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 26 YEARS'

Arihant Prakashan (Series), Meerut

Arihant Prakashan (Series) Meerut
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FIRST & FOREMOST
Whenever a student decides to prepare for any examination his/her first
and foremost curiosity is to know about the type of questions that are
expected in the exam. This becomes more important in the context of
competitive examinations where they have to face neck-to-neck
competition.

We feel great pleasure in presenting before you this book containing

Error Free Solutions of previous years’ (1994-2019) AIIMS (Medical)
questions specifically designed according to latest trend of questions.
Going through this book, you will get an exact idea of the questions
generally asked in AIIMS.

We have made maximum efforts to provide correct solutions to the best

of our knowledge and opinion. Detailed explanatory discussions follow
the answers. Discussions are not just sketchy–rather, have been drafted
in a manner that the students will surely be able to solve some other
related problems too. In this way, the students shall be able to judge the
extent upto which they have been able to comprehend the methods.

We hope, these sets of papers along with error free solutions would be
highly beneficial to the students. We would be grateful if any
discrepancy or mistake in the questions or answers is brought to our
notice so that these could be rectified in subsequent editions.

PUBLISHER
CONTENTS
1. Physical World and Measurement 1-7
2. Kinematics 8-19
3. Laws of Motion 20-31
4. Work, Energy and Power 32-42
5. Rigid Body and Rotational Motion 43-53
6. Gravitation 54-64
7. Mechanical Properties of Solids 65-68
8. Mechanical Properties of Fluids 69-77
9. Thermal Properties of Matter 78-88
10. Thermodynamics 89-96
11. Kinetic Theory of Gases 97-103
12. Oscillations 104-114
13. Waves 115-125
14. Electric Charges and Fields 126-135
15. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 136-145
16. Current Electricity 146-159
17. Moving Charges and Magnetic Effect of Current 160-170
18. Magnetism and Matter 171-178
19. Electromagnetic Induction 179-185
20. Alternating Current 186-194
21. Electromagnetic Waves 195-199
22. Ray Optics 200-218
23. Wave Optics 219-229
24. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 230-239
25. Atoms 240-248
26. Nuclei 249-262
27. Semiconductor and Electronic Devices 263-275
28. Communication System 276-280
! AIIMS Solved Paper 2019 1-15
CHAPTER

1
Physical World
and Measurement
1. In an experiment to measure the height of 4. The dimensional formula for electric
a bridge by dropping stone into water flux is [AIIMS 2015]
underneath. If the error in measurement of 3 -1 -3 2 2 -1 -2
(a) [ML A T ] (b) [M L A T ]
time is 0.2 s at the end of 4 s, then the error (c) [ML3 A1T-3 ] (d) [ML-3 A -1T-3 ]
in estimation of height of bridge will be
(neglect the water resistance, i.e., thrust) 5. The pressure on a square plate is measured
[AIIMS 2018] by measuring the force on the plate and
the length of the side of the plate by using
F
h the formula p = 2 . If the maximum errors
l
in the measurement of force and length are
(a) ± 19.68 m (b) ± 17.22 m 4% and 2% respectively, then the
(c) ± 7.84 m (d) ± 12.22 m maximum error in the measurement of
2. A physical quantity X is given by pressure is [AIIMS 2014]
2k 3 l 2 (a) 1% (b) 2%
X= . (c) 8% (d) 10%
m n
6. The force F is given by expression
The percentage errors in the measurements
F = A cos( Bx) + C sin( Dt ), where x is the
of k , l, m and n are 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%
displacement and t is the time. Then,
respectively. The value of X is uncertain D
by [AIIMS 2017] dimension of is same as that of
B
(a) 8% (b) 10%
(a) velocity [LT-1 ] [AIIMS 2013]
(c) 12% (d) None of these
(b) angular velocity [T-1 ]
3. In terms of basic units of mass ( M ), length (c) angular momentum [ML2 T-1 ]
( L), time (T ) and charge (C ), the dimensions (d) velocity gradient [T-1 ]
of magnetic permeability of vacuum (m 0)
would be [AIIMS 2015] 7. The unit of coefficient of thermal
(a) [MLC -2 ] (b) [LT-1C -1 ] conductivity is [AIIMS 2012]
(c) [ML2 T-1C -2 ] (d) [LTC -1 ] (a) Wm-1K -1 (b) JK -1 (b) WmK (d) JK
2 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

8. If C and L denote the capacitance and liquid. Which of the following relation is
inductance respectively, the dimension of correct? [AIIMS 2005]
LC is [AIIMS 2011] (a) m = n (b) m = – n
(a) [M0L0 T2 ] (b) [M0L2 T-2 ] (c) m2 = n (d) m = – n2
(c) [MLT-2 ] (d) [M0L0 T0 ] 16. Using mass (M), length (L), time (T) and
9. The dimension of universal gas constant is current (A) as fundamental quantities, the
[AIIMS 2010] dimensional formula of permittivity is
(a) [ML2 T-2 q-1 ] (b) [M2LT-2 q] [AIIMS 2004]
3 -2 -1 (a) [ML-2 T-2 A] (b) [M-1L-3 T4 A 2 ]
(c) [ML T q ] (d) None of these
(c) [MLT-2 A] (d) [ML2 T-1A 2 ]
10. The ratio of the dimensions of Planck’s
constant and that of the moment of inertia 17. The difference in the lengths of a mean
is the dimension of [AIIMS 2010] solar day and a sidereal day is about
(a) frequency (b) velocity [AIIMS 2003]
(c) angular momentum (d) time (a) 1 min (b) 4 min
(c) 15 min (d) 56 min
11. Percentage error in the measurement of
mass and speed are 2% and 3%, 18. The dimensional formula for Reynold’s
respectively. The error in the estimation of number is [AIIMS 2002]
kinetic energy obtained by measuring mass 0 0 0
(a) [M L T ] (b) [MLT]
and speed will be [AIIMS 2009] (c) [ML-1T] (d) [MLT-1 ]
(a) 12% (b) 10%
(c) 2% (d) 8% 19. Of the following quantities, which one has
dimensions different from the remaining
12. The speed of light (c), gravitational
three [AIIMS 2002]
constant (G) and Planck’s constant ( h) are
(a) energy per unit volume
taken as fundamental units in a system.
(b) force per unit area
The dimension of time in this new system
should be [AIIMS 2008] (c) product of voltage and charge per unit volume
(d) angular momentum per unit mass
(a) G1/ 2 h1/ 2c -5 / 2 (b) G -1/ 2 h1/ 2c1/ 2
(c) G1/ 2 h1/ 2c -3 / 2 (d) G1/ 2 h1/ 2c1/ 2 20. Which of the following pairs does not have
13. Dimensions of resistance in an electrical similar dimensions? [AIIMS 2001]
circuit, in terms of dimension of mass M, (a) Tension and surface tension
of length L , of time T and of current A, (b) Stress and pressure
would be [AIIMS 2007] (c) Planck’s constant and angular momentum
(a) [ML2 T-3 A -1 ] (b) [ML2 T-2 ] (d) Angle and strain
(c) [ML2 T-1A -1 ] (d) [ML2 T-3 A -2 ] 21. The length and breadth of a metal sheet are
3.124 m and 3.002 m respectively, the area
14. If the time period (T ) of vibration of a
of this sheet upto four correct significant
liquid drop depends on surface tension ( s),
figures is [AIIMS 2001]
radius ( r) of the drop and density (r) of the
liquid, then the expression of T is (a) 9.378 m2 (b) 9.37 m2
2
[AIIMS 2007] (c) 9.378248 m (d) 9.3782 m2
(a) T = k rr 3 / s (b) T = k r1/ 2 r 3 / s
22. What is the dimensional formula of
3 1/ 2
(c) T = k rr / s (d) None of these gravitational constant? [AIIMS 2000]
15. The mass of the liquid flowing per second (a) [ML2 T-2 ]
per unit area of cross-section of the tube is (b) [ML-1T-1 ]
proportional to (pressure difference across (c) [M-1L3 T-2 ]
the ends) n and (average velocity) m of the (d) None of the above
Physical World and Measurement 3

23. The dimensional formula of the constant a 29. The three physical quantities x, y and z
in van der Waal’s gas equation have units gcm 2s –5, gs –1 and cms –2 ,
æ a ö respectively. The relation between x, y and
ç p + 2 ÷(V - b) = RT is
è V ø [AIIMS 1999] z is [AIIMS 1994]
4 -1 2 -2 (a) x = yz2 (b) x = y2 z (c) y2 = xz (d) z = x2 y
(a) [ML T ] (b) [ML T ]
(c) [ML5 T-3 ] (d) [ML5 T-2 ] 30. How many wavelengths of Kr86 are there in
one metre? [AIIMS 1994]
24. The dimensional formula of magnetic
flux is [AIIMS 1998] (a) 2348123.73 (b) 1553164.13
(c) 652189.63 (d) 1650763.73
(a) [ML0 T-2 A -1 ] (b) [ML2 T - 2 A -1 ]
(c) [ML2 T -1A -3 ] (d) [M0L-2 T -2 A -2 ] Assertion & Reason
25. Dimensions of ohm are same as Direction (Q. Nos. 31 and 32) Read the
(h-Planck’s constant, e-charge) [AIIMS 1997] Assertion and Reason carefully to mark the
(a) h/e (b) h2 /e correct option from those given below
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
(c) h / e 2 (d) h2e 2
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
26. Which of the following physical quantity (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
unit is not a fundamental unit? [AIIMS 1996] Reason is not the correct explanation
(a) Length (b) Mass of Assertion
(c) Magnetic field (d) Current (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
æ 1 ö y
27. In the equation çç ÷÷ = , where p is the 31. Assertion When we change the unit of
è p b ø k BT
measurement of a quantity, its numerical
pressure, y is distance, k B is Boltzmann value changes.
constant and T is the temperature.
Dimension of b are [AIIMS 1995] Reason Smaller the unit of measurement,
–1 1 2 0 2 0 smaller is its numerical value. [AIIMS 2015]
(a) [M L T ] (b) [M L T ]
1
(c) [M L –1 –2
T ] (d) [M0 L0 T0 ] 32. Assertion The error in the measurement of
radius of the sphere is 0.3%. The
28. The dimension of the modulus of permissible error in its surface area is 0.6%.
rigidity, is [AIIMS 1994]
Reason The permissible error is calculated
(a) [ML-2 T-2 ] (b) [MLT-2 ] D A 4D r
(c) [ML-1T-1 ] (d) [ML-1T-2 ] by the formula = .
A r [AIIMS 2008]

Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c)
 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

Explanations
1. (c) From second equation of motion, we have 4. (a) Electric flux is the measure of flow of the
1 electric field through a given area.
s = ut + at 2
2 It is given by
1 æQ a = g ö F
fE = Eds = ds
or h = (0)t + ´ 9.8 ´ (4)2 çç ÷÷
2 èQ u = 0 ø q
= 78.4 m where, E is electric field, F is force, q is charge
Given, Dt = 02
. s and t = 4 s and ds is area of surface projected in a plane
Now, error in the estimation of height, perpendicular to the field.
Dh æ Dt ö æ 02
. ö é MLT -2 ù 2 3 -1 -3
= ± 2 ç ÷ = ± 2 ç ÷ = ± 01 . \Dimension of fE = ê ú [L ] = [ML A T ]
h è t ø è 4 ø ë AT û
or Dh = ± 01. ´h F
= ± 01
. ´ 78.4 = ± 7.84 m
5. (c) Pressure is given by p =
l2
2k3 l 2 Hence, percentage of maximum error in the
2. (c) Given, X = measurement of pressure is
m n
Dp é DF 2Dl ù
Percentage error in X, ´ 100% = ê + ´ 100%
p ë F l úû
DX é 3Dk 2Dl Dm 1 Dn ù
´ 100 = ê + + + × ´ 100 é DF ù
X ë k l m 2 n úû êQ F ´ 100% = 4%,ú
= 4% + 2 ´ 2% ê ú
1 Dl
= 3 ´ 1% + 2 ´ 2% + 3% + ´ 4% ê ´ 100% = 2% ú
2 ë l û
= 3% + 4% + 3% + 2% = 12% \Maximum percentage error in p = 8%.
Hence, the value of X is uncertain by 12%. 6. (a) Force is given by F = A cos(Bx) + C sin(Dt ).
3. (a) The force per unit length experienced due to In trigonometric functions like sin q, cos q, etc, q
two wires in which current is flowing in the is dimensionless.
same direction is given by So, [Bx] = [M 0 L0 T 0 ]
dF m 0 2I1 I2 Þ Dimension of [B] = [L-1 ]
= ×
dl 4p d (Q Dimension of x = [L] )
where I1 and I2 are the currents flowing in the
Also, [Dt ] = [M 0 L0 T 0 ]
two wires.
Þ Dimension of [D] = [T -1 ]
The dimension of above given quantities are as
follows (Q Dimension of t = [T])
F = [MLT -2 ] éDù
Now, dimension of ê ú = [LT -1 ]
ëBû
current, I1 I2 = [A2 ]
which is same as the dimension of velocity
length, dl = [L]
= [LT -1 ]
distance between two wires, d = [L]
Now, after substituting these dimensions in 7. (a) The coefficient of thermal conductivity is the
above equation, we get amount of heat energy any material allows to
-2 2 get transferred per metre length for per unit
[MLT ] [A ]
Þ = [m 0 ] change in temperature.
[L] [L] DQ æ Dx ö 1
\ K = ç ÷´
[MLT -2 ] é C2 ù é 1C ù Dt è DT ø A
Þ =m0ê 2 ú êQ 1A = ú
[L] ëT Lû ë 1 Tû where, DQ is the amount of heat energy,
Þ Dimension of m 0 = [MLC ] -2 Dx is change in length of conductor,
DT is change in temperature and
Physical World and Measurement 5
Dt is change in time. Dm Dv
Given, ´ 100% = 2% and ´ 100% = 3%
J -m é 1 Jù m v
Unit of K = 2 = Wm-1 K-1 êëQ 1 W = 1s úû \Percentage error in kinetic energy
m sK
= 2% + 2 ´ 3% = 8%
8. (a) Resonating frequency is given by
1 12. (a) According to the method of dimensional
f = analysis, the dimension of each term on both
2p LC
sides of an equation must be same.
where, L and C are inductance and capacitance
Time µ c x G y h z
respectively.
1 Þ T = kc x G y h z
LC = 2 2
4p f Putting the dimensions in above relation
\Dimension of LC = Dimension of 2 2
1 Þ [M 0 L0 T1 ] =[LT -1 ]x [M -1 L3 T -2 ] y [ML2 T -1 ]z
4p f Þ [M 0 L0 T1 ] = [M - y + z Lx + 3 y + 2z
T-x -2y - z
]
0 0 2
= [M L T ] Comparing the powers of M, L and T,
9. (a) Ideal gas equation is given by pV = nRT -y + z = 0 …(i)
x + 3y + 2 z = 0 …(ii)
where p, V and T are pressure, volume and - x - 2y - z = 1 …(iii)
temperature respectively and n is number of
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
moles. 5 1
x=- ,y=z=
\Dimension of universal gas constant, 2 2
pV (ML-1 T -2 ][L3 ] Hence, dimension of time is [G1 /2 h1 /2c -5/2 ].
R= =
nT [q]
13. (d) From Ohm’s law,
(Q n is a dimensionless quantity)
V = IR
= [ML2 T -2 q-1 ] Potential difference V W
\Resistance, R = = =
10. (a) We know that, energy, E = hn Current I qI
E (Q potential difference is equal to work done per
Planck’s constant, h = [where, n is frequency]
n unit charge)
2 -2 [ML2 T -2 ]
\ [h] =
[E] [ML T ]
= = [ML2 T -1 ] So, dimension of R = = [ML2 T -3 A -2 ]
[n] [T -1 ] [AT][A]

Also, I = moment of inertia, which is 14. (a) Let T µ sx r yr z Þ T = ksx r yr z

quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of Substituting the dimension of symbols and
a body and equal to the product of mass of each equating
particle in the body with the square of its [T] = [MT –2 ]x [L] y [ML–3 ]z
distance from the axis of rotation. x+ z = 0 …(i)
I = MR2 y – 3z = 0 …(ii)
Þ Dimension of [l ] = [M][L2 ] =[ML2 ] –2 x = 1 …(iii)
Hence, ratio of dimension of Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
[h] [ML2 T -1 ] x = –1/2, y = 3/2 and z = 1/2
= = [T -1 ]
[l ] [ML2 ] rr 3
\ T = ks-1 /2 r 3 /2r1 /2 = k
1 s
= = dimension of frequency where, k is proportionality constant.
[T]
1 15. (b) According to the question,
11. (d) Kinetic energy, E K = mv 2 m
2 We have, µ pn × v m
Percentage error in kinetic energy, t×A
DE k Dm 2Dv m
´ 100% = ´ 100% + ´ 100% or = kp nv m
Ek m v t×A
[where, k is proportionality constant]
6 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

Using principle of homogeneity, we get 20. (a) Dimension of surface tension is

[ML–2 T –1 ] = [ML–1 T –2 ]n [LT –1 ]m force [MLT -2 ]
= = = [MT -2 ]
[ML–2 T –1 ] = [M]n[L]n+ m [T]-2 n- m length [L]

Equating both sides, we get Dimension of tension = force = [MLT -2 ]

