Parts of Speech

Summer Course Words, Phrase, and Sentences Page |1
Parts of Speech
Noun: Name of people, places, animals, ideas, objects/things
https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-are-the-types-of-nouns/
Form: Suffix
-ing** -tion -sion -ness -ment -dom -hood -ship -ry -tude/tute -al
-ence -ance -ism -cracy -logy -ty/-ity -ess -ian -ar -ee/-er/-or -ist
ตัวสีแดง มักจะหมายถึงคน
สิ่งที่ต้องทบทวน เอกพจน์ พหูพจน์ article การเติม s/es เปลี่ยนรูป คงรูป /// คาที่หน้าตาเป็นพหูแต่เป็นเอก
เช่น ชื่อวิชา
E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Function and Position

1. Subject - The man stepped on my toes.
2. Object (Direct / Indirect) - The mother was cooking her family a seafood dinner.
3. Object of Preposition - Two puppies followed behind the girl.
4. Object of a verbal - Winning the lottery jackpot was his biggest dream. / To escape from the
prison was all he wanted. / Having found his father’s car keys, he demanded a reward.
5. Subject / Object Complement - Peterson is my uncle. / I consider you my brother.
6. Appositive - Madison, my best friend, just visited Australia.
7. Adjective (Modifier of another noun) - He was snoring under a big beach umbrella.
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-1-nouns/2-functions-of-a-noun.html
Underline all the nouns in the sentences below.
1. Preparation for an athletic event such as the New York City Marathon involves serious effort.
2. A weightlifter must have the capability to lift incredibly heavy weights.
3. Wrestlers wage individual battles but can earn points for a team.
4. Although basketball was invented in the United States, it is now played throughout the world and is a
part of the Olympics.
5. Soccer and lacrosse are sports that are gaining popularity in America.
6. A club sometimes sponsors swimmers, golfers, or other athletes in competitions.

7. A group of running events may be held on indoor tracks.

8. A league, such as the National Hockey League, can provide national organization.
9. A committee may judge events such as skating competitions.
10. In any sport only a handful will earn the reputation of a Monica Seles or a Michael Jordan.
From the sentences above, list five examples of each of the following: Possible answers are given.
1. (proper nouns) New York City Marathon, United States, Olympics, National Hockey League, MonicaSeles
2. (collective nouns) team, club, group, league, committee
3. (concrete nouns) weightlifter, weight, soccer, swimmers, tracks
4. (abstract nouns) effort, capability, popularity, preparation, reputation
5. (plural nouns) weights, sports, athletes, events, swimmers

Pronoun: A word that can replace a noun in a sentence (Pronouns must agree in number, gender, and
person with their antecedents.)
https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pro_antagree.htm
Possessive Adjective & Possessive Pronoun

Another, other, others, the other, the others, each other, one another
Another + sing N อีกหนึ่ง / อีกอันหนึ่ง
another + plural N ได้ ถ้ามีคาแสดงจานวนนับหน้า - N another five months
another ใช้แทนคานามได้ One problem invites another. ปัญหาหนึ่งนาไปสู่อีกปัญหาหนึ่ง

other + plural N / noncount N อื่นๆ ไม่ชี้เฉพาะว่าอันไหน

others ความหมายเหมือน other แต่ไม่ต้องมีนามตามหลัง มักใช้คู่กับ some – While some drivers are very careful,
others aren’t.
the other + Sing N หรือไม่ต้องมีนามตามหลัง (อีกหนึ่งจากจานวนสองอย่าง)


Verb A verb is a word that describes what the subject of a sentence is doing. Verbs can indicate (physical
or mental) actions, occurrences, and states of being.
Form suffix -en -ate -ize -ify
*ลงท้ายด้วย ate แต่เป็น adj delicate adequate considerate


A. Identifying Action Verbs

Underline the action verb in each sentence. Identify each verb as transitive or intransitive by
writing T or I in the blank.
T 1. Duckbill platypuses pose a scientific enigma.
T 2. They possess flat, rubbery bills, no teeth, and webbed feet.
T 3. Mother platypuses produce milk for their young.
T 4. Platypuses flop their beaverlike tails.
I 5. Platypuses live in rivers and lakes.
I 6. They also feed there.
I 7. They sleep in burrows in riverbanks.
T 8. Male platypuses usually strike their victims.
T 9. Scientists sometimes call the platypus a “bits-and-pieces animal.”
T 10. Researchers still seek answers to the mammal’s mysteries.
Linking verb – can be replaced by Verb be with no change in meaning

linking verbs are used for descriptions, whereas action verbs tell you what someone (or something) is
doing.
Remember, you can replace linking verbs with a form of to be (am, is, are, was, were, etc.) but you can't
do the same thing with action verbs.
Linking
Kelly grows tired after hours of gardening.
The adjective tired describes Kelly. Kelly is tired after she gardens.
Action
Kelly grows sunflowers in her yard.
This sentence tells us what Kelly is doing—she plants sunflowers and grows them.
Kelly grows tired. = Kelly is tired.
Kelly grows sunflowers. ≠ Kelly is sunflowers.

Summer Course Words, Phrase, and Sentences P a g e | 10
In the second example, replacing grows with is creates a nonsense sentence. The noun sunflowers does
not describe Kelly; she's not a sunflower.
Gerund & Infinitives




Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning

Forget
Forget to do something: Used to talk about things that we need to do, and we forget to do them.
• I think forgot to lock the door when we left.

• Don’t forget to call me when you finish.
Forget doing something: It’s normally used in negative sentences. Used to talk about memories, normally about things that
we did in the past and that we will not forget.
• I’ll never forget walking on that amazing beach for the first time.
Remember
Remember to do something: You remember first and then you do something. Used to talk about things we need to do.
• He didn’t remember to turn off the heating after class.

• Please, will you remember to close the windows if you leave?
Remember doing something: Used to talk about memories. We remember things from the past.
• I remember eating on this same chair the day I graduated.

• I remember mentioning the issue to Elisabeth last week.
Try
Try to do something: When we try to do something, we make an effort to achieve something that we maybe we will or will
not accomplish.
• Could you please try to be a bit less rude?

• I’ll try to convince him, but I’m not sure that’s going to change anything.

Try doing something: Used when we want to achieve something and try something as an experiment to see if it help us
achieve what we want. We try a method (one of the many we could try) in order to achieve something.
• A: “I need to sleep but I can’t.” B: “Why don’t you try drinking a glass of hot
milk?”
• I can’t contact Jane. I‘ve tried calling her home number and also on her
mobile, but nothing.
Stop
Stop to do something: Used when we stop doing an activity so as to start doing a different one.
• We had been driving for hours, so we had to stop to eat something and go
to the toilet.
Stop doing something: It means to finish doing something that we are doing.
• Could you stop biting your nails?

• I need to stop smoking once and for all.
Need
Need to do something: It’s necessary to do something
• I need to see you immediately.
Something needs doing: It has a passive meaning. It means that something needs to be done.
• Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.)
https://test-english.com/explanation/b1-2/gerund-or-infinitive/


Challenging Verbs: Rise/Raise

Rise: to rise (yourself).
I rise from my bed when I am no longer tired.
Raise: to raise something else.
I always raise my hand in class.
Present Present Past Past Participle

Participle
Rise (self) rise rising rose risen
Raise (object) raise raising raised raised
Notice that the transitive verb (the one you do to an object) is more regular than the
intransitive verb (the one you do to yourself). Raise adds -ing and -ed. Rise adds -ing,
but changes to rose and risen.
I rise in the morning when my alarm goes off.
I am rising from my bed right now.
I rose from my bed late yesterday.
In the past I have risen as early as 5:00.
I raise the window shade every morning.
I am raising the window shade now.
Yesterday I raised the window shade.
In the past I have raised the window shade.
Sit: to sit (yourself) down.
I sit down on my bed when I am tired.
Set: to set something else down.
I set down my backpack in the hallway when I get home.

