of nail color were
comparable. For this purpose, the palm is a reliable
anatomical feature of the human body, and the CNN model
outperforms the Naïve Bayes. In order to diagnose iron
deficiency anemia, the outcome of machine learning models
(k-NN, Naïve Bayes Decision Tree, CNN, and SVM) was
examined in this study. To train, validate, and test the system,
images of the ocular conjunctiva, palpable palms, and nail
color were employed. When tested on the photos of the
conjunctiva, palpable palm, and fingernails, the CNN
outperformed all the other models in terms of accuracy.
Furthermore, when tested using the data set, the palm models
performed more accurately than the fingernails and
conjunctiva models. As proven by the models' outcomes the
palpable palm is one of the most reliable human warning signs
of anemia, and CNN is resilient and beats Naïve Bayes,
Decision Tree, k-NN, and SVM in this domain. [2].
The authors J.A.D.C.A. Jayakody, E.A.G.A.Edirisinghe used
a methodology to train a machine learning algorithm for
anemia diagnosis. They used training data from patients
diagnosed with anemia and healthy individuals to train the
algorithm. The server played a significant captured role in
obtaining inputs from these data sets, increasing the chances
of accurate results. The algorithm was trained using
supervised machine learning, initially feeding the output to
the system. After being sorted, the gathered data was utilized
to create the algorithm. After that, the computer evaluated the
photos of the fingertip and a questionnaire from a mobile app
to produce results relating to anemia. By comparing the non-
invasive measures with traditional blood samples,
HemoSmart was able to demonstrate a linear link between
hemoglobin concentration and Hb coefficients. The sampled
data's percentage average relative deviation was 0.43% [3].
In their experiment, Pooja Tukaram Dalvi and Nagaraj
Verenkar suggested an Ensemble Learning Technique and
evaluated classification performance using 10-fold cross-
validation. 50 subsets of the dataset were created, with one
subset being used for testing and the other 49 for training.
Based on the results, it was shown that Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) outperformed Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes,
and K-NN in the classification of red blood cells (RBCs). The
best accuracy, specificity, recall, and precision were notably
shown by a stacked classifier that included K-NN and
Decision Tree. The classifier ensemble using Decision Tree,
K-NN, Naïve Bayes, and ANN combined yielded the best
accuracy in voting. In general, stacking performed the best,
followed by voting, bagging, Bayesian boosting, and
boosting. ANN frequently generated superior outcomes than
all other ensemble approaches, followed by Decision Tree and
Naïve Bayes, and K-NN [4].
Azwad Tamir1, Chowdhury S. Jahan1, Mohammad S. Saif
proposed a study using RGB thresholding to detect anemia in
anemic patients. The white sclera and anterior conjunctiva are
extracted, and the RGB spectrum is standardized using the
white sclera part's brightness. The red and green color
intensities are compared to determine anemia. A threshold
value of 1.5 is selected based on previous eye images,
indicating a small difference between anemic and non-anemic
patients. A Redmi Note 3 pro cellphone was used to take
pictures of 19 patients, and the blood report was used to
extract the patients' hemoglobin levels. The system accurately
anticipated 15 from the 19 values, resulting in an accuracy of
almost 78.9%, according to the data. The patients' anterior
conjunctival pallor red and green spectrums were then
evaluated by the algorithm. The findings demonstrated that
non-anemic individuals had a greater intensity of the red
spectrum while anemic patients had a greater intensity of the
green spectrum relative to red. The patient's condition is then
ascertained by the algorithm by averaging the two numbers
and comparing them. The patient is classified as non-anemic
if there is a difference among the two spectrums that is more
than the threshold value [5].
The study aims to predict anemia in children under 5 years
using classifier algorithms proposed by Prakriti Dhakal,
Santosh Khanal, and Rabindra Bista. Experiments were
conducted on unbalanced and balanced datasets. Random
Forest achieved 98.4% accuracy for unbalanced data.
Ensemble learning methods like Stacking and Bagging
improved accuracy to 98.8%. Stacking Random Forest with
SVM, Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression achieved accuracy
of 98.7% and Extreme Gradient Boosting led to 99%
accuracy. Other ensemble methods did not show significant
improvement [6].