n = 1 , - 2n - m = - 1 Hence, dimensions of surface tension and
and – n + m = –2 tension are not equal.
–1 + m = –2 While dimensions of stress and pressure are
\ n = – m or m = – n F MLT -2
p= = =[ML-1 T -2 ]
A L2
16. (b) From Coulomb’s law, two stationary point
F
charges q1 and q2 attract / repel each other with a Stress = = [ML-1 T -2 ]
force F which is directly proportional to the A
product of charges and inversely proportional to \Dimensions of stress and pressure are equal.
the square of distance r between them. E
Planck’s constant = h =
1 q1q2 1 q1q2 n
i.e. F = × Þ e0 = ×
4pe0 r 2 4p F r 2 [ML2 T -2 ]
Dimension of [h] = = [ML2 T -1 ]
\Dimension of permittivity, [T -1 ]
[A2 T2 ] Angular momentum = Moment of inertia
[ e0 ] = = [M -1 L-3 T 4 A2 ]
[MLT -2 ][L2 ] ´ Angular velocity
Dimension of [L] = [M1 L2 T 0 ][M 0 L0 T -1 ] = [ML2 T -1 ]
17. (b) A solar day is the time it takes for the earth
to rotate about its axis, so that the sun appears \Dimensions of angular momentum and
in the same position in the sky. Planck’s constant are same.
The sidereal day is the time it takes for the Also, angle and strain are dimensionless
earth to complete one rotation about its axis quantities.
w.r.t the ‘fixed’ stars. The sidereal day is
21. (a) Significant figure is a method of expressing
~ 4 minutes shorter than the solar day.
error in measurement. Significant figures follow
18. (a) Reynold’s number describes the ratio of certain set of rules. i.e., all non-zero digits are
inertial force per unit area to viscous force per significant. Any zeros that are between
unit area for a flowing fluid. Thus, Reynold's non-zeros are also considered significant.
number is the ratio of two physical quantity of Hence, length (3.124m) and breadth (3.002m)
same dimension which cancel out each other. have four significant figures.
Hence, Reynold’s number is dimensionless \ Area = Length ´ Breadth= 3124 . ´ 3.002
[M 0 L0 T 0 ] quantity. = 9 . 378248 will also have four
19. (d) Energy per unit volume significant figures.
Hence, area = 9378. m2 .
[ML2 T –2 ]
= = [ML–1 T –2 ]
[L3 ] 22. (c) From Newton’s law of gravitation,
–2 ‘‘Every object in the universe attracts every
[MLT ]
Force per unit area = = [ML–1 T –2 ]
2
[L ] other object with a force F which is directly
proportional to the product of masses (m1 and
Product of voltage and charge per unit volume
m2 ) and inversely proportional to the square of
V ´Q VIt Power ´ Time
= = = = [ML-1 T -2 ] distance between them (r ).’’
Volume Volume Volume
Gm1 m2
Angular momentum per unit mass i.e. F =
r2
[ML2 T –1 ]
= = [L2 T –1 ] (where, G is gravitational constant)
[M]
Fr 2
Hence, angular momentum per unit mass has \ G=
m1 m2
different dimension from other three.
Physical World and Measurement 7
\ Dimensions of gravitational constant 28. (d) The modulus of rigidity,
[MLT -2 ][L]2 shearing stress t xy F/A Fl
= = [M -1 L3 T -2 ] h= = = =
[M]2 shearing strain g xy Dx / l ADx
F
23. (d) Quantities having same dimensions can be where, t xy = = shear stress, F is force and A
added and subtracted. A
In the given equation, is area on which force acts.
Dx
æ a ö g xy = = tan q = shear strain.
ç P + 2 ÷ (V - b ) = RT l
è V ø
where, Dx is the transverse displacement and l
P , V , T are pressure, volume and temperature is the initial length.
respectively.
\Dimensional formula of
a
As, unit of 2 = unit of P [MLT -2 ][L]
V h= =[ML-1 T -2 ]
Þ unit of a = unit of P ´ unit of V 2 [L]2 [L]
newton 29. (a) Given, x = gcm2s –5 = [ML2 T –5]
= ´ metre 6 = newton-metre 4
metre2
y = gs –1 = [ML0 T –1 ]
Dimensional formula of a = [MLT -2 ][L4 ]
and z = cms –2 = [M 0 L T –2 ]
= [ML5T -2 ]
Now, z2 = [M 0 L2 T –4 ]
24. (b) Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total and yz2 = [ML0 T –1 ] [M 0 L2 T –4 ] = [ML2 T –5] = x
magnetic field which passes through a given
area. It is given by f = BA i.e. x = yz2
where, B is magnetic field and A is area. 30. (d) One metre = 165076373
. wavelengths of the
Also, F = ILB, (where, I is current) orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic
FA spectrum of krypton-86.
\ f=
IL
[MLT -2 ][L2 ] 31. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Hence, dimension of (f) =
[A][L] We know that,
2
= [ML T A ] -2 -1 Q = n1u1 = n2u2 , where u1 and u2 are the two
units of measurement of the quantity Q and
volt n1 , n2 are their respective numerical values.
25. (c) Dimension of ohm = = [ML2 T –3 A –2 ]
ampere \When we change the unit of measurement of a
E ML2 T –2 quantity, its numerical value changes.
Dimension of h = = = [ML2 T –1 ]
n T –1 Also, nu = constant
1
And dimension of e = [AT] Þ nµ
u
[ML2 T –1 ]
Þ Dimension of h /e 2 = = [ML2 T –3 A –2 ] i.e., smaller the unit of measurement, greater is
[A2 T2 ]
its numerical value.
Hence, ohm has same dimension as h /e 2 have.
32. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
26. (c) Standards which are used to measure the Area of sphere, A = 4pr 2 (error will not be
fundamental quantities are called fundamental
units which are length, mass, time, temperature, involved in constant 4p)
current, luminous intensity, quantity of matter. where, r is radius of sphere.
Hence, magnetic field is not a fundamental DA 2Dr
Fractional error, =
quantity. A r
1 y DA
27. (b) Given equation, = ´ 100 = 2 ´ 03. % = 0.6%
pb k BT A
[ML2 T –3 ][T] DA 4Dr
Dimension of [b] = = [M 0 L2 T 0 ] But = is false.
[ML–1 T –2 ][L] A r
 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

CHAPTER

2
Kinematics
1. What will be the a versus x graph of the 3. A bus starts from rest and moves with
given plot from the following graphs? constant acceleration 8 ms -2 . At the same
[AIIMS 2018] time, a car travelling with a constant
velocity 16 m/s overtakes and passes the
v(m/s)
v0 bus. After how much time and at what
distance, the bus overtakes the car?
[AIIMS 2016]
(a) t = 4 s, s = 64 m (b) t = 5 s, s = 72 m
(c) t = 8 s, s = 58 m (d) None of these
x0 x(m)
4. Two vectors A and B have equal
magnitudes. If magnitude of A + B is equal
a a to n times the magnitude of A - B, then the
angle between A and B is [AIIMS 2016]
(a) (b)
æ n - 1ö æ n2 - 1 ö
x x (a) cos -1 ç ÷ (b) cos -1 çç 2 ÷
÷
è n + 1ø è n + 1ø
a a æ n - 1ö æ n - 1ö
2

(c) (d) x (c) sin-1 ç ÷ (d) sin-1 çç 2 ÷

÷
x è n + 1ø è n + 1ø
5. A boat is sent across a river with a velocity
of 8 kmh -1. If the resultant velocity of the
2. A block is dragged on a smooth plane with
boat is 10 kmh -1, the river is flowing with
the help of a rope which moves with a
a velocity of [AIIMS 2016]
velocity v as shown in the figure. The
horizontal velocity of the block is [AIIMS 2017] (a) 12.8 km h-1 (b) 6 km h-1
(c) 8 km h-1 (d) 10 km h-1
v
6. Two balls are thrown horizontally from the
q top of a tower with velocities v 1 and v2 in
opposite directions at the same time. After
how much time, the angle between
velocities of balls becomes 90º? [AIIMS 2016]
v 2 v1 v 2 v1 v 2
(a) (b) vsinq (a) (b)
sinq g g
v g v1v 2
(c) (d) vcos q (c) (d)
cos q v1 v 2 2g
Kinematics 9

7. If an object is thrown at an angle of 60º 12. A particle moves along with X-axis. The
with horizontal, find elevation angle of the position x of particle with respect to time t
object at its highest point as seen from the from origin given by x = b0 + b1 t + b2t 2 .
point of projection. [AIIMS 2016] The acceleration of particle is [AIIMS 2012]
3 1 (a) b0 (b) b1
(a) tan-1 (b) tan-1
2 2 (c) b2 (d) 2 b2
1
(c) tan-1 (d) None of these 13. A rocket is fired upward from the earth
2
surface such that it creates an acceleration
8. A ball is dropped from a bridge 122.5 m of 19.6 m/s 2 . If after 5 s, its engine is
above a river. After the ball has been switched off, the maximum height of the
falling for 2s, a second ball is thrown rocket from earth’s surface would be
straight down after it. What must the [AIIMS 2011]
initial velocity of the second ball be so that (a) 245 m (b) 490 m
both hit the water at the same time? (c) 980 m (d) 735 m
[AIIMS 2015]
(a) 40 m/s (b) 55.5 m/s
14. If a vector 2$i + 3$j + 8 k$ is perpendicular to
(c) 26.1 m/s (d) 9.6 m/s the vector 4$j - 4i$ + ak$ , then the value of
9. A particle is projected with an angle of a is [AIIMS 2010]
projection q to the horizontal line passing 1
(a) -1 (b)
through the points ( P , Q) and (Q, P ) referred 2
1
to horizontal and vertical axes (can be (c) - (d) 1
2
treated X-axis and Y -axis, respectively).
The angle of projection can be given by 15. A balloon rises from rest with a constant
[AIIMS 2015] acceleration g/8. A stone is released from it
when it has risen to height h. The time
é P 2 + PQ + Q 2 ù é 2 2
-1 P + Q - PQ
ù
(a) tan-1 ê ú (b) tan ê ú taken by the stone to reach the ground is
ë PQ û ë PQ û [AIIMS 2010]
é 2
P +Q 2ù é 2 2
P + Q + PQ ù
(c) tan-1 ê ú (d) sin-1 ê ú (a) 4
h
(b) 2
h
ë 2 PQ û ë 2 PQ û g g
10. What will be ratio of speed in first 2s to 2h g
(c) (d)
the speed in next 4s ? [AIIMS 2014] g h
s
s0 16. There are N -coplanar vectors each of
magnitude V . Each vector is inclined to the
preceding vector at angle 2p / N . What is
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 the magnitude of their resultant?
[AIIMS 2009]
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (a) V / N (b) V (c) Zero (d) N / V
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
17. A car starting from rest, accelerates at the
11. A body starts from rest and moves with a rate f through a distance s, then continue
uniform acceleration. What is the ratio of
at constant speed for time t and then
the distance covered in the nth second to
decelerates at the rate f /2 to come to rest.
the distance covered in n second?
If the total distance travelled is 15 s, then
[AIIMS 2013]
2 1 1 1 [AIIMS 2008]
(a) - (b) - 1
n n2 n 2
n (a) s = ft (b) s = ft 2
2 1 2 1 6
(c) 2 - 2 (d) + 2 1 2 1
n n n n (c) s = ft (d) s = ft 2
72 4
10 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

18. A projectile can have the same range R for 23. A ball is thrown vertically upwards.
two angles of projection. If t 1 and t2 be the Which of the following plots represents the
times of flights in the two cases, then the v-t graph of the ball during its flight, if the
product of the two times of flights is air resistance is not ignored? [AIIMS 2003]
proportional to [AIIMS 2008]
1 1
(a) R 2 (b) (c) (d) R
R2 R (a) v (b) v