Participle

Sit (self) sit sitting sat sat
Set (object) set setting set set
intransitive verb (the one you do to yourself). Set adds -ing to the present progressive,
but the present, past, and past progressive are the same. Sit adds -ing, but changes
to sat in the past and past progressive.
I sit down on my bed when I am tired.
I am sitting down on my bed right now.
I sat down on my bed yesterday.
In the past I have sat down on my bed.
I set my backpack down in the hall.
I am setting my backpack down.
Yesterday I set my backpack down.
In the past I have set my back pack down.
Lie: to lie (yourself) down.
I lie down on my bed when I am tired.
Lay: to lay something else down.
I lay down my backpack in the hallway when I get home.

Participle
Lie (self) lie lying lay lain
Lay (object) lay laying laid laid
intransitive verb (the one you do to yourself). Lay adds -ing and -ed (with a spelling
change). Lie adds -ing, but changes to lay and lain.
I lie down on my bed when I am tired.
I am lying down on my bed right now.

I lay down on my bed yesterday.

In the past I have lain down on my bed.
I lay my backpack down in the hall.
I am laying my backpack down.
Yesterday I laid my backpack down.
In the past I have laid my back pack down.
Confusing word
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/commonly-confused-words/
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/14/how-to-avoid-mixing-up-commonly-confused-words.html
Adjective An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

Form suffix -al -ous -able -ible -ant -ent -ing -ed -ful -ice -ive -y
*ลงท้าย al แต่เป็น n arrival appraisal proposal disapproval refusal denial removal withdrawal survival funeral
betrayal trial

Position of Adjective
Before Noun
After Verb Be/ Linking Verb
After Indefinite Pronoun – something anyone – Let’s do something special. / Go to somewhere quiet.
After expression of measurement – Two feet high. / Three years old
After Object – Verb + Object + Adjective – I will make you happy. / Let’s paint the room blue.
After As, How, So, Too – As, How, So, Too, This/That + Adjective + a/an + Noun
What can precede Adjective – Article + Ordinal numbers + Numeral Numbers + Adverb + Adjective

In English syntax, adjectives belong in a certain order:
Determiners Quantifiers Opinions Facts
Physical Traits
noun as adjective
demonstratives
purpose / kind
length / shape
possessives
evaluation
sequence
condition
numbers
amounts
opinions
material
pattern
articles
origin
color
size
age
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
The two comfortable old blue recliner chairs
My many faithful, big black spotted Labrador retrievers

friendly

Adverb An adverb is a word that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, clause, sentence and mainly
anything else that could be modified. Adverbs are often used to indicate manner, time, place or degree.
Form suffix -ly -ward(s) -wise
ลงท้ายด้วย ly แต่เป็น adj costly friendly ugly lovely lonely lowly elderly lively เป็นได้ทั้ง adj adv deadly like ly
early daily weekly monthly yearly kindly
Fast* hard* hardly*

NNatural
EEmpathetic
WWell-Mannered
RReliable
AAttentive
TThoughtful
CClassy
HHonorable
IIrreplaceable
EEasy to approach
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/position-of-adverbs/

Comparison
The more…, the more…

Express that two things vary together
What Are Double Comparatives?
Double comparatives are phrases commonly used in English to express increasing or

decreasing returns. Double comparatives are often employed to underline the importance
of doing or not doing a certain activity. Here are some examples of double comparatives:
• The more you study, the more you learn.

• The more time you take, the better the assignment your turn in.
• The less money I spend, the less I have to worry about saving.
• The less you worry about the others, the less they will bother you.
Using Double Comparatives

As you can see from these examples, the format of double comparatives is as follows:
The (more / less) + (noun / noun phrase) subject + verb + , + the (more / less) + (noun)
subject + verb
Double comparatives with 'more' and 'less' can be used with adjectives in the same way. In
this case, the structure places the comparative adjective first:

The + comparative adjective + (noun) + subject + verb, the + comparative adjective + it is

+ infinitive
• The easier the test is, the longer students will wait to prepare.
• The faster the car is, the more dangerous it is to drive.
• The crazier the idea is, the more fun it is to try.
• The more difficult the task is, the sweeter it is to succeed.
These forms can be mixed up as well. For example, a double comparative might begin
with a more / less plus a subject and then end in a comparative adjective plus the subject.
• The more money and time he spends with her, the happier he becomes.
• The less Mary thinks about the problem, the more relaxed she feels.
• The more the students study for the test, the higher their scores will be.
You can also reverse the above by beginning with a comparative adjective and ending with
more / less plus a subject and verb or noun, subject and verb.
• The richer the person is, the more privilege he enjoys.

• The happier the child is, the more the mom can relax.
• The more dangerous the amusement park ride is, the less management worries
about making a profit.
Double comparatives are often shortened in spoken English, especially when used as a
cliche. Here are some examples of typical cliches using double comparatives.
The more the merrier

means...
The more people there are, the merrier everyone will be.
Double comparatives can also be turned into commands in the imperative form when
recommending certain actions:
• Study more, learn more.

• Play less, study more.
• Work more, save more.
• Think harder, get smarter.
Double Comparatives = Incorrect Usage

The use of the term double comparative also applies to the incorrect use of two
comparative forms together. Here are some examples:
• This wine is more tastier than that bottle.

• She is more funnier than Tom is.
• Alexander is more taller than Franklin.

In this case, more is not required as the comparative adjective form has been modified by
the addition of '-ier'.
Double Comparatives to Show Change

Finally, double comparatives are also used to show a continual increase or decrease.
• There are more and more people coming to this vacation spot.
• It seems like there is less and less time to spend with the family these days.
• Recently, people are finding more and more time to spend with their families.
Practice Double Comparatives

Use the following sentence segments to create double comparatives (the good kind) of
your own.
1. people / come / party , food / we / need

2. difficult / test , students / study
3. nice / customer service representative / happy / customer
4. high-tech / car , expensive / model
5. full / church , good / pastor
6. funny / comic , sales / cd / have
7. severe / judge , harsh /sentence
8. experienced / technician , satisfying / repair
9. long / play , bored / audience
10. money / spend , money / save
Possible Answers
Here are some possible answers for the exercise.
1. The more people that come to the party, the more food we will need.
2. The more difficult the test is, the more students should study.
3. The nicer the customer service representative is, the happier the customer will be.
4. The more high-tech the car is, the more expensive the modal will cost.
5. The fuller the church is, the better the pastor is.
6. The funnier the comic is, the better sales the CD will have.
7. The more severe the judge, the harsher the sentence will be.
8. The more experienced the technician is, the more satisfying the repair will be.
9. The longer the play lasts, the more bored the audience becomes.
10. The more money you spend, the less money you save.
https://www.thoughtco.com/double-comparatives-1210274
good website for teaching https://www.englishgrammar101.com/parts-of-speech

https://www.englishgrammar101.com/sentence-structure
https://www.facebook.com/expertenglishinfo/photos


Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a word in the sentence and the word that is
the object of the preposition.
Prepositions can never be alone, so it makes sense to learn about prepositions in their phrases. Any lone
preposition is actually an adverb.
Some words can be used as either prepositions or adverbs. If the word has an object,
it is acting as a preposition. If it has no object, it is acting as an adverb.
Adverb: My school bus just went past.
Preposition: My brother just drove past us.
Hint:
Ask what after the word to see if it has an object.
Adverb: My school bus just went past. (Past what? Nothing = Adverb)
Preposition: My brother just drove past us. (Past what? Us = Preposition)
A prepositional phrase may modify the object of another prepositional phrase.
The flowers \in the pot \on the windowsill \in the kitchen \of my grandmother's
house \in Maine are violets.
The flowers are in the pot.
The pot is on the windowsill.
The windowsill is in the kitchen.
The kitchen is of my grandmother's house.
The house is in Maine.
Placement Problems and Dangling

Prepositions
Misplaced Prepositional Phrases
Putting the prepositional phrase in the wrong place can lead to some strange-
sounding sentences.
Tourists often wander along our beach \with cameras. (Do the beaches have
cameras?)
Tourists \with cameras often wander along our beach. (No, the tourists have
cameras.)
It is always best to put prepositional phrases with the words they modify unless you
are consciously moving an adverb phrase. Make sure you don't put a prepositional
phrase after a noun that it doesn't modify.
Dangling Prepositions
"Never end a sentence with a preposition!" We have almost all heard that rule, but it is
not as carved in stone as it sounds.