Matthew Bihis, Paul Hage, and Johnny Ren conducted a study
utilizing concentrated facial pallor site photos. Their research
focuses on employing image-based techniques for feature
extraction, categorization, and data modeling to screen and regulates the light strip to provide consistent illumination
classify anemia-like pallor. The research highlights the when taking pictures. Fit the Raspberry Pi with the trained
significance of particular spatial Regions with Interest (ROIs) CNN and Random Forest models for real time analysis.
and features based on picture intensity in differentiating
5. VR 3D Modeling:
between normal and aberrant images. The inner tongue and
conjunctiva regions of the eye are important for Create the VR environment, using a 3D modelling program
distinguishing between normal and aberrant images. The (such as Blender or Tinkercad). Create virtual models for
technique is able to test for anemia severity utilizing face conjunctival photos
pallor site photos, as evidenced by its 86% screening accuracy
for eye images and 98% screening accuracy for tongue images
[7].

III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The proposed system architecture aims to improve non-
invasive anemia detection by integrating advanced
technologies like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
and Random Forest algorithms. It involves dataset
acquisition, cleaning, hardware interfacing with a Raspberry
Pi 4B Plus, camera module, and light strip, and 3D modeling
for virtual reality simulations. The system's primary
objective is to enhance anemia detection by leveraging a
diverse dataset of conjunctiva images. The system's hardware
Fig1.Proposed system architecture for algorithm
integration enables real-time analysis and provides an
immersive VR experience, enhancing user engagement and This comprehensive system architecture combines image
transforming the diagnostic process. processing, machine learning, hardware interfacing, and
virtual reality to create a non-invasive anemia detection
1. Dataset Acquisition:
system. It addresses dataset acquisition and cleaning,
Gather a range of conjunctiva images illustrating both
algorithm implementation, hardware integration, and the
anemic and non-anemic situations. From the medical
development of an immersive VR environment
institutions, make use of datasets that are accessible to the
public, or gather data using cameras.
IV. PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL
2. Cleaning the dataset; REALITY
Utilize preprocessing techniques to enhance image quality.
and standardize their formats. Verify that photos are
The primary research question is "How to detect anemia
accurately labelled as anemic or non-anemic.
(deficiency of hemoglobin in an individual's blood) without
the use of conventional blood tests. "VR FOR ANAEMIA
3. Random Forest Algorithm and CNN:
DETECTION" is a noninvasive tool designed to address the
For feature Extraction (CNN): Extract pertinent features previously mentioned issue of simple anemia detection.
from conjunctiva pictures by applying Convolutional Neural
Virtual Reality (VR) is a powerful tool for anemia
Networks.
detection, providing an immersive and interactive simulated
For Classification (Random Forest): Using the collected environment for healthcare professionals to visualize and
characteristics as a basis, use the Random Forest method for analyze diagnostic indicators. Key principles include
robust classification. To maximize the performance of both immersive visualization, interactive exploration, real-time
models, train them using the preprocessed dataset. feedback, and standardized conditions. VR provides a three-
dimensional, detailed environment, allowing healthcare
4. Hardware Interfacing with 5MP Raspberry MB
professionals to visualize conjunctiva images and related
Camera Module, 5V SMD Light Strip, and Raspberry Pi 4B
diagnostic information. It also allows users to actively
Plus:
engage with the virtual environment, participate in simulated
The Raspberry Pi 4B Plus: It act as the main processor. diagnostic tasks, and receive immediate feedback on the
likelihood of anemia. The integration of machine learning
5MP Raspberry MB Camera Module: It takes the pictures of
models like CNN and Random Forest provides decision
the conjunctiva for examination.
support, assisting healthcare professionals in making
5V SMD Light Strip: To Make sure the illumination is informed diagnoses. VR also minimizes external
constant so that pictures may be taken. distractions, allowing healthcare professionals to focus on the
diagnostic task at hand. The user-friendly interface, with
Steps for Interfacing: To acquire images, connect the camera
intuitive controls and efficient interaction, ensures seamless
module to the Raspberry Pi. Put in place a script that
navigation and improved diagnostic skills.
 V. DESIGING OF VR
In this paper, the process of creating a virtual reality
platform specifically for anemia detection is started.The
subsequent parts will elaborate on the technique,
technological concerns, and potential impact of this inventive
approach in reforming healthcare procedures, as we delve
into the complexities of VR design for anemia identification.