19. A car travels 6 km towards north at an t t

angle of 45º to the east and then travels
distance of 4 km towards north at an angle
135º to east. How far is the point from the (c) (d)
v v
starting point? What angle does the
straight line joining its initial and final t t
position makes with the east? [AIIMS 2008]
24. A body starting from rest moves along a
(a) 50 km and tan-1 (5) straight line with a constant acceleration.
(b) 10 km and tan-1 ( 5 ) The variation of speed ( v ) with distance ( s)
(c) 52 km and tan-1 (5) is represented by the graph [AIIMS 2003]
(d) 52 km and tan-1 ( 5 )

20. A particle starting from the origin (0,0) (a) (b)

moves in a straight line in the xy-plane. Its v v
coordinates at a later time are ( 3, 3). The
s s
path of the particle makes with the X-axis
an angle of [AIIMS 2007]
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 60º (d) 0º (c) (d)
v v
21. When a ball is thrown up vertically with
velocity v 0, it reaches a maximum height s s
of h. If one wishes to triple the maximum
25. At the uppermost point of a projectile, its
height, then the ball should be thrown
[AIIMS 2005] velocity and acceleration are at an angle of
with velocity
(a) 180º (b) 90º [AIIMS 2002]
(a) 3 v 0 (b) 3 v 0
(c) 60º (d) 45º
(c) 9 v 0 (d) 3 / 2 v 0
26. If the vectors P = a$i + a$j + 3k$ and
22. Which of the following v-t graphs shows a
realistic situation for a body in motion? Q = ai$ - 2$j - k$ are perpendicular to each
[AIIMS 2004] other, then the positive value of a is
(a) zero (b) 1 [AIIMS 2002]
(c) 2 (d) 3
v v 27. The velocity of a bullet is reduced from
200 m/s to 100 m/s, while travelling
t t through a wooden block of thickness
(a) (b)
10 cm. Assuming it to be uniform, the
retardation will be [AIIMS 2001]
(a) - 15 ´ 104 m / s 2
v v
(b) 15 ´ 104 m / s 2
(c) 12 ´ 104 m / s 2
t t
(c) (d) (d) 14.5 m / s 2
Kinematics 11

28. Two projectiles are projected with the 35. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a
same velocity. If one is projected at an speed of 144 km/h in 20s, then it covers a
angle of 30º and the other at 60º to the distance [AIIMS 1997]
horizontal. The ratio of maximum heights (a) 400 m (b) 1440 m (c) 2880 m (d) 25 m
reached, is [AIIMS 2001]
36. Rain is falling vertically downwards with a
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 2 : 1
velocity of 3 km/h. A man walks in the rain
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
with a velocity of 4 km/h. The rain drop
29. A body A starts from rest with an will fall on the man with a velocity of
acceleration a1. After 2 s, another body B (a) 5 km/h (b) 4 km/h [AIIMS 1997]
starts from rest with an acceleration a2 . If (c) 1 km/h (d) 3 km/h
they travel equal distances in 5 s, after the
37. Which of the following is constant in a
start of A, the ratio a1 : a2 will be equal to [AIIMS 1996]
[AIIMS 2001] projectile motion?
(a) 9 : 5 (b) 5 : 7
(a) Velocity of projection
(c) 5 : 9 (d) 7 : 9
(b) Horizontal component of the velocity
30. A body is released from the top of the (c) Vertical component of the velocity
tower H metre high. It takes t second to (d) All of the above
reach the ground. Where is the body after
38. Angle between two vectors of magnitudes
t /2 second of release? [AIIMS 2000]
12 and 18 units, when their resultant is
(a) At 3H / 4 metre from the ground 24 units is [AIIMS 1996]
(b) At H / 2 metre from the ground
(a) 82 º 31¢ (b) 63º 51¢ (c) 89º16¢ (d) 75º 52 ¢
(c) At H / 6 metre from the ground
(d) At H / 4 metre from the ground 39. A body A is dropped vertically from the
top of a tower. If another identical body B
31. The angle between P + Q and P - Q is projected thrown from the same point at
will be [AIIMS 1999] the same instant, then [AIIMS 1994]
(a) 90º only (a) Both A and B will reach the ground
(b) between 0º and 180º simultaneously
(c) 180º only (b) A will reach the ground earlier than B
(d) None of these (c) B will reach the ground earlier than A
32. A particle is thrown vertically upwards. (d) Either A or B
The velocity at half of the height is 10 m/s,
then the maximum height attained by it Assertion & Reason
will be (Take, g = 10 m/s2 ) [AIIMS 1999] Direction (Q. Nos 40-48) Read the Assertion
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m and Reason carefully to mark the correct
(c) 15 m (d) 25 m option from those given below
33. A body is projected at such angle that the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
horizontal range is three times the greatest Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
height. The angle of projection is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
[AIIMS 1998] Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(a) 42 º 8¢ (b) 53 º7 ¢
(c) 33 º7 ¢ (d) 25º 8¢ (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
34. If the water falls from a dam into a turbine
wheel 19.6 m below, then the velocity of 40. Assertion When q = 45° or 135°, the value
water at the turbine is (Take, g = 9.8 m/s2 ) of R remains the same, only the sign
[AIIMS 1998] changes.
(a) 19.6 m/s (b) 39.0 m/s u2 sin 2 q [AIIMS 2017]
(c) 98.8 m/s (d) 9.8 m/s Reason R =
g
12 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

41. Assertion Displacement of a body may be
zero, when distance travelled by it is not
zero.
Reason The displacement is the longer
distance between initial and final position.
[AIIMS 2014]
42. Assertion A body can have acceleration
even if its velocity is zero at that instant
of time.
Reason The body will be momentarily at
rest when it reverses its direction of
motion. [AIIMS 2013]
43. Assertion When a body is dropped or
thrown horizontally from the same height,
it would reach the ground at the same
time.
Reason Horizontal velocity has no effect
on the vertical direction. [AIIMS 2012]
45. Assertion The average velocity of the
object over an interval of time is either
smaller than or equal to the average speed
of the object over the same interval.
Reason Velocity is a vector quantity and
speed is a scalar quantity. [AIIMS 2008]
46. Assertion The dimensional formula for
relative velocity is same as that of the rate
of change is velocity.
Reason Relative velocity of P w.r.t. Q is the
ratio of velocity of P and that of Q.
[AIIMS 2002]
47. Assertion The average speed of an object
may be equal to arithmetic mean of
individual speeds.
Reason Average speeds is equal to total
distance travelled per total time taken.
[AIIMS 2000]

44. Assertion The projectile has only vertical
component of velocity at the highest point
of its trajectory.
Reason At the highest point, both
components of velocity present.
[AIIMS 2011]
48. Assertion A body with constant
acceleration may not speed up.
Reason A body with constant acceleration
always moves along a straight line.
[AIIMS 1998]

Answers
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20 (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24 (c) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48 (c)
 Explanations
1. (c) Equation of given line when velocity is 3. (a) Let the bus overtakes the car after time t and
plotted against position with intercept = v 0 at distance s.
and slope v 0 / x0 is As the bus starts from rest,
v x initial velocity, u = 0
v = mx + v 0 Þ v = - 0 + v 0 …(i)
x0 Acceleration, a = 8 ms -2
é v0 ù
êQ m = tan q = – ú According to second equation of motion,
ë x0 û 1 1
s = ut + at 2 = ´ 8 ´ t 2 …(i)
(negative sign is because the slope is decreasing) 2 2
On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get Uniform motion of the car, v = 16 ms -1 ,
dv v dx v a = 0ms –2 …(ii)
=- 0× + 0 Þa= - 0 v …(ii)
dt x0 dt x0 Similarly, s = vt = 16t
Putting the value of v from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
we get 1
Þ 16t = ´ 8 ´ t 2
v é v ù v2 v2 2
a = - 0 ê - 0 x + v 0 ú = 20 x - 0
x0 ë x0 x0 Þ 16t = 4t 2
û x0
which represents a straight line with positive t = 4 s, s = 64 m
æ – v2 ö 4. (b) Let q be the angle between A and B.
slope (v 20 / x20 ) and negative intercept ç 0 ÷.
ç x ÷ \ |A + B|= n|A - B|
è 0 ø
Only graph (c) has positive slope and negative Þ 2 2
A + B + 2 AB cos q
intercept.
Þ = n A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos (180°- q)
2. (a) Let at any instant of time, the length AB be l.
Here, angle q and length l vary with time, then | A | = | B |= A = B = x
using Pythagoras theorem in DABC, Þ 2 x (1 + cos q) = n2 × 2 x2 (1 - cos q)
2

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

1 + cos q = n2 - n2 cos q
x + y2 = l 2
2
(1 + n2 )cos q = n2 - 1
C x B
v n2 - 1
cos q =
y n2 + 1
q I
m æ n2 - 1 ö
A Þ q = cos -1 çç 2 ÷
÷
è n + 1ø
5. (b) From Fig, we have
vb = velocity of boat = 8 kmh–1
On differentiating both sides w.r.t.t, we get X
dx dy dl
2x + 2y = 2l
dt dt dt q
vb vrb
As there is no vertical motion of the block, so
dy dx dl
= 0, = v x and =v
dt dt dt
Y vr Z
\ 2 x v x = 2lv
l v rb = resultant velocity of boat = 10 kmh–1
or vx = v
x v r = velocity of river
v v
or vx = = Þ v 2rb = vb2 + v 2r
æ x ö sin q
ç ÷
èl ø Þ vr = v 2rb – vb2 = 100 – 64 = 6 kmh–1
14 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