Sometimes a preposition at the end of the sentence is really a problem. Sometimes it

is not. If it is, there are several ways to fix it.
• It is fine - just leave it (unless your English teacher has a big problem with prepositions
at end of sentences, in which case try completely rearranging the sentence).
What are you looking at? - That really is okay.
At what are you looking? - Sounds awkward. No one speaks like that, not even
English teachers.
What are these cookies made of? - Okay. You could leave it like this.
What are the ingredients in these cookies? - Better
A teacher is a person most children look up to. - Okay. You could leave it like this.
A teacher is a person to whom most children look up. - A bit awkward. This might
impress your teacher, but people do not talk like this.
Most children look up to a teacher. - Completely rewritten.
• It really is not a problem because it is an idiomatic (two-word) verb.
What time should I pick you up? - Okay because pick up is an idiomatic/two-word
verb.
• Move the phrase.
What time should we wake up at? - Nope

At what time should we wake up? - Much better
• Rearrange the prepositional phrase.
Colored pencils are my favorite tools to draw with. - Not terrible

Colored pencils are my favorite tools with which to draw. - Preferable
• Just leave it off. Sometimes people add unnecessary prepositions to the end of a
sentence.
Where is your hometown at? - You don't need at.

Where is your hometown? - Much better.
Troublesome Prepositions
Some prepositions commonly cause trouble for writers.
Beside / Besides
Beside means next to or at the side of.
The book is on the table beside my chair.
Besides means in addition to.
No one besides the teachers is allowed in the teachers' lounge.

Between / Among
Between is used with two things.
I sit between Annie and Mark.
Among is used with a group of three or more.
I sit among my friends.
Have / Of
Because the verb have is often contracted with a helping verb
like could or should resulting in could've or should've, students often think the
contractions mean could of or should of.
You should have brought it since you could have.
Angry with / Angry at
You are angry with a person.
I am angry with my little brother for breaking my television.
You get angry at an object.
I was angry at my locker when I couldn't get it open.
Different from / Different than
Always use different from.
My answer was different from the answer on the key.
Never use different than.
My answer was different than the answer on the key.


https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/adjective-preposition/
https://englishgrammarplus.com/1000-english-collocations-collocation-words-list-pdf/
https://englishgrammarplus.com/advanced-collocations-list-pdf/

Conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses. There are several types of
conjunctions and several other types of words that act as conjunctions.
*บางคาเป็นได้ทั้ง prep และ conj since before after *ตามด้วยคาหรือวลีเป็น prep ตามด้วยประโยคเป็น conj
Coordinate Conjunctions
Definition:
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses. There are several
types of conjunctions and several other types of words that act as conjunctions.
Joining words: You should wait before grabbing one of
those tempting but hot cookies.
Joining phrases: We have to drive across two states and around a lake to get to
Grandmother's house.
Joining clauses: Because you didn't do your homework, you will need to miss
recess.
Definition:
A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses that

are grammatically equal. In other words, the conjunction can join several nouns
or several phrases or several clauses. The coordinating conjunctions
are and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.
Joining nouns: We can have pizza, spaghetti, or lasagna for dinner.
Joining verbs: The puppies in the dog park chased, wrestled, and swam all
afternoon.
Joining adjectives: The forest behind your house seems dark and mysterious.
Joining phrases: We left on time but arrived late because of the storm.
Joining clauses: The dragon refused to eat people for he found them rather foul
tasting.
Each coordinating conjunction connects ideas in a slightly different way.
And - combines two or more positive ideas.
But - connects two or more true but contrasting ideas.
Or - presents a choice between ideas. Only one of the choices is true or possible.
Nor - combines two or more negative ideas. Neither of the ideas is true or possible.
Yet - connects two or more ideas that are somewhat contrasting.
For - explains a reason or purpose.
So - shows an effect or result.
Beware - so can also be so that, which is a subordinating conjunction. Sometimes we
say so when we mean so that.
We are going to the movies, so we can't watch that program.
You need to be here on time so we can get to the movie before it starts.
You need to be here on time so that we can get to the movies before it starts.

Punctuating Coordinate Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions have a comma before them when they join two independent
clauses. (A simple sentence is an independent clause.) Both clauses must make
sense by themselves.
I know I brought my pencil. I can't find it.
I know I brought my pencil, but I can't find it.
Often a conjunction is used at the end of a series. That conjunction is usually
preceded by a comma in American English. British English writers often leave out that
"terminal comma" or "serial comma." The conjunction can be repeated for an emphatic
effect instead of using commas.
I have English, math, and science homework.
I have English and math and science homework.
Note:
Can you start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction? Most teachers say
no, but I'm sure you've noticed sentences beginning with and or but in books
that you have read. It can be done for effect if it is done on purpose. Many
professional writers often ignore the "rules." That is because they know the rules
and can choose to break them when they want a certain effect. Most teachers
require students to demonstrate that they know the rules before allowing them to
break them.
Correlative Conjunctions
Definition:
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses. The

correlative conjunctions are either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but
also, whether...or.
Joining words: My uncle is not only a doctor but also a pharmacist.
Joining phrases: All of these clothes are either too small or worn out.
Joining clauses: Either Monica will bring drinks, or she will bring brownies.
Correlative conjunctions are stronger than coordinating conjunctions and emphasize
the relationship between the ideas being joined. Notice the difference in the following
sentences:
Cats and dogs make good pets.
Both cats and dogs make good pets.
Ron or Davie found my bicycle.
Either Ron or Davie found my bicycle.

Note: Not only...but also can be split apart. Even the second half can be split. Not
only cannot be split.
I like not only ice skating but also hockey. Not only is he a great singer, but he
is also an actor.
Note: Be careful of the placement of the parts of the conjunction.
Confusing: Either you must bring in your permission slip or stay home. (The reader
is left hanging waiting for the second clause.)
Better: You must either bring in your permission slip or stay home. (You must do one
of these two actions.)
Also better: Either you must bring in your permission slip, or you must stay home.
Confusing: It was not only a long movie but also exciting.
Better: The movie was not only long but also exciting.
Better: It was not only a long movie but also an exciting one.
As you learned in the modifiers unit, watch where you put only.
Confusing: Jeremy not only won a trophy but also money.
Better: Jeremy won not only a trophy but also money.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Definition:
A conjunctive adverb (adverbial conjunction, transitional device) can be used to

join two independent clauses, making a compound sentence.
Like a conjunction, it connects ideas, but it is stronger. It shows a more specific
relationship and usually acts as a transition between the clauses. It can combine,
compare, contrast, emphasize, summarize, illustrate, show sequence, and concede
that the reader already knows an idea. (Notice that all the ideas in this series are verbs
or verb phrases so they are parallel.)
Weak: Most Labrador retrievers are friendly, but some can be mean.
Stronger: Most Labrador retrievers are friendly; however, some can be mean.
Some common conjunctive adverbs
accordingly however otherwise
also incidentally similarly
anyway indeed specifically
besides instead still
certainly likewise subsequently
consequently meanwhile then
conversely moreover

finally next therefore

furthermore nevertheless thus
hence nonetheless
Beware: This is not a complete list, and all of these words are not always used this
way. Memorizing the list is not useful. Analyzing how words work together in a
sentence is the best way to find them.
Definition:
Conjunctive adverbs can also be used in the middle of a sentence as

parenthetical expressions.
I know Jeremiah can, in fact, sing very well.
Conjunctive adverbs used as parenthetical expressions include the list above and
these common compound ones.
for example on the contrary that is

namely in fact on the other hand
Punctuating Conjunctive Adverbs
When used in a simple sentence as a parenthetical expression, the conjunctive adverb
has commas around it because it is not grammatically a part of the sentence. It may
seem like an adverb, but it is usually just something people say in conversation.
We are, however, not ready to go.
If it is used to combine sentences, a semicolon is used before the conjunctive adverb.
(Think of a semicolon as two commas - one that would have been in front of a
coordinating conjunction plus one that shows that however is parenthetical.)
I am ready; however, you are not.
Sentences with conjunctive adverbs can also be written as separate sentences.
I am ready. However, my sister is not.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Definition:
A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses by making one clause subordinate

to, or dependent on, the other. It makes a stronger connection than a
coordinating conjunction does. The subordinating conjunction shows a
relationship between the two clauses. Some subordinating conjunctions are
made up of more than one word.
Independent: It is raining hard.
Independent: We might get wet.