A. Selecting a VR Microprocessor
It is important to take into account aspects like
processing power ,efficiency, compatibility with VR gadgets,
and support for real-time image processing when choosing a
microprocessor for a Virtual Reality (VR) system,
particularly for anemia detection.
Finally, Raspberry 4 model B was selected because of the
Versatility and enhanced Graphics Performance,faster wired
network connectivity when compared with the wireless
raspberry pi
B. Appropriate Camera Selection
The main goal in choosing a camera for Virtual Reality
(VR) anemia diagnosis is to offer the best achievable imaging
quality and accuracy, which will allow for the precise
recording and examination of faint physiological markers in
the conjunctiva of the eyes. The selected camera must meet
the unique specifications of the VR system for detecting
anemia.
● Infrared camera
● Cell phone camera
● Web camera
● Raspberry 4 model B camera
Finally 5MP Raspberry 4 Model B camera was was
opted to make our VR
C. System Design for Lighting
In order to obtain an accurate picture of the conjunctiva for
detailed imaging, key considerations when selecting a light
strip for a Virtual Reality (VR) system included flexibility,
luminosity, hue accuracy, visibility, eliminating discomfort,
delivering accurate illumination, compatibility with VR
environment, and convenience of integration.
Factors to be taken into consideration :
1) Luminosity of light
2) Hue of light
3) the separation between the eye's
conjunctiva and light strip
4) Low Heat Emissions
When it comes to the field of Virtual Reality (VR) for
anemia detection, cold white SMD LEDs are a crucial
element in producing a diagnostic environment that is both
efficient and engaging. In applications such as conjunctiva
examination, cold white SMD LEDs provide a high
temperature of color and produce a bright, crisp illumination
that facilitates the visibility of minor physiological
indications. These LEDs' cold white light helps to accurately
show color fluctuations, which is important for
identifying any anemia indications. Their capacity to adjust
to different color temperatures guarantees that the lighting
may be adjusted to maximize the accuracy of the diagnostics.
SMD LEDs' efficient and low-heat properties enhance users'
overall comfort during prolonged VR sessions, which is
crucial for applications in healthcare vital for medical
applications requiring in-depth, targeted analysis. The
strategic integration of cool white SMD LEDs is in line with
the objectives of dependability, clarity, and user-centered
design, as it advances the field of anemia detection via virtual
reality technology.
therefore , a 12V Cold White SMD led strip was selected
after taking these variables into account.
D. Interfacing the Electronic Components
A comprehensive and effective system is created by
integrating components such as the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B,
the Raspberry Pi Camera Module, and cold white SMD LEDs
into the electronic circuit for anemia diagnosis through
virtual reality (VR). The central processing unit is a
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, which manages data flow and runs
image processing algorithms. The conjunctiva of the eyes is
captured in fine detail by the Raspberry Pi Camera Module,
allowing for accurate analysis in search of anemia signs. Cold
white SMD LEDs that are included into the circuit provide
maximum visibility and precise detection by lighting the
conjunctiva during virtual reality tests. By connecting the
Raspberry Pi 4 to the camera module, these components
were interfaced to enable real-time image capturing and
synchronize the activation of SMD LEDs for even and
constant lighting. Together, these parts form a potent
electronic circuit that synchronizes illumination, image
capturing, and data processing, enhancing the efficacy of
anemia detection in a virtual reality setting
E. Constructing a functional prototype
In order to create an interesting and practical diagnostic tool,
an integrated strategy is taken when constructing a prototype
for Virtual Reality (VR) anemia diagnosis. Hardware and
software elements are combined; In order to integrate the
electronic components, a 3D model was printed.
Fig .2 of conjunctiva for running ML algo Fig .3 of VR
F. Gathering Dataset and Creating an Algorithm
Biomedical scientists in Ghana were trained to capture
conjunctival images from children aged 6-59 months using
electronic instruments and mobile tablets. The system
collected biodata, Hb levels, age, and gender, and took
images of the conjunctiva of the eyes. The images were taken
in ambient natural light, with spotlights turned off to prevent
excessive shine effects. The ROI of the conjunctiva was
extracted using the triangle thresholding algorithm and
entropy grayscale image algorithm. The dataset was taken
from 10 hospitals present in Ghana
Because of their complementing advantages,
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and the Random
Forest method are frequently used in conjunction for the
identification of anemia. CNNs are excellent at extracting
fine-grained characteristics from images, which makes them
useful for tasks like conjunctiva evaluation, where minute
visual clues could be signs of anemia. In order to detect
anemia in eye pictures, CNNs can automatically develop
hierarchical feature representations, collecting both high-
level patterns and low-level details. By merging several
decision trees, the ensemble learning algorithm Random Fig .4 Flowchart of Convolutional Neural Network + Random Forest
Forest is excellent at producing precise predictions. It
enhances generalization and decreases overfitting.