6. (b) Let t be the time after which the angle For second ball,
1
between two velocities become 90°. Then, ´ 9.8 ´ (5 - 2)2
122.5 = u (5 - 2) +
velocities of v A and v B at time t are 2
[ t = (5 - 2) because second ball has fallen after 2 s]
v A = v1 $i+gt$j [From, v = u$i + at$j]
122.5 = 3u + 441
.
v = – v $i + gt$j
B 2 Þ 3u = 78. 4
v2 O v1 Þ u = 261. m/s
B A 9. (a) The equation of trajectory,
y

Q
B A
v2
b x2 x1 a v1 P
vB gt v
gt A q
d
Q P x
Since, v A ^vB , v A × vB = 0
é xù
Þ (- v1 i$ + g t$j )× (- v2 $i + g t$j ) = 0 y = x tan a ê1 - ú gives
ë Rû
v1 v2
- v1 v2 + g 2t 2 = 0 Þ t = é Pù
g Q = P tan q ê1 - ú …(i)
7. (a) y ë Rû
é Qù
and P = Q tan q ê1 - ú …(ii)
ë Rû
a
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
Hmax Q2 [1 - P / R]
60° =
b P2 [1 - Q / R]
O x 1 3
R [P - Q 3 ] = P 2 - Q 2
2 R
u2 sin2 60° 3u2 P 3 - Q3 P 2 + PQ + Q 2
Maximum height, H max = = R= =
2g 8g P 2 - Q2 P+Q
u2 sin(2 ´ 60° ) 3 u2 Put the value of R in Eq. (i), we get
And range, R = = ×
g 2 g
Q é Q2 ù
3 u2 = tan q ê 2 2ú
\ R /2 = P P + PQ + Q
4 g ë û
H max 3u2 / 8g 3 é P 2 + PQ + Q 2 ù
\ tanb = = Þ q = tan-1 ê ú
R 3u2 / 4g 2 PQ
ë û
2
æ 3ö 10. (d) Let v1 and v2 be the speed in first 2s and in
b = tan-1 çç ÷
÷
è 2 ø next 4s, respectively.
æ 3ö
Thus, the angle of elevator is tan-1 çç ÷.
÷
As we know,
è 2 ø speed = area under the s -t graph
8. (c) Let the ball hit water in t second. 1
For first ball, v1 2 ´ 2 ´ s0
1 Þ =
s = ut + at 2 v2 1 ´ 4 ´ s
2 2 0
1
122.5 = 0 + ´ 9.8 ´ t 2 = 4.9 t 2 v1 1
2 Þ =
v2 2
122. 5
Þ t = = 25 = 5 s
4.9 or v1 : v2 = 1: 2
Kinematics 15

11. (a) Distance travelled in nth second, g

As acceleration because ,
a a 8
sn = u + (2n - 1) = 0 + (2n - 1) …(i)
2 2 æg ö
so, v2 = 2 ç ÷ h
Also, distance covered in n seconds, è 9ø
1 1 æg ö gh
s = ut + at 2 = 0 + an2 …(ii) v = 2ç ÷ h=
2 2 è 8ø 2
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get When the stone released from this balloon. It
a
(2n - 1) gh
sn 2 2 1 will go upward with velocity, v = .
= = - 2 2
s an2 /2 n n
In this condition, time taken by stone to reach
12. (d) Given, distance, x = b 0 + b1t + b2t 2 the ground,
v é 2gh ù
æ dx ö t = ê1 + 1 + 2 ú
\ Velocity, v = ç ÷ = b1 + 2b2t g ë v û
è dt ø
dv d 2 x gh
\ Acceleration, a = = 2 = 2 b2 2 é 2gh ù h
dt dt t = ê1 + 1 + ú=2
g êë gh / 4 úû g
13. (a) Speed of rocket after 5 s,
v = u - gt 16. (c) Since, each of N- coplanar vector is inclined
0 = u - 9.8 ´ 5Þ u = 49 m/s at 2p / N to the preceding hence, they will form
1 a closed polygon. Therefore, their resultant
Also, h1 = ut - gt 2
2 must be zero.
1 245
= 0 - ´ 9.8 ´ (5)2 = m 17. (c) Let car starts from point A from rest and
2 2 moves up to point B with acceleration f .
When engine is turned off,
A B C D
v 2 = u2 - 2gh2 s x y

0 = u2 - 2gh2 Velocity at B, v = 2 fs [As, v 2 = u2 + 2as]

u2 49 ´ 49 245 Car moves with this constant velocity to C, then
h2 = = = m
2g 2 ´ 9.8 2 distance, x = 2 fs × t [As, s = ut ] …(i)
Maximum height from earth surface So, velocity at C is 2fs and car stops after y
245 245 distance at D. Then
= h1 + h2 = + = 245m é As v 2 = u2 + 2asù
2 2 ( 2 fs )2
Distance, y = = 2s ê ú
14. (c) Let a = 2i + 3 j + 8k
$ $ $ 2( f /2) êëÞ 0 = u2 – 2as úû
b = 4$j - 4$i + a k$ Total distance, AD = AB + BC + CD = 15s (given)
= -4$i + 4$j + a k$ Þ s + x + 2 s = 15s
According to question, a ^ b Þ a × b = 0 Þ x = 12s
Put value of x in Eq (i), we get
Þ (2 i$ + 3$j + 8k$ ) × (-4 i$ + 4$j + ak$ ) = 0
1 2
Þ -8 + 12 + 8 a = 0 Þ 8 a = -4 12s = 2 fs × t Þ 144s2 = 2 fst 2 Þ s = ft
72
4 1
\ a=- =- 18. (d) A projectile can have same range, if angles of
8 2
projection are complementary i.e., q and (90º -q).
15. (b) Since, balloon rises from rest, therefore,
u = 0. u
The velocity of balloon at height h,
u
using equation, v 2 - u2 = 2gh
v 2 - (0)2 = 2gh
90°– q
v 2 = 2gh O q
16 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

In both cases, 20. (c) Draw the situation as shown. OA represents

2 u sin q the path of the particle starting from origin O
t1 = …(i)
g (0,0). Draw a perpendicular from point A to
2u sin (90º - q) 2ucos q X-axis. Let path of the particle makes an angle q
t2 = = …(ii) with the X-axis, then
g g
y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4u2 sin qcos q
t1 t2 = A
g2 (Ö3,3)
2
2u sin2q
t1 t2 = [Q sin2q = 2sin qcos q]
g2
2 æ u2 sin2q ö 2R æç u2 sin2q ö÷ q B
= ç ÷= \ R = x
g ç g ÷ g çè g ÷ O (0, 0)
è ø ø
Hence, t1t2 µ R
tan q = slope of line OA
19. (c) The given condition has been shown in the AB 3
tan q = = = 3
figure given below, OB 3
Þ tan q = tan 60° {Q tan 60°= 3}
B
q = 60º
4
21. (a) At maximum height, velocity is zero. From
135° equation of motion, we have
A
v 2 = u2 - 2gh
6
q a
45° where, v is final velocity and u is initial velocity.
O v = 0, u = v 0
0 = v 20 - 2gh
Þ v 0 = 2gh
From calculations,
When h¢= 3h, then
Applying pythagoras theorem in DOAB, we get
v 0¢ = 2g ´ 3h = 3 v 0
OB2 = OA2 + AB2
Note: If ball has to be thrown to a greater height, its
or OB = 62 + 42 initial velocity should be more than the original one.
= 36 + 16 = 52 km 22. (b) Except graph (b), the other three graphs
Hence, car is at 52 km from the starting point. shows the motion of the body with more than
In DOAB, one velocity at a particular time which is not
AB 4 2 æ2ö possible for realistic situation.
tan q = = = or q = tan-1 ç ÷
OA 6 3 è3ø 23. (d) Speed of body at highest point is zero.
tan 45° + tan q From equation of motion, we have
\tan a = tan (45° + q) =
1 - (tan 45° ) tan q v 2 = u2 - 2gh
1 + tan q 1 + 2/3 5/3
= = = When u = 0, then v 2 = -2gh
1 - tan q 1 - 2/3 1/3
As ball is thrown upwards, velocity decreases
=5 as height increases. At the highest point,
or a = tan-1 (5) velocity is zero. After that, ball comes
Hence, the angle straight line joining its initial downwards and its speed increases. If air
and final position makes with the east is resistance is considered, then it is represented
tan-1 (5.) by graph (d).
Kinematics 17