Loose connection with coordinating conjunction: It is raining hard, and we might

get wet. (The reader isn't told that the reason they might get wet is the rain.)
Stronger connection with subordinating conjunction: We might get
wet because it is raining hard. Because it is raining hard, we might get wet. (The
reader can see the cause and effect relationship)
Some common subordinating conjunctions
after how though
although if till
as in order that unless
as if once until
as far as provided (that) when
as long as rather than whenever
as soon as since where
as though so long as wherever
because so (that) whether
before so that while
even if than why
even though that
Beware: This is not a complete list, and all of these words are not always used this
way. Memorizing the list is not useful. Analyzing how words work together in a
sentence is the best way to find them.
Subordinating conjunctions introduce adverb or noun clauses. Adverb clauses
tell how, why, to what extent, and under what conditions something happened.
Punctuating subordinating conjunctions
If the subordinating conjunction is between the independent clause and the dependent
clause, it is strong enough to hold the sentences together without a comma.
(Subordinating conjunctions are superglue! Coordinating conjunctions are just
classroom glue.)
You must finish your painting before it dries.
If the subordinating conjunction is at the beginning of the sentence (making the
dependent clause an introductory dependent clause), the sentence needs a comma
between the two clauses. (If the glue is at the beginning, how is it going to hold
anything together? The comma is the glue.)
Before it dries, you must finish your painting.
If the subordinating conjunction is combining two words or phrases, it isn't acting as a
subordinating conjunction. It might be acting as a preposition or adverb. You will need
to decide on its punctuation based on that use.
My movie will end before yours.

Note:
Many students believe it is incorrect to start a sentence with because. This is

because too many students for too many years answer questions with only the
second, dependent clause. Teachers want to discourage that, so they tell
students that they are not allowed to start sentences with because.
Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall?
Incorrect: Because they were trying to keep out their enemies.
Correct: The Chinese built the Great Wall because they were trying to keep out their
enemies.
Correct: Because they were trying to keep out their enemies, the Chinese built the
Great Wall.
As/As if Versus Like

Like versus as/as if/as though/such as - In casual speech people often
use like when they should use as or as if.
Like should only be used when followed by a noun.
The clouds look like cotton balls.
As, as if, and as though join clauses.
It is going to rain today like as it did yesterday.
It looks like as if it is going to rain.
We ran between the buildings like as though it were already raining.
Such as is used before a list.
You will need to bring rain gear like such as an umbrella, a poncho, or boots.

Interjection
*มีทั้ง word/phrase
Definition:
An interjection is a word or group of words that expresses emotion. They can

show happiness, surprise, anger, impatience, and many other emotions. They
can also be used to get attention. Interjections do not have a grammatical
purpose in the sentence. They are considered parenthetical and are set off with
commas.
Some common (and less common) interjections
yes dear oh, the horror
no dear me oops
drat ouch
hello duh phew
hi eek please
hey eh rats
good-bye enough shh
er shoot
absolutely Eureka shucks
achoo eww snap
ack gee stop
agreed good grief sweet
ah gosh ugh
aha great uh
ahem groovy uh-huh
ahh ha uh-oh
ahoy hmm um
alas holy macaroni umm
alright hooray waa
alrighty humph way to go
anyhow hush well
argh indeed what
bah mmmm whew
humbug my goodness whoa
beware my wow
blech nah yay
bravo never yikes
congratulations no way yippee

crud nonsense yuck

dang oh yum
darn
As you can see, many interjections use onomatopoeia. Others are fad words. All of
them are words we use that don't have any real meaning in the sentence.
Interjections are generally used at the beginnings of sentences, but they may come
anywhere in the sentence.
At the beginning: Gee, that's not very nice.
At the end: You like that ice cream, huh?
In the middle: I found that, yes, I had forgotten my toothbrush.
Punctuating interjections
Interjections that express strong emotion are followed with an exclamation mark.
Oh no! I forgot to do my homework!
Mild interjections are set off from the sentence with a comma.
Rats, it's raining again.
Questioning interjections are followed by a question mark.
Huh? You want me to do what?
Occasionally an interjection might take a period, especially if it is at the end of the
sentence.
Hey. What page are we on? (Note: Here hey is used to get attention before asking the
question, so it isn't part of the question. It's not exclaimed, however, or the speaker
might get in trouble.)
My sandwich is squished. Yuck.
Hint:
Interjections reflect the way we speak in informal situations. They are generally
avoided when writing in formal or academic situations.

https://www.trueplookpanya.com/learning/detail/23796
What a/an + adjective + noun!
What a heavy bag! - กระเป๋าหนักเว่อ
What a cute dog! - เจ้าหมาตัวนี้น่ารักเว่ออะ
What a messy room! - โอยห้องรกเกิ๊น..

What a nice guy! - เค้าเป็นคนดีมว๊าก..
How + Adj + subject + verb

การอุทาน (Interjection = อินเตอร์เจคชัน่ ) คือคาพูดที่พูดออกไปด้วยอารมณ์ต่างๆ เพื่อแสดงออกถึงความรู ้สึกที่เกิดขึ้น
ขณะนั้น เช่น ดีใจ เสี ยใจ หรื อ โกรธ เป็ นต้น
รู ปแบบของการอุทาน มี 2 ชนิด คือ
1. 1. การอุทานที่เป็ นคาเดียวโดดๆ หรื อเป็ นกลุ่มคา (วลี) เช่ น

2. 1. ประหลาดใจ
- Oh! (โอ) = โอ! ออ! โอ้โฮ!
- Indeed (อินดีด) = จริ งๆ! แท้จริ ง!
- Wow (เวา) = โอ้โฮ!
1. 2. เศร้ าใจ
- Alas! (อะแล็ส) = โอย! ตายจริ ง!
- Ah! (อา) (= อา! โอย!
- Alack! (อะแล็ค) = อนิจจา!
1. 3. ดีใจ
- Hurrah (ฮูรา) = ไชโย!
- Ha! (ฮา) = ฮา!
- Bravo! (บราโว) = ไชโย!
1. 4. รังเกียจ
- Ugh! (อุฮ) = ทุด! ถุย!
1. 5. เหยียดหยาม

- Dam! (แด็ม) = สมน้ าหน้า!
- Pooh! (พู่) = ชึ!
- Bosh! (บ็อช) = เหลวไหล!
1. 6. ติเตียน
- Fie! (ไฟ) = เชอะ! ถุย!
1. 7. เตือนให้ ระวัง
- Hark! (ฮ้าค) = ฟัง!
- Hush! (ฮัช) = อย่าทาเสี ยงดัง!
1. 8. เรียกหรื อทักทาย
- Ho! (โฮ) = ฮ้า!
- Hello (เฮ็ลโล) = สวัสดี!
- Hullo (ฮะโล) = ฮัลโหล!
คาอุทานที่เป็ นกลุ่มคาได้ แก่
1. Well done! (เว็ล ดัน) = เยี่ยมไปเลย!