The interpretability that Random Forest makes it simpler G. Completed Device
to comprehend the logic underlying the predictions. This is To set up the system a VNC viewer app on cellphone was
important since interpretability is frequently a major concern connected with the PC .The locally hosted online application
in medical applications. It is especially useful to combine using the VNC viewer, included ocular conjunctiva photos
CNNs with Random Forest when working with little amounts which was taken by the camera module set up in VR for the
of labeled data. From the provided images, CNNs are able to web interface . For the anemia detection; algorithm of CNN
learn robust representations, and Random Forest performs and Random Forest. The CNN's extracted characteristics are
well when it comes to generalizing the learnt features. CNNs then fed into a Random Forest classification algorithm.
ensure strong feature extraction by handling a variety of
visual circumstances, including lighting and orientation.
Random Forest improves the model's flexibility to various An ensemble learning technique called Random Forest uses
scenarios by taking into account a variety of decision routes, decision trees to categorize data. In this situation, it predicts
which aids in generalization. Modeling becomes more whether the image shows the existence of anemia or not. The
diverse when CNN and Random Forest are combined. Random Forest classifier predicts each image based on the
Modelling becomes more diverse when CNN and patterns and attributes it has learned. These predictions show
Random Forest are combined. Due to Random Forest's the possibility that anemia is present in the image. The
ensemble approach, CNNs are less likely to overfit when prediction findings, together with the associated photos, are
faced with sparse data, which results in a more stable and shown on the locally hosted web interface.
dependable model. By enabling feature importance analysis,
Random Forest offers insights into which features—learned The online program was interacted remotely via the mobile
by CNN—have the greatest bearing on the decision-making phone's VNC viewer, which allows you to take ocular
process. Understanding the importance of various visual conjunctiva images and receive real-time anemia detection
clues in the identification of anemia may depend on this. In results. This provides a user-friendly interface accessible
conclusion, the combination of CNN and Random Forest remotely via a mobile phone to detect anemia.
capitalizes on the advantages of both algorithms, overcoming
obstacles such interpretability issues, overfitting, and data
scarcity to eventually improve the efficacy of anemia
diagnosis in a medical setting. Fig .4 illustrates the flow chart
of CNN and Random Forest
 accuracy of CNN being the lowest with 49% . Logistic
Regression had accuracy of 89% but the F1 score and
Precision was relatively very low. VGG+RF had the accuracy
of 88.53% and XGBoost with 90.48% almost the same
percentage but CNN+RF outweighed all the algorithms
There are various benefits of combining the Random Forest
(RF) method with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
for the identification of anemia. CNNs are an effective tool
for image recognition tasks. Through automatic feature
extraction from the images, they are able to identify complex
patterns that may be suggestive of anemia. The capacity of
CNNs to extract complex features from images and the
resilience of RF in handling high-dimensional data and
Fig .5 Functional schematic of the complete project for Wireless setup preventing overfitting can both be utilized by merging these
The system knows how to produce the intended output even two methods. When integrated, these methods can produce
while it is unaware of the final outcome. In the project, this machine learning models for anemia detection that are more
design was put into practice. Relevant data sets were fed into reliable and accurate.
the output to train the algorithm and enable it to determine the A table is shown between the presence of anemia in
potential consequences of the inputs fed into it. By blood sample and the VR based anemia prediction which was
integrating these technologies, the system enables efficient non-invasively measured is given below .
and accurate screening for anemia, facilitating early detection
TABLE I. a collection of patients with real anemic states and our VR
and intervention to improve patient outcomes .