24. (c) From third equation of motion, we have 28. (a) If body is projected with initial velocity u at
v 2 = u2 + 2as an angle q with the horizontal, then the height
Since, body starts from rest u = 0 H reached by projectile is given by
u
\ v 2 = 2as
H2
Which is general equation of parabola u
symmetrical along X-axis.
H1
60° 30°
25. (b) When a body is projected at an angle q, then it
A B
follows a projectile motion. At the highest point P
2 2
of its path, the vertical component of velocity u sin q
H=
becomes zero, while horizontal component 2g
prevails, also acceleration due to gravity g always
where, g is acceleration due to gravity.
acts vertically downwards, hence angle between
velocity and acceleration is 90º. Given, q1 = 30º and q2 = 60º 2
æ1ö
2 2 ç ÷
H1 sin q1 sin (30º )
= è ø =
u P 2 1
ux \ = =
H2 sin2 q2 sin2 (60º ) æ 3 ö2 3
ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
g è ø
q
29. (c) The distance covered by the body in the nth
a
second of motion is sn = u + (2n - 1)
26. (d) The scalar product of two vectors is given by 2
P × Q = PQ cos q where, u is initial velocity and a is acceleration.
Distance covered by the body A in fifth second
where, q is angle between them.
after its start with acceleration a1 , is
Given, P = ai$ + a$j + 3k$ a 9a
(s5 )A = 0 + 1 (2 ´ 5 - 1) = 1
Q = ai$ - 2$j - k$ 2 2
Time taken by second body = 5 - 2 = 3 s
q = 90º
a 5a
\ P × Q = PQ cos 90º = 0 (s3 )B = 0 + 2 (2 ´ 3 - 1) = 2
2 2
(a$i + a$j + 3k)
$ × (ai$ - 2$j - k)
$ =0
Given, (s5 )A = (s3 )B
a2 - 2a - 3 = 0 a1 5
\ =
2 ± 4 + 12 a2 9
Þ a= = 3, - 1
2 A
30. (a) Since, the body is released from
Hence, positive value of a is 3. rest, initial velocity, u = 0.
27. (a) From equation of motion, From equation of motion, we have h
1
v 2 = u2 + 2as …(i) H = ut + gt 2
2 H
where, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a C
is retardation and s is distance travel. where, g is acceleration due to
gravity.
Given, v = 100 m/s, u = 200 m/s,
We get, u = 0
s = 10 cm = 10 ´ 10-2 m
1
Putting the numerical values in Eq. (i), we have \ H = gt 2 …(i) B
2
\ (100)2 = (200)2 + 2 ´ a ´ 10 ´ 10-2
t
Þ - 30000 = 20a ´ 10-2 Height of body at time is
2
30000
Þ a= - 1 æ t ö2 1 t 2 H
20 ´ 10-2 h= g ç ÷ = g = [from Eq. (i)]
2 è2ø 2 4 4
= -15 ´ 104 m/s2
Hence, height of body from the ground
Negative sign shows negative acceleration, i .e . H 3H
retardation. =H- = metre
4 4
18 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

31. (b) For a parallelogram with sides P and Q, the Since u = 0, we have
diagonals are P + Q and P - Q. Angle between v = 2gh
diagonals can be any value between 0º and v = 2 ´ 9.8 ´ 19.6 = 38416
. = 19.6 m/s
180º.
35. (a) Since car starts from rest, so initial velocity
32. (a) At the highest point of its path, final velocity is zero.
is zero. From first equation of motion, we have
From third equation of motion, we have v = u + at
v 2 = u2 - 2gH where, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a
For v = 0, at highest point is acceleration and t is time.
u2 5
u2 = 2gH Þ H = Given, v = 144 km/h = 144 ´ m/s = 40 m/s
2g 18
u = 0 and t = 20 s
Also, velocity at half the height is 10 m/s
\ 40 = 0 + 20 ´ a Þ a = 2 m / s2
From v 2 = u2 - 2gh, we have
From second equation of motion,
1æu ö
2
æ Hö
(10)2 = u2 - 2 ´ g ´ ç ÷
1
çQ h = ÷ s = ut + at 2
2 çè 2g ÷ø è 2ø 2
1
u2 \ s = 0 + ´ 2 (20)2 = 400 m
Þ 100 = Þ u = 200 m/s 2
2
36. (a) The situation is shown in figure below.
Maximum height obtained is
u2 200 4 km/hr
H max = = = 10 m vm
2g 2 ´ 10

33. (b) Horizontal range is

u2 sin2 q 3 km/hr
R= …(i)
g vrm
and height H is vr
u2 sin2 q Relative velocity of rain w.r.t man,
H= …(ii)
2g
v rm = v 2r + v 2m + 2v r v m cos 90º {Qcos 90°= 0}
where, u be the initial velocity with which the
body is projected at an angle q. = v 2r + v 2m = (3)2 + (4)2 = 5 km/h
Given, R = 3H 37. (b) If a body is in the projectile motion, then its
u2 sin2q u2 sin2 q velocity can be resolved into horizontal and
\ = 3´
g 2g vertical components. And the body is subjected
(also, sin2q = 2 sin qcos q) to acceleration due to gravity (g), which is
vertically downwards. Therefore, horizontal
u2 2 sin q cos q u2 sin2 q
\ = 3´ component remains constant, while vertical
g 2g component first decreases, becomes zero and
Þ 2cos q = 1.5 sin q then increases in the magnitude.
2 38. (d) Given, magnitude of first vector (A ) = 12
Þ tan q = = 133
.
1.5
Magnitude of second vector (B) = 18 and
Þ q = 53º7¢
resultant of the given vectors (R ) = 24.
Hence, angle of projection is 53º7¢.
We know that resultant vector
34. (a) From equation of motion, we have
| R |= 24 = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q
v 2 = u2 + 2gh
where, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, g = (12)2 + (18)2 + 2 ´ 12 ´ 18 cos q
is gravity and h is height. or 2
(24) = 144 + 324 + 432cos q
Kinematics 19
or 576 = 468 + 432 cos q 43. (a) Both the bodies will take same time to reach
or 576 - 468 = 432 cos q the earth because vertical downward
or 432 cos q = 108 component of velocity for both the bodies will
108 2h
or cos q = = 025
. be zero and time of decent, t = .
432 g
or q = cos -1 0.25 = 75º 52¢ Horizontal velocity has no effect on the vertical
direction.
39. (a) As the body A is dropped from rest,
1 2 2h 44. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. At the .
\ h= gt Þ t A = highest point, the projectile possesses velocity
2 A g
only along horizontal direction.
B
45. (b) As displacement is either smaller or equal to
distance but never be greater than distance, so
h average velocity of object is smaller than or equal
A to its average speed over the same interval.
O Y 46. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Relative velocity of P with respect to Q
As B is projected from top of tower, its initial
velocity is zero. = Velocity of P - Velocity of Q
Hence, relative velocity will have dimension of
\ v 2B = 0 + 2gh Þ v B = 2gh
velocity [LT -1 ].
Also, v B = 0 + gt B Also, rate of change of velocity is acceleration.
2gh 2h Hence, it has dimension of [LT -2 ].
Þ tB = = =tA
g g
47. (a) When a particle moves with speeds v1 , v2 , v3
u2 sin 2q ..... during time intervals t1 , t2 , t3 ... respectively,
40. (a) Horizontal range (R ) =
g then total distance travelled
When q = 45°, maximum horizontal range, v1t1 + v2t2 + v3t3 +... and total time taken by
u2 u2 particle = t1 + t2 + t3 + ...
Rmax = sin 90° = Hence, average speed is given by
g g
v t + v2t2 + v3t3 + ...
When q = 135°, maximum horizontal range, vav = 1 1
t1 + t2 + t3 + ...
u2 -u2
R= sin 270° = (Let, t1 = t2 = t3 ... = t )
g g
(v + v2 + v3 + ... ) t
Negative sign implies opposite direction. Then, vav = 1
nt
41. (c) Here, Assertion is true but Reason is false. Therefore, average speed is the arithmetic mean
The displacement is the shortest distance of individual speeds.
between initial and final positions. When final 48. (c) Here, Assertion is true but Reason is false.
position of a body coincides with, its initial
position displacement is zero, but the distance When a body is projected up with an initial
travelled is non-zero. velocity making an angle q with the horizontal,
then it follows a projectile motion path.
42. (a) When a body while going vertically upward
reaches at the highest point, then it will be In the uniform motion, acceleration is constant,
momentarily at rest and then it reverses its also its speed first decreases, vertical
direction. At highest point, velocity is zero but component becomes zero at highest point and
its acceleration is equal to acceleration due then increases.
to gravity.
 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics
CHAPTER

Laws of Motion
1. A lift is moving in upward direction. The 4. A smooth wedge A is fitted in a chamber
total mass of the lift and the passengers is hanging from a fixed ceiling near the
1600 kg. The variation of the velocity of earth’s surface. A block B placed at the top
the lift is as shown in the figure. The of the wedge takes time T to slide down
tension in the rope at t = 8 s will be the length of the wedge. We place the
[AIIMS 2018] block at the top of the wedge and the cable
supporting the chamber is broken at the
same instant, the block will [AIIMS 2016]
v
(ms–1) (a) take longer time than T to slide down the
wedge
12
(b) take shorter time than T to slide down the
0 3 6 10 t(s) wedge
(c) remain at the top of the wedge
(a) 11200 N (b) 16000 N (d) jump off the wedge
(c) 48000 N (d) 12000 N
5. A boy of mass M is applying a horizontal
2. In the given system, calculate the force to slide a box of mass M¢ on a rough
acceleration of the light and smooth horizontal surface. The coefficient of
pulley. [AIIMS 2017] friction between the shoes of the boy and
the floor is m and that between the box and
C B the floor is m¢. In which of the following
cases is certainly not possible to slide the
F box? [AIIMS 2016]
A M
(a) m < m ¢ , M < M¢ (b) m >m ¢ , M < M ¢
Smooth
(c) m < m ¢, M > M ¢ (d) m > m ¢ , M > M ¢
(a) F / M (b) F / 2 M
(c) F / 4M (d) F / 8M 6. A body of mass 40 kg resting on rough
horizontal surface is subjected to a force P
3. A box is placed on an inclined plane and which is just enough to start the motion of
has to be pushed down. The angle of the body. If m s = 0.5, m k = 0.4, g = 10 m/s2
inclination is [AIIMS 2017] and the force P is continuously applied on
(a) equal to the angle of friction the body, then the acceleration of the body
(b) more than the angle of friction is [AIIMS 2015]
(c) equal to the angle of repose (a) zero (b) 1 m/s 2
(d) less than the angle of repose (c) 2 m/s 2 (d) 2.4 m/s 2
Laws of Motion 21