2. Just my luck! (จัสท มาย ลัค) = โชคของผมแท้ๆ!
3. O dear me! (โอ เดียร์ มี) = โอ่ ได้โปรดเถอะ!
4. 2. การอุทานที่ออกมาในรู ปแบบของประโยค เช่ น ประโยคอุทานที่ขนึ้ ต้ นด้ วย What และ How เช่ น
5. What a pity! (ว็อท อะ พิททิ)
ช่างน่าสงสารอะไรอย่างนั้น
1. What a mess! (ว็อท อะ เมส)
มันช่างสับสนอะไรอย่างนั้น

1. 3. What a fool he is!(ว็อท อะ ฟูล ฮี อีส)
เขาช่างโง่อะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. What a shame you can’t come!
(ว็อท อะ เชม ยู ค้านท คัม)
ช่างน่าอานอะไรอย่างนั้นที่คุณมาไม่ได้!
1. What an awful noise!
(ว็อท แอน ออฟูล นอยซ)
มันช่างเสี ยงดังอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. What a nuisance! (ว็อท อะ นิวซันซ)
มันช่างน่าราคาญอะไรอย่างนั้น
1. What a shame! (ว็อท อะ เชม)
ช่างน่ายอายอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. What a pretty girl!
(ว็อท อะ พริ ททิ เกิล)
เธอช่าน่ารักอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. What an expensive dress!
(ว็อท แอน อิ๊คซเพนซี ฟว เดรส)
ชุดอะไรช่างแพงอย่างนั้น!
1. What a large room!
(ว็อท อะ ลาจ รู ม)
ห้องอะไรช่างใหญ่อย่างนั้น!

1. What lovely children! (ว็อท ลัฟลิ ชินเดรน)
ช่างเป็ นเด็กที่น่ารักอะไรอย่างนั้น
1. What delicious food it is!
(ว็อท ดิลิซซัส ฟูด อิท อีส)
มันช่างเป็ นอาหารที่อร่ อยอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. How nice of you to come!
(ฮาว ไนซ ออฟ ยู ทู คัม)
ช่างดีเหลือเกินที่คุณมาได้!
1. How cold this room is!
(ฮาว โคลด ธิ ส รู ม อีส)
ห้องนี้ช่างหนาวะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. How strong he is!
(ฮาว สตรอง ฮี อีส)
เขาช่างแข็แรงอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. How quickly the time passes!
(ฮาว ควิคลี่ เธอะ ไทม พาสเสซ)
เวลาช่างผ่านไปรวดเร็ วอะไรอย่างนั้น!
1. How heavy it rains!
(ฮาว เฮ็ฟวี่ อิท เรนส)
ฝนช่างตกหนักอะไรอย่างนั้น!

ประโยคอุทาน บางอย่ างก็ขนึ้ ต้ นด้ วยคากริยาวิเศษณ์ (Adverb) เช่ น
1. Away you go! (อะเวย์ ยู โก)
แกออกไปซะ!
1. Here it comes! (เฮีย อิท คัมส)
มานี่แล้วไง
1. There they are! (แธร์ เธย์ อาร์)
พวกเขาอยูท่ ี่นนั่ เอง
1. There goes the bus!
(แธร์ โกส เธอะ บัส)
รถโดยสารไปโน่นแล้ว
นอกจากนีป้ ระโยคอุทาน ยังใช้ เพื่อการอวยพร หรื อแสดงความยินดีได้ อกี ด้ วย เช่ น
1. Long live the King.
(ลอง ลีฟ เธอะ คิง)
ขอจงทรงพระเจริ ญ
1. God save you. (กอด เซฟว ยู)
ขอให้พระเจ้าคุม้ ครองคุณ
1. Have a good trip.
(แฮ็ฟ อะ กูด ทริ พ)
ขอให้เดินทางโดยปลอดภัย

1. Best of luck. (เบสท ออฟ ลักค)
ขอให้โชคดี
Article / Determiners

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/quantifiers/
https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/exercises/what-are-quantifiers
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/quantifiers
Phrase and Clause
Difference Between a Phrase and a Clause

A phrase is a group of related words that function as a single unit but lacks both a
subject and a verb. It does not convey a complete thought or express a complete
sentence.
Examples of phrases include “in the park“, “under the bed“, and “before sunrise“.
On the other hand, a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought or idea. Clauses can either be independent (also called
main clauses) or dependent (also called subordinate clauses).
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause
cannot.
Examples of independent clauses include “I went to the store” and “She loves to
sing“. An example of a dependent clause is “After she finished her homework“.
In summary, the main difference between a phrase and a clause is that
a phrase lacks a subject and a verb, while a clause contains both and can
express a complete thought or idea.

Phrases are grouped into eight categories, namely; noun phrases, infinitive
phrases, verb phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, absolute
phrases, and prepositional phrases.
Let’s take a look at each of the phrases in detail and its examples:
Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is composed of a noun and modifiers. Examples in a sentence:
• The disabled woman was left out of the trip.

• The deceased person was humble and faithful.
• The young vet had come across several cases of pneumonia.
• Sunday became a quiet, sorrow evening.
• The ailing mother was generous and honest.
Verb Phrases
A verb phrase is composed of a verb and words that modify the verb.
Examples:
• She was waiting for the bus to arrive.

• She was interested in watching the film.
• You have not uttered a word since morning.
• You might enjoy a cup of tea.
• He was excited to be part of the party.
• He was anxious to meet her favorite actor
• She was distressed when she failed the test.
• He was pleased to have his application approved.
• He was eager to say goodbye to his classmates.
• You might find it necessary to carry an umbrella.
• You could have won the race if you had prepared in advance.
• He was prepared to quit the job if her nemesis was to become the CEO.
Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase is a noun phrase that starts with a verb that acts as a noun. Here are
the examples:
• Walking in a thorny bush can be stressful.

• Marking assignments can be challenging.

• Getting married is exciting.
• Taking my daughter out is fun.
• Wandering across the street is awkward.
• Getting a good grade was the result of hard work.
• Doing an assignment for her friends was the only way to earn a living.
• Attending extra classes wasn’t enough to better her grades.
• Washing clothes is tedious.
• Starring at the visitors all day did not earn her a living.
Infinitive Phrases
It is a noun phrase that starts with an infinitive verb. The following are the examples:
• I moved to the city to work on a government project.

• He planned protests to send a message to the authorities.
• I tried to convince him, but he couldn’t listen.
• The institution decided to reduce the workers’ pay.
• To prepare a meal, you need to have all the ingredients in place.
• She needs counseling to change her behavior.
• He needs to work out on his weaknesses.
• I tried to stop the boys from fighting, but my effort ended in vain.
• .He could have made it, but he was not aggressive enough.
• He has to improve if he has to be promoted to the next class.
• She has to prepare supper on time if she wants to stand a chance to do the
assignment.
Appositive Phrases
An appositive phrase is a phrase that defines and reaffirms a noun. It’s composed of
single or multiple words. Here are the examples:
• Eliud, the most famous marathoner, can run 42 kilometers in less than two hours.
• My thought, submitting all the assignments in a PDF format, was welcomed by the
lecturer.
• Chelsea, my favorite football club, is doing well in the competition.
• A lion, the king of the jungle, is feared by all animals.
• My house girl, the helper of the family, is also part of my family.
• Her pet, Golden Retriever, was her everything.
• My boyfriend, the love of my life, is also a workmate.
• Christiano Ronaldo, the most famous footballer of all time, is the most adored.

Participial Phrases
This type of phrase starts with a present or past participle. Here are the examples:
• Being aware of the situation, I wish I had never told her the truth.
• We are eager to start a new chapter, having completed the previous one yesterday.
• I’m more than happy, knowing the number of guests that have confirmed to
attend the ceremony.
• Painted light-blue, the old car seemed new.
• Stolen with my computer, my watch is nowhere to be found.
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase can function as an adverb, adjective, or a noun and starts with a
preposition.
Here are the examples:
• He beat the odds to win the top award.