Fig 5 illustrates the schematic diagram of whole diagram
Patient No: Age Presence of VR-based
anemia based anemia
VI. RESULTS AND on a blood prediction
sample
DISCUSSION
1 20 No NO
A dataset of 710 images of the ocular eye conjunctiva 2 22 Yes Yes
from Ghana was fed into our machine learning algorithm; 3 19 No NO
60% of the images were identified as anemic, while 40% were
not.An algorithm evaluates the ocular conjunctiva image that 4 20 No NO
is taken when a patient uses the device, using the information 5 20 No NO
to determine whether or not the patient has anemia
6 22 Yes No
7 23 NO NO
8 21 NO NO
9 23 NO NO
10 24 Yes NO

The created non-invasive device had a covered design and

was intended to be worn. Choosing a covered design made
logical for a number of reasons.

Reason 1: Eliminating ambient light is necessary to avoid the

Fig .6 Performance Metrics of Different Algorithms with
Accuracy ,F1 Score and Precison
After testing five alternative algorithms VGG16 and Random
Forest, CNN, XGBoost, Logic Regression, and Convolutional
Neural Network with Random forest using the metrics of
accuracy, F1 score, precision, and, it was discovered that
CNN in conjunction with Random Forest had the highest
accuracy of 98.44 % as shown in the above graph along with
the highest F1 score and precision. With
excessive shine effects caused by poor picture quality, which
have a significant impact on the models' ability to detect and
classify objects and features. The technique of creating a
controlled environment works well for removing light from
the surroundings from photos while building datasets.
Reason 2: As we worked on the Ghana dataset, we discovered
that the conjunctiva's paleness varies by region. This, along
with the possibility that all of the images were taken with a
mobile phone in a variety of environmental settings, led us to
the conclusion that all of this can be resolved by using an
enclosed virtual reality device, which will help to capture
consistent images leading to a more precise anemia detection
method, enabling the creation of a diversified or any other
region-specific dataset
In rural locations like Ghana, the finger prick test for
hemoglobin —a standard tool for diagnosing anemia—
presents a number of drawbacks. First of all, there are
limitations of qualified professionals and resources for
conducting and interpreting testing, which restricts access to
healthcare. Furthermore, the lack of resources makes it
difficult to obtain the required tools and supplies. Variations
in technique and environmental circumstances give rise to
issues about accuracy, which can result in misdiagnosis or
underdiagnosis. Participation may be discouraged by cultural
and societal reasons, such as the stigma associated with
blood-related medical procedures. Barriers related to
education and language make communication and result
interpretation even more difficult. Furthermore, in isolated
locations with little access to healthcare facilities,
guaranteeing access to follow-up care and treatment presents
difficulties. Moreover, pressing the finger could cause a
change in the fluids when drawing the sample. Consequently,
applying pressure to the fingertip to obtain sufficient capillary
blood for reading could potentially increase the plasma
concentration
Anemia is usually discovered by unintentionally When a
patient is instructed to undergo a complete blood count (CBC)
to diagnose another medical condition. Hemoglobin levels are
measured by blood testing, which is a laborious process
requiring trained medical personnel and specially designed
instruments to draw blood from patients. The fact that the
patient feels pain during this operation is another factor that
may contribute to the reluctance of many individuals to have
their hemoglobin levels measured by blood testing. Similarly,
blood collection in rural areas of developing countries is
frequently carried out in unsanitary settings, raising the
possibility of infection. This research led to the discovery of
a non-invasive method that can identify anemia without
taking blood samples.
The non-invasive method for detecting anemia would
encourage a wider demographic to participate in screening
programs, particularly those who may be hesitant to undergo
invasive procedure leading to earlier detection and
intervention for those at risk.
The final objective of the project is to identify individuals
with anemia as early as feasible by non invasive anemia
detection using virtual reality and a web interface. This device
was designed for use by hospitals, clinics, big pharmaceutical
firms, and individual patients who would rather have frequent
blood screenings. The research effort employed the following
technologies: Machine learning, Website Development and
3d Modelling.The user would be able to identify his or her
anemia using this device and take the appropriate measures.
VI. CONCLUSION
Anemia is a prevalent global issue that impacts millions of
individuals annually. According to medical professionals,
anemia carries a danger of causing cancer. Therefore, the non-
invasive anemia detection gadget that was developed would
make it easier for people to identify anemia and treat it before
it worsens.
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