7. A hemispherical bowl of radius r is set 12. A monkey of mass M kg slides down a light
rotating about its axis of symmetry in rope attached to a fixed spring balance, with
vertical plane. A small block kept in the an acceleration a. The reading of the balance
bowl rotates with the bowl without is [where, g = acceleration due to gravity]
slipping on its surface. If the surface of [AIIMS 2009]
the bowl is smooth and the angle made wg æ aö
(a) M = ç
(b) M = w ç 1 + ÷÷
by the radius through the block with g -a è gø
the vertical is q, then find the angular (c) the force of friction exerted by the rope on the
speed at which the bowl is rotating. monkey is M (g - a) N
[AIIMS 2015] (d) the tension in the rope is wg N
g
(a) w = rg sin q (b) w = 13. The graph shows the variation of velocity of a
r cos q
rocket with time. The time of burning of fuel
gr gr from the graph is [AIIMS 2009]
(c) w = (d) w =
cos q tan q
v(m/s)
A
8. A weight w is suspended from the 1000
mid-point of a rope, whose ends are at 110 120
t(s)
O
the same level. In order to make the 10 B
C
rope perfectly horizontal, the force
applied to each of its ends must be (a) 10 s (b) 110 s
[AIIMS 2014]
(c) 120 s (d) Data insufficient
(a) less than w (b) equal to w
(c) equal to 2w (d) infinitely large 14. A uniform rope of length L meters is lying over a
9. Pulling force making an angle q to the table. If the coefficient of friction be m, then the
horizontal is applied on a block of maximum length L1 of this rope which can
weight W placed on a horizontal table. overhang the edge without sliding is [AIIMS 2009]
If the angle of friction is a, then the mL (m + 1) mL (m -1) L
(a) (b) (c) (d)
magnitude of force required to move (m + 1) mL (m - 1) m
the body is equal to [AIIMS 2014]
W sin a W cos a 15. A smooth block is released from rest on a 45°
(a) (b) incline and then slides a distance d. The time
g tan(q - a) cos(q - a)
W sin a W tan a taken to slide is n times as much to slide on
(c) (d) rough incline than on a smooth incline. The
cos(q - a) sin(q - a)
coefficient of friction is [AIIMS 2008]
10. A marble block of mass 2 kg lying on 1 1
ice when given a velocity of 6 m/s is (a) m k = 1 - (b) m k = 1 -
n2 n2
stopped by friction in 10 s. Then the 1 1
coefficient of friction is [AIIMS 2012] (c) m s = 1 - (d) m s = 1 -
n2 n2
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.03 (d) 0.06
16. A person is standing in an elevator. In which
situation he finds himself weight less?
11. Consider the situation as shown. The [AIIMS 2005]
maximum value of force F such that
(a) When the elevator moves upward with constant
the block does not move [AIIMS 2012]
acceleration equals to g.
F (b) When the elevator moves downward with constant
60° acceleration equals to g.
(c) When the elevator moves upward with uniform
Ö3 kg
velocity
(d) When the elevator moves downward with uniform
(a) 5 N (b) 10 N (c) 15 N (d) 20 N
velocity
22 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

P m2 m3
17. In the figure given the position-time graph 21. A system consists of
of a particle of mass 0.1 kg is shown. The three masses m1, m2
impulse at t =2s is [AIIMS 2005] and m3 connected by a
string passing over a
6 pulley P. The mass m1
hangs freely and m2
4 and m3 are on a rough m1
x(m)
2 horizontal table (the
coefficient of friction = m). The pulley is
O 2 4 6 frictionless and of negligible mass. The
t (s)
downward acceleration of mass m1 is
(a) 0.2 kg m s - 1 (Assume, m1 = m2 = m3 = m) [AIIMS 2001]
(b) - 0.2 kg m s - 1 2 gm g(1 - 2m)
(a) (b)
(c) 0.1 kg m s - 1 3 3
(d) - 0.4 kg m s - 1 g(1 - 2m) g (1 - gm)
(c) (d)
2 9
18. A particle is projected up a rough inclined
plane of inclination q and friction 22. If a cyclist moving with a speed of 4.9 m/s
coefficient m. If the time of ascent is half of on levelled road can take a sharp circular
the time of descent, the friction coefficient turn of radius 4 m, then the coefficient of
m is equal to [AIIMS 2005] friction between cycle tyre and road will
3 3 be [AIIMS 1999]
(a) tanq (b) tan q
4 5 (a) 0.81 (b) 0.41 (c) 0.71 (d) 0.61
4 1
(c) tanq (d) tan q
5 2 23. A ball is thrown vertically upward with
some velocity. A constant air resistance
19. Consider the situation as shown in the acts. If the time of ascent is t 1 and that of
diagram. descent is t2 , then [AIIMS 1999]
2 kg 7N (a) t 1 < t 2 (b) t 1 > t 2
(c) t 1 = t 2 (d) None of these
5 kg
24. A 1 kg particle strikes a wall with velocity
Smooth 1 m/s at an angle 30° with horizontal
The coefficient of friction between the direction and reflects at the same wall in
blocks is 0.5. The acceleration of the lower 0.1s, then the force will be [AIIMS 1999]
block is [AIIMS 2005] (a) 30 3 N (b) zero (c) 40 3 N (d) 10 3 N
(a) 1 m/s 2 (b) 1.5 m/s 2 25. The rocket engine lift a rocket from the
(c) 2 m/s 2 (d) 2.5 m/s 2 earth, because hot gases [AIIMS 1998]
20. A stone tied to a string is rotated with a (a) push it against the air with very high velocity
uniform speed in a vertical plane. If mass (b) push it against the earth with very high velocity
of the stone is m, the length of the string is (c) heat up the air which lifts the rocket with very
r and the linear speed of the stone is v, high velocity
when the stone is at its lowest point, then (d) react against rocket and push it up with very
the tension in the string at its lowest point, high velocity
will be (g = acceleration due to gravity)
26. If the force on a rocket, moving with a
[AIIMS 2001] velocity 500 m/s is 400 N, then the rate of
mv 2 mv 2
(a) + mg (b) - mg combustion of the fuel will be [AIIMS 1997]
r r
mv (a) 0.8 kg/s (b) 10.8 kg/s
(c) (d) mg (c) 8 kg/s (d) 1.6 kg/s
r
Laws of Motion
27. If the radii of circular paths of two particles
of same masses are in the ratio 1 : 2, then to
have a constant centripetal force, their
velocities should be in a ratio of [AIIMS 1996]
(a) 4:1 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 2 : 1
28. A boy of mass 40 kg is standing in a lift,
which is moving downwards with an
acceleration 9.8 m/s2 . The apparent weight
of the boy is (take g = 9.8 m/s2 ) [AIIMS 1996]
(a) 40 ´ 9.8 N (b) 0 N
40
(c) N (d) 40 N
9.8
Assertion & Reason
Direction (Q. Nos. 29-39) Read the Assertion
and Reason carefully to mark the correct option
from those given below
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
29. Assertion Linear momentum of a body
changes even when it is moving uniformly
in a circle.
Reason In uniform circular motion, velocity
remains constant. [AIIMS 2015]
30. Assertion If large number of concurrent
forces acting on the same point, then the
point will be in equilibrium, if sum of all the
forces is equal to zero.
Reason A body subjected to three concurrent
forces cannot be in equilibrium. [AIIMS 2012]
31. Assertion Two similar trains are moving
along the equatorial line with the same
speed but in opposite direction. They will
exert equal pressure on the rails.
Reason In uniform circular motion the
magnitude of acceleration remains constant
but the direction does not change.
[AIIMS 2012]
23
32. Assertion Thrust on a rocket depends not
only on the rate of decrease of mass.
Reason Thrust also depends upon
exhaust speed of the gases. [AIIMS 2012]
33. Assertion The centripetal forces and
centrifugal forces never cancel out.
Reason They do not act at the same time.
[AIIMS 2010]
34. Assertion A safe turn by a cyclist should
neither be fast nor sharp.
Reason The bending angle from the
vertical would decrease with increase in
velocity. [AIIMS 2010]
35. Assertion Angle of repose is equal to the
angle of limiting friction.
Reason When the body is just at the
point of motion, the force of friction in
this stage is called limiting friction.
[AIIMS 2008]
36. Assertion The acceleration of a body
down a rough inclined plane is greater
than the acceleration due to gravity.
Reason The body is able to slide on a
inclined plane only when its acceleration
is greater than acceleration due to
gravity. [AIIMS 2007]
37. Assertion The driver in a vehicle moving
with a constant speed on a straight road
is in a non-inertial frame of reference.
Reason A reference frame in which
Newton’s laws of motion are applicable is
non-inertial. [AIIMS 2004]
38. Assertion A reference frame attached to
earth is an inertial frame of reference.
Reason The reference frame which has
zero acceleration is called a non inertial
frame of reference. [AIIMS 2004]
39. Assertion On a rainy day, it is difficult to
drive a car or bus at high speed.
Reason The value of coefficient of
friction is lowered due to wetting of the
surface. [AIIMS 2004]
 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (a)

Explanations
1. (a) In given v-t graph, FBD of the block of mass M,
N a
M T
Smooth
v Mg
12 A B
(m/s)
C Applying Newton’s 2nd law,
D M
N = Mg and T = Ma ...(i)
0 3 6 8 10 t(s)
FBD of the pulley,
The acceleration of the lift and the passengers T a1
at t = 8 s,
a = slope of v - t graph at t = 8 s (In DBDC) F
= - BD / DC T