• The screwdriver was on the chair.
• I didn’t sleep for a while.
• He was surrounded by dogs.
• We stayed indoors due to bad weather.
• She wrote an interesting article.
• She knew it was as a result of neglecting duties.
• We didn’t talk for a while.
• We parted ways a long time ago.
• He doesn’t see eye to eye with her younger sister.
Absolute phrases
An absolute phrase is composed of a modifier, noun, and a participle. Here is an

example:
• The harvest declined with excessive sunlight.

Conclusion
Phrases are a great addition to any form of writing. As a writer, the addition of phrases
in your content is one of the ways to make it more meaningful and useful to your
readers. Correct use of phrases ensures your content has a smooth flow, and the
readers will love reading it again and again. Also, phrases add clarity to any form of

writing, which means the reader can easily understand the intent of the writer. The
choice of phrases is also important because not all phrases can fit in a particular
sentence or paragraph. Ensure the phrase you choose only makes your content better.
Mastery of phrases is essential because, as a writer, you will not take time thinking of
the phrases to apply to your writing to make it exciting and meaningful.

3 Types of Subordinate Clauses (Examples & Worksheet)
https://englishgrammarplus.com/types-of-subordinate-clauses/
https://englishgrammarplus.com/1500-words-to-describe-someone-you-love/
https://englishgrammarplus.com/10-types-of-phrases-in-english-grammar-definitions-and-examples/

Types of Clauses
There are many different types of clauses in the English language. We are now going
to take a look at the different types as well as looking at some examples of how these
clauses might look.
Noun Clause
This type of clause is a dependent clause which plays the part that a noun would play.
These types of clauses will start with words such as who, how, what, when, whether,
which, whom, why, whenever, whoever, whatever, etc. The clause must contain a noun
which is one of the words listed and a verb. Let’s take a look at some examples
of noun clauses.
• How she behaved at the wedding was terrible.

• He did not know where he was.
• The best part of the film was when the boy flew.
• Whoever thought of that is so clever.
• We need to figure out how we can make our customers happy
• Whichever movie you select is OK with me.
• Make sure to send whoever helped you a thank you card.
• My best trait is that I am hard working.
• I wonder how long he will be.
• You can give the money to whoever you want.
• I do not know whether she can run that fast.
• You can buy it if it is on sale.
Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a type of clause which can modify a noun or a pronoun. This
type of clause will begin with the words who, that, whose, which. We will now take a
look at some examples of adjectives clauses.
• The winning team, whose name is posted on the notice board will be given free
tickets to the opera.
• Wages which are spent well are much more valuable.
• Yoga, which a lot of people practice, is a good form of exercise.
• French fries, which many people like are not a healthy food.

• My mom remembers the days when there was no TV.

• I know someone who fought in world war two.
• I love telling people about Paul McCartney, whose music I love.
• Never visit a doctor whose plants are not alive.
• This is the teacher who is very smart.
• The Eiffel tower is a tourist site which is located in Paris.
• This is the dog which bit my son.
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a form of a clause which behaves in the same way as an adverb,
that is that it is used to modify a verb, adjective or other adverbs. We are now going to
take a look at some examples of adverbs clauses in use. They are used to describe the
condition of the action of the sentence and usually to bring more information on how,
why, where, what, etc.
• Since it is only me, I will not eat out tonight.

• My son, although he is timid, loves to play with people.
• I always keep a packed bag, in case I find a good deal on a flight.
• Whether she likes it or not, she must write the essay.
• Unless you go quickly, you will miss the train.
• Once it saw the car approaching, the deer ran off the road.
• Now that the people have left the party, we must begin cleaning.
• As soon as he saw her, he knew that she was the one.
• My father, when he is mad, starts shaking.
• Call me up when you are home from your vacation.
• You won’t be able to wear those pants unless you have the correct size.
• Eat your dinner before it gets cold.
Independent Clause
An independent clause is can be used as a sentence in its own right or within a longer
sentence with other clauses. This type of clause will always contain a predicate and a
subject. They can link to a dependent clause or to another independent clause in order
to form a more detailed or complex statement. Let’s take a look at some examples of
independent clauses in use.
• He loves opening the door when the wind is blowing.

• Because we liked this movie, we will be sure to pay it forward.
• He drove to the store to buy some bread.
• The singer sang the song well.

• Cheetahs are the fastest animals on land.

• I run.
• I am late to work.
• I love to see the birds, when they fly overhead.
• I walk in the park every day because it is pretty.
• I will go home.
• He likes to cycle.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is one which relies on another clause in order to make a complete
sentence. It can be linked with an independent clause to do this. Alone, a dependent
clause will not be thought of as a full sentence. Let’s now take a look at some
examples of dependent clauses.
• If that is a burger, I want it.

• She is hostile, mostly because she is not happy.
• Let’s go to the beach, while the weather is still warm.
• When the Queen arrives, we must take a bow.
• Because he cannot come to the party, she isn’t going to come either.
• Until it is nighttime, we cannot see the stars.
• If he can work weekends, he will earn much more money.
• This is the car which she gave me.
• The bad acting was why the film was not successful.
• This is the family who live in the city.


1. Adjective clauses
Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns and are also known as relative clauses.
They are introduced by relative pronouns such as “who,” “whose,” “that,” and “which”
or by relative adverbs such as “when,” “where,” and “why.”
For example:
Below are 10 examples of adjective clauses.
1. The fact that the girl lives next door is very friendly.
2. I really enjoyed the book you lent me.
3. I loved the cake, which was made from scratch.
4. I learned a lot about history from the house that was built in 1920.
5. I admire the team, whose members are all volunteers.
6. I watched the movie, which was directed by Steven Spielberg.
7. I thanked the person whom I met yesterday.
8. I felt scared when the dog that barked at me appeared.
9. I trust the doctor, who is also a trained chef.
10. I enjoyed the atmosphere of the restaurant, where we had dinner last night.
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective

Clauses
Definition:
An adjective clause is restrictive (also called essential) if it narrows down the

word it modifies. It tells which one of the noun you are writing about. A
restrictive adjective clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. It is not
separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
The players who are wearing the red uniforms are winning the game.
If we take out the clause, we won't know which players are winning the
game. It's a restrictive or essential clause.
Definition:
An adjective clause is nonrestrictive (also called nonessential) if we know

exactly who is being written about without it. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is
simply adding extra information. Nonrestrictive adjective clauses need commas
around them.
Those girls, who have been friends for years, are all going to the same
college.
Without the clause, we still know that those girls are going to the same
college. The clause is nonrestrictive.

A proper noun is usually followed by a nonrestrictive clause.

Amanda, who is my best friend, is on the honor roll again.
Without the clause, we know that it is Amanda who is on the honor roll.
That versus Which
The relative pronoun that always begins a restrictive clause. That can be used to
replace who, whom, or which in restrictive clauses, but many teachers prefer
students to use that only with non-human antecedents.
The oranges that you need for this recipe are on the table.
The workers who built this bridge did a good job.
The relative pronoun which generally begins a nonrestrictive clause. It can begin a
restrictive clause, but most style manuals prefer writers use it only for nonrestrictive
clauses.
The oranges, which have been sitting on the table for a week, are starting to look
brown.
2. Adverb clauses
Adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and are introduced by
adverbial subordinating conjunctions such as after, although, as, because, before,
how, if, once, since, than, that, though, until, when, whenever, wherever, and while.
For example:
Here are 10 examples of adverb clauses:
1. After the game ended, we went out for pizza.

2. Although she was tired, she decided to keep studying.
3. As I was walking home, I heard a strange noise.
4. Because it was raining, we stayed indoors all day.
5. Before the concert began, we had time to grab a snack.
6. If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.
7. Once I finish this project, I can relax for a bit.
8. Since it was his birthday, we bought him a cake.
9. Until the sun comes up, we will keep dancing.
10. While I was driving, I saw a beautiful sunset.
3. Noun clauses
A noun clause is a type of subordinate clause that functions as a noun within a
sentence. It can serve as the subject or object of a sentence, or as the object of a

preposition. Noun clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as

which, what, how, and who.
For example:
Here are ten examples of noun clauses with the noun clauses in quotation marks:
1. What he said was very interesting to me.

2. Whether we go to the concert is up to you.
3. That she won the competition was no surprise to anyone.
4. Whoever stole my phone will be in big trouble.
5. How we solve this problem is a matter of great importance.
6. What you told me yesterday has been on my mind all day.
7. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll have to cancel the picnic.
8. That he never apologized was disappointing to everyone involved.
9. Who she is dating is none of our business.
10. Whether they will arrive on time remains to be seen.
Function Of Subordinate Clause
Subordinate clauses have various functions within a sentence. They are used to add
additional information, provide context, and modify the meaning of the main clause.
Here are some of the main functions of subordinate clauses:
1. Subject: A subordinate clause can function as the subject of a sentence, taking the
place of a noun. For example, “That he is coming” is the subject of the sentence
“That he is coming is good news.”
2. Object: A subordinate clause can function as the direct or indirect object of a verb.
For example, “I know that she is coming” – “that she is coming” is the direct object
of the verb “know.”
3. Object of a Preposition: A subordinate clause can function as the object of a
preposition. For example, “I am interested in what he has to say” – “what he has to
say” is the object of the preposition “in.”
4. Adjective Modifier: A subordinate clause can function as an adjective, modifying
a noun or pronoun. For example, “The book that I read last night was really good”
– “that I read last night” modifies the noun “book.”
5. Adverb Modifier: A subordinate clause can function as an adverb, modifying a
verb, adjective, or other adverbs. For example, “After I finish my work, I’ll go for a
walk” – “After I finish my work” modifies the verb “go.”
In summary, subordinate clauses serve as building blocks to add meaning and depth
to a sentence. They function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs to provide additional
information and modify the meaning of the main clause. Understanding the different
functions of subordinate clauses can help writers create more complex and nuanced
sentences.

10 Examples Of Subordinate Clause

Here are ten examples of subordinate clauses:
1. Although she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her work. (adverb clause)
2. That he won the race was a surprise to everyone. (noun clause)
3. When I wake up, I always drink a cup of coffee. (adverb clause)
4. Whoever finishes first will receive a prize. (noun clause)
5. Because it was raining, we decided to stay inside. (adverb clause)
6. The dress that I wore to the party was a gift from my sister. (adjective clause)
7. If I had more time, I would read more books. (adverb clause)
8. Where she lives is a mystery to us. (noun clause)
9. Since he left the company, the atmosphere at work has improved. (adverb clause)
10. What she said made me very happy. (noun clause)
1. "After the movie was over," we went out to eat. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
2. "That he won the race" was a surprise to everyone. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
3. "Although she was tired," she stayed up late to finish her work. (Type of subordinate clause:
_____________________)
4. "Whoever finishes first" will receive a prize. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
5. "The book that I read last night" was really good. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
6. "If I had more money," I would travel the world. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
7. "Where she lives" is a mystery to us. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
8. "That she is coming to the party" makes me very happy. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
9. "Until he finishes his work," he cannot go outside. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
10. "Whoever stole my phone" will be in big trouble. (Type of subordinate clause: _____________________)
https://englishgrammarplus.com/20-examples-of-clauses-and-phrases/
Sentence
https://www.englishgrammar101.com/sentence-structure
Parts of Sentence
Subjects and Predicates
The subject and the predicate are the two basic A compound subject is made up of two or
parts of every sentence. The simple subject is the key noun or pronoun that tells what a
sen-more simple subjects that are joined by a con-junction and have the same verb. A
compound tence is about. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses
the essential thought about the subject of the sentence. predicate is made up of two or
more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject.
Forests/have survived. Birch, cherry, and red maple/have luxuriated and spread. The
complete subject consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. The In

English the subject comes before the verb in complete predicate consists of the simple
predicate and all words that modify it. most sentences, as shown in the examples above.
Urban forests/have survived toxic metals.
Direct and Indirect Objects
A complement is a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a verb. There
are four kinds of complements: direct objects, indirect objects, object complements, and
subject complements. A direct object answers the question what? or whom? after an
action verb. Edgar Allan Poe wrote poems and stories. (wrote what?) Poe married Virginia
Clemm. (married whom?) An indirect object answers the question to whom? for whom? to
what? or for what? after an action verb. The indirect object always appears between the
verb and the direct object. Holidays bring people joy. (Holidays bring joy to whom?) The
baker always saves us the last pastry. (The baker always saves the last pastry for whom?)
Some people give their homes a holiday look. (Some people give a holiday look to what?)
An object complement answers the question

what? after a direct object. That is, it completes
An object complement may be an adjective,
a noun, or a pronoun. It usually follows the
the meaning of the direct object by identifying or
describing it.
direct object.
Some people consider Poe’s poetry mysteri-
Object complements will be found only in sen- ous. (adjective)
tences that contain a direct object and one of A magazine made him a member of its
the action verbs listed on page 499 of your text- staff. (noun)
book or a similar verb with the general meaning Poe’s short stories made popularity his.
of “make” or “consider.” (pronoun)
A subject complement follows a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject. There
are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives. A
predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and points back to
the subject to identify it further. Tigers are carnivores. A predicate adjective follows a
linking verb and points back to the subject and further describes it. This tiger seems
hungry.

Distinguishing Between Objects and

Complements
To distinguish between direct objects and subject complements, you need to decide if
the verb is acting on the object or if the complement is renaming or describing the
subject.
We sailed the spaceship out of the atmosphere. - Direct object (We took the
spaceship and sailed it.)
Our trip to outer space was exciting. - Subject complement (Exciting describes trip.)
To distinguish between direct objects and indirect objects, you need to decide if you
could change the indirect object to a prepositional phrase. Remember, you cannot
have an indirect object without a direct object.
Jonas threw the ball. (Only one object, so it must be direct.)
Jonas threw me the ball. Jonas threw the ball to me. (Indirect object because both
sentences mean the same thing.)
Four Kinds of Sentences

Kinds of Sentences/Sentence Purposes
Definition:
Declarative sentences (also called assertive sentences) give information. They

may state a fact or an opinion. Declarative sentences end with periods.
I like riding my bicycle around the park.
My essay is better than yours.
Declarative sentences can be positive (affirmative) or negative.
The sun is shining. (Positive)
It is not raining. (Negative)
Definition:
Interrogative sentences ask a question. Interrogative sentences end with

question marks.
In English, interrogative questions often begin with interrogative words
like who, when, where, why, what, and how.
Why are you late?
What time is it?
Where is the library?

Interrogative sentences without question words are generally formed by moving

the helping verb before the subject.
Do you have any more cough drops?
A question fragment can be added onto the end of a declarative or imperative
sentence. This fragment is called a tag/tail question.
You have answered all the questions on this test, haven't you? (After a
declarative sentence)
Close the window, will you? (After an imperative sentence)
A question fragment can also be used by itself, either before or after a sentence.
What? You lost your wallet?
You are late. Why?
Hint:
An indirect question is a declarative sentence that tells that information was
asked. It is not asking the question. Indirect questions end with periods.
The driver asked if we knew which way to turn.
We wondered if it was going to rain.
Definition:
Imperative sentences give a command, a request, advice, a suggestion, a

warning, or a wish. They can be followed by a period, a question mark, or an
exclamation mark.
Be quiet. (a command)
Please have a seat. (a request)
Watch out! (a command)
Enjoy yourselves. (a wish)
The simple subject of an imperative sentence is usually the understood you.
Turn to page 37.
(You) turn to page 37.
Hint:
If a person's name is included in an imperative sentence, it is a direct address,
not the subject.
Wayne, turn to page 37.
Wayne, (you) turn to page 37.
Imperative sentences may be written like a question, but they aren't asking anything.
Will you please mind your manners?
Definition:
Exclamatory sentences exclaim, or show great emotion. Exclamatory sentences

end with exclamation marks. Use exclamation marks only when necessary. It's
easy to overuse them.

Wow!
That magic trick was amazing!
Exclamatory sentences can begin with question words.
What wonderful weather we are having today!
How lovely to see you!
Simple and Compound Sentences

Definition:
A simple sentence has one independent clause.

The radio is blaring.
Your sneaker is under the couch.
A simple sentence may have a compound subject or a compound predicate.
The walrus and the sea lion live both on land and in the water.
The trains pass our street and stop at the station a mile away.
Definition:
A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a

coordinating or correlative conjunction. The conjunction is not included when
deciding if the clauses are independent.
The sunbathers relaxed on the sand, and the surfers paddled out to sea.
The sunbathers relaxed on the sand. (independent)
+ The surfers paddled out to sea. (independent)
= compound sentence
I ate breakfast, but my brother did not.
I ate breakfast. (independent)
+ My brother did not. (independent)
= compound sentence
The clauses in a compound sentence are joined together in three different ways:
a comma with a coordinating conjunction; a semicolon; or a semicolon followed
by a conjunctive adverb, which is followed by a comma.
The teacher gave the assignments, and the students wrote them down.
The teacher gave the assignments; the students wrote them down.
The accident had been cleared, but the traffic was still stopped.
The accident had been cleared; however, the traffic was still stopped.
Note:

As writers become more proficient, they are allowed to omit the comma between
two short independent clauses in a compound sentence. You will sometimes
notice that in books you read.
The hero saved the princess and then he went home.
Complex and Compound-Complex

Sentences
Definition:
A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more

dependent clauses.
Before we arrived at school, we met up at the coffee house across the
street.
We met up at the coffee house across the street [independent]
+ before we arrived at school (dependent)
= complex sentence
(Before we arrived at school),[we met up at the coffee house across the
street.]
Clara, who has an incredible voice, was asked to sing the school song.
Clara was asked to sing the school song [independent]
+ who has an incredible voice (dependent)
= complex sentence
[Clara, (who has an incredible voice), was asked to sing the school song.]
The book that I had found disappeared after Julia returned it to me.
The book disappeared [independent]
+ I had found that (dependent)
+ after Julia returned it to me (dependent)
= complex sentence
[The book (that I had found) disappeared] (after Julia returned it to me.)
Definition:
A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one

or more dependent clauses.
My father and I went to the movie that I had been wanting to see, and then
we went to the restaurant near the theater.
My father and I went to the movie [independent]
+ then we went to the restaurant near the theater [independent]
+ I had been wanting to see that (dependent)
= compound-complex sentence
[My father and I went to the movie] (that I had been wanting to see), and
[then we went to the restaurant near the theater.]

Before they were friends, Louisa and Julie knew Aimee, but they didn't
realize that they knew her until they met.
Before they were friends (dependent)
+ Louisa and Julie knew Aimee [independent]
+ They didn't realize [independent]
+ that they knew her (dependent)
+ until they met (dependent)
= compound-complex sentence
[(Before they were friends), Louisa and Julie knew Aimee], but [they didn't
realize (that they knew her) (until they met).]
Classifying Sentences
Classifying sentences is easiest if you mark the parts and then see what you have.
Underline independent clauses once. Underline dependent clauses twice.
1 independent = simple
2 independent = compound
1 independent and 1(or more) dependent = complex
2(or more) independent and 1(or more) dependent = compound-complex
We might go to New Orleans on our Christmas vacation or to New York next spring.
(1 independent = simple)
Our families have been friends forever, but we haven't seen each other in years.
(2 independent = compound)
When we get to your aunt's house, you must remember to thank her for the
presents that she sent you.
(1 independent + 2 dependent = complex)
Before we go to the movie, which you have been waiting weeks to see, we need to
find a babysitter for your little sister, who is too young to see it.
(1 independent + 3 dependent = complex)
The Egyptians who built the pyramids were amazing architects, but the Romans who
built many years later were even better because they were able to build arches, which
the Egyptians hadn't figured out.
(2 independent + 4 dependent = compound-complex)
Run-On Sentences and Fragments

Definition:
A run-on sentence (or fused sentence) has two or more clauses that are not
correctly connected.
Run-on sentences can be corrected by separating them into two sentences, by
making a compound sentence, or by making a complex sentence.

Run-on:
Sam is my friend and Melanie is my friend.
Sam is my friend. + Melanie is my friend.
Two separate sentences:
Fixed: Sam is my friend. Melanie is my friend.
Compound sentence:
(Remember: Independent clauses need glue to hold them together. The
glue can be a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a
conjunctive adverb with a semicolon before it and a comma after it.)
Fixed: Sam is my friend, and Melanie is my friend.
Fixed: Sam is my friend; Melanie is my friend.
Fixed: Sam is my friend; also, Melanie is my friend.
They can also be corrected by making one clause dependent:
Fixed: Although Sam is my friend, Melanie is also my friend.
Frequently, a run-on sentence simply needs to be punctuated correctly. Fix run-
on sentences in a few ways: add a comma before a coordinating conjunction or
after an introductory clause, and use a semicolon or period between two
independent clauses.
Run-on: Before we left for vacation we took our dog to the kennel.
Fixed: Before we left for vacation, we took our dog to the kennel.
Run-on: Hannah went to the mall with her friends then she went home then
she watched television until her parents came home.
Fixed: Hannah went to the mall with her friends. Then she went home, and
then she watched television until her parents came home.
Fixed: Hannah went to the mall with her friends. Then she went home.
Then she watched television until her parents came home.
Definition:
A comma splice is a type of run-on sentence in which two independent clauses

are connected by only a comma. A correctly written compound sentence must
either have a comma and a conjunction or a semicolon.
Comma splice: I was going to pick up some donuts, I was running late.
Fixed: I was going to pick up some donuts; I was running late.
Fixed: I was going to pick up some donuts, but I was running late.
Definition:
A sentence fragment is an incomplete thought. It may be a phrase or a

dependent clause without an independent clause.
One of the most common fragments students write is a result of answering a
question using just the dependent clause.

Why did the chicken cross the road?

Fragment: Because it wanted to get to the other side.
Fixed: The chicken crossed the road because it wanted to get to the other
side.
Fixed: Because it wanted to get to the other side, the chicken crossed the
road.
Sometimes students begin a compound-complex sentence and forget to end it.
Fragment: When you finally get here, after you fly into Orlando and then
drive all the way from the airport.
Fixed: When you finally get here, after you fly into Orlando and then drive
all the way from the airport, we will celebrate.







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Summer Course Words, Phrase, and Sentences Page |1

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Function and Position

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

7. A group of running events may be held on indoor tracks.

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Possessive Adjective & Possessive Pronoun

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

other + plural N / noncount N อื่นๆ ไม่ชี้เฉพาะว่าอันไหน

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

A. Identifying Action Verbs

Linking verb – can be replaced by Verb be with no change in meaning

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning

• I think forgot to lock the door when we left.

• He didn’t remember to turn off the heating after class.

• I remember eating on this same chair the day I graduated.

• Could you please try to be a bit less rude?

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

• Could you stop biting your nails?

• I need to see you immediately.

• Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.)

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Challenging Verbs: Rise/Raise

Present Present Past Past Participle

Rise (self) rise rising rose risen

Raise (object) raise raising raised raised

Present Present Past Past Participle

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

Sit (self) sit sitting sat sat

Set (object) set setting set set

Present Present Past Past Participle

Lie (self) lie lying lay lain

Lay (object) lay laying laid laid

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

I lay down on my bed yesterday.

Adjective An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

In English syntax, adjectives belong in a certain order:

Determiners Quantifiers Opinions Facts

The two comfortable old blue recliner chairs

My many faithful, big black spotted Labrador retrievers

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie

The more…, the more…

Double comparatives are phrases commonly used in English to express increasing or

• The more you study, the more you learn.

Using Double Comparatives

E33101 English 5 Kru_New_Ratchie