=-
12
= - 3 m/s2 F - 2 T = 0 ´ a1 (Q Pulley is light)
4 Þ F = 2T = 2Ma ...(ii) [using, Eq. (i)]
Negative sign implies T Þ a = F /2M
that the acceleration is in We know that, if acceleration of a pulley is a,
vertically downward then the acceleration of it’s one free arm will be
direction. a = 3 m/s2
2a while its second arm is fixed.
Free body diagram of the Thus, the acceleration of the pulley,
lift and the passengers at a
t = 8 s is shown below, a1 = (acceleration of the block)
Mg 2
Applying Newton’s 2nd F F
= = [from Eq. (ii)]
law 2 ´ 2M 4M
Mg - T = Ma
3. (d) Free body diagram of the box,
\ T = M(g - a) (given, M = 1600 kg) N
fr
= 1600(10 - 3) (putting values)
= 1600 ´ 7 = 11200 N q q
Mg cos q
sin Mg
2. (c) Let the acceleration of the block be a and Mg q
acceleration of the pulley be a1 in the given
system. Q The box has to be pushed down, this means
f r ³ Mg sin q
Þ mN ³ Mg sin q (Q f r = mN )
T a1
Þ m Mg cos q ³ Mg sin q (Q N = Mg cos q)
a F Þ m ³ tan q
T
M T Since we know, m = tanl
Smooth where, l angle of repose.
Laws of Motion 25
Þ tan l ³ tan q In 2nd case, when the body is moving.
\ l³q FBD of the body,
So, angle of repose ³ angle of inclination N
a
4. (c) According to the question, when the
supporting cable is broken, the whole system P
(the chamber, the wedge and the block) is in the fk
state of free fall.
mg
Let the acceleration of the body be a.
B Applying Newton’s 2nd law,
P - f k = ma
200 - 160
g g (free fall) Þ a= (putting values)
A 40
40
g (free fall) = = 1 m/s2 Þ a= 1 m/s2
40
As it is known that free fall is the motion of an 7. (b) Let the angular speed of the bowl be w. The
object, where the gravity is only force acting situation according to the question,
upon it. So, the block being under the state of free On applying Newton’s 2nd law for the given FBD,
fall does not move from its original position. P - Fk
Ma = P - f k Þ a= …(i)
Thus, the block remains at the top of the wedge. M
P - m k Mg
5. (a) Given, and Ma = P - m k M g Þ a = …(ii)
mass of the boy = M M M¢ M
mass of the block = M ¢ from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
f1 f2 P – fk P – m k Mg
The coefficient of friction \ a= = (Q f r = m k Mg )
between the boy and the surface is m and that M M
between the block and the surface is m ¢. N cos q
As, given situation
O
where, f1 = frictional force between the boy N
q q
and the surface.
f2 = frictional force between the
A B
block and the surface. N sin q
For the box pushed by the boy,
f r1 > f r2
Þ m Mg > m ¢M ¢g [Q f r = mN = m Mg] Mg
Þ mM > m ¢M ¢ where, Mg = weight of the block
If m < m ¢ and M < M ¢, the block will not move N, Normal reaction force between the block and
certainly. the hemisphere.
6. (b) Given, mass of the body, m = 40 kg, AO, the radius of hemisphere = r
AB AB
m s = 0.5 and m k = 0.4 In DAOB, sin q = = \ AB = r sin q ...(i)
N AO r
In Ist case, when motion
of the body has just been This is the radius of the circle at which the
started by the force P. block is rotating.
P
FBD of the body, Resolving the normal reaction force N, along AB
fs and perpendicular to AB, we have,
\ N = mg ...(i)
mg N sin q = The centripetal force
and P = fs =m s N
= m s mg [Q from Eq. (i)] N sin q = M( AB )w2 = Mr sin q w2
= 0.5´ 40 ´ 10 (Putting values) N = Mrw2 ...(ii)
= 200 N ...(ii) and N cos q = Mg ...(iii)
26 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 10. (d) Given, m = 2 kg, v = 6 m/s and t = 10 s
N Mr w2 Let the coefficient of friction be m and the
=
N cos q Mg acceleration of the block due to friction be a.
1 w2 r g Due to the motion of N
Þ = Þ w2 = the block, the frictional v=6 m/s
cos q g r cos q
force produces an
g acceleration ‘a’ opposite
\ w=
r cos q to the velocity ‘v’ of the
8. (d) Let the force T is applied on the both ends of block. fr
the rope. According to the question, FBD of the block mg
according to the
question,
A B
2T This acceleration would stop the block.
cos q Applying Newton’s 2nd law,
q f r = ma and N = mg
T q T
Þ mN = ma
Þ m mg = ma
T sin q T sin q \ a = mg ...(i)
W Using v = u - at ,
Q v = 0, 0 = 6 - mg ´ 10
Thus, we have, Fnet in horizontal direction is zero.
6
2T cos q= Wg Þ m= (Q g = 10 m /s2 )
10 ´ 10
Wg
\ T= = 0.06
2 cos q
11. (d) FBD of the block,
For the rope to the horizontal, q will be equal to
F sin 60°
90°. F
Wg Wg N
We have, T = = [Qcos 90° = 0]
2 cos 90° 2 ´ 0 60°
= Wg / 0 Ö3 kg
Thus, T will be infinitely large.
f
9. (c) According the question, Ö3 g
FBD of the block, 3F
N + F sin q = W N = 3g + F sin 60° = 3g + and
2
Þ N = W - F sin q æ 1 3Fö
The block will move if F sin q f max = mN = ç 3g + ÷
ç 2 3 2 ÷ø
F è
F cos q ³ f max
N 1æ Fö F
Þ F cos q ³ m(W - F sin q) q = ç 10 + ÷ = 5 +
F cos q 2è 2ø 4
Since we know,
sin a The block will not move if F cos 60° £ f max .
m = tan a = f
cos a F
£ 5+
F
sin a W 2 4
\F cos q ³ (W - F sin q)
cos a F F
Þ - £5
F(cos qcos a + sin q sin a) ³ W sin a 2 4
W sin a F
F ³ Þ £5
cos(q - a) 4
W sin a F £ 20
Fmin = \ Fmax = 20 N
cos(q - a)
Laws of Motion 27

12. (c) Given, mass of monkey = M kg 15. (a) As given in the question, Let the mass of the
Acceleration of the monkey = a ms - 2 block is m,
For smooth inclined plane,
N
Spring fr
balance q
q mg cos q
s i n q mg
T g
m
M T
a N = mg cos q and mg sin q= ma
Monkey
\a = g sin q
Mg Q The block starts from rest
1
Here, the reading of the spring balance will be Using, s = ut + at 2
2
equal to the tension in the rope.
Given, s = d
Also, the tension in the upper part of the rope is 1
due to frictional force between the monkey and d = 0 + g sin q × t12
2
the rope.
1
Applying Newton’s 2nd law, we get d = g sin qt12 ...(i)
2
Mg - T = Ma
For rough inclined plane,
\ T = Mg - Ma = M(g - a) N
N
13. (a) Until the fuel is burning the rocket is
fr
accelerating in upward direction.
q
After the fuel is exhausted, the rocket starts q mg mg cos q
sin
moving under the gravity. mg q
From the given velocity vs time graph of the
N = mg cos q and mg sin q - f r = ma1
rocket, the rocket is accelerating in upward
direction from t = 0 to t = 10 sec. mg sin q - m mg cos q = ma1
Thus, the time of burning of fuel is 10 sec. [Q f r = mN = m mg cos q]
\ a1 = g sin q - mg cos q
14. (a) According to the question, 1
Using, s = ut + at 2 , we have
N 2
1
f d = 0 + g (sin q - m cos q) t22
L1 2
m (L–L )g 1
L
1 d = g (sin q - m cos q) t22 ...(ii)
m 2
Lg
L 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
m 1 1
For no sliding, L g £ f max g sin q× t12 = (sin q - m cos q) gt22
L 1 2 2
m m t2 = nt1
Q f max = mN = m × (L - L1 ) g [Q N = (L - L1 ) g ] Q
L L \ sin qt12 = (sin q - m cos q) n2t12
m m
\ L g £ m (L - L1 ) g
L 1 L Þ sin 45° = (sin 45° - m cos 45° )n2 (Q q = 45°)
Þ L1 £ m (L - L1 ) 1 1
Þ = (1 - m)n2
Þ L1 (m 1 + 1) £ mL 2 2
mL 1
L1 £ Þ =1-m
(m + 1) n2
1
mL Þ\ m k =1 - 2
\ L1(max) = n
(m + 1)
28 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

16. (b) Let the elevator moving with acceleration a \Retardation,

in downward direction. a1 = g sin q + mg cos q ...(i)
and time, t1 = t
For downward motion,
a accelerating force on the block,
mg sin q - f r2 = ma2
Q f r2 = mN and N = mg cos q
Free body diagram of the man in N fr
that elevator,
Applying Newton’s 2nd law,
q mgcos q
mg - N = ma q mg
s in
\ N = m(g - a) g
m
mg sin q - mN = ma2
N
Þ mg sin q - m mg cos q = ma2
a
Þ\ a2 = g sin q - mg cos q ...(ii)

mg
and time t2 = 2t
1 1
Q s = a1t12 and s = a2t22
N will be zero, only when a = g , at that 2 2
condition, the man finds himself in \ a1t12 = a2t22
weightlessness.
Þ a1t 2 = a2 (2t )2 Þ a1 = 4a2
17. (b) If a constant force F is applied on a body for
a1 = 4a2 …(iii)
a short interval of time Dt, then impulse of this
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
force is F ´ Dt .
g sin q + mg cos q = 4(g sin q - mg cos q)
From Newton’s second law,
Þ 5 mg cos q = 3g sin q
Dv
F = ma = m 3 tan q
Dt Þ\ m=
5
Þ F Dt = mDv = Dp
Þ I = Change in linear momentum, Dp 19. (a) According to given situation,
\ I = mDv (Q mass = constant) N
= m(v2 - v1 )
2 kg 7N
æ Dx ö é Dx ù
= mç 0 - ÷ Q v = 0 and v1 =
è Dt ø êë 2 Dt úû f
æ 4ö 20
= 0.1 ´ ç - ÷ = - 0.2 kg-m/s
è 2ø f max = mN = 0.5 ´ 20 = 10 N
18. (b) For upward motion, Since 7 N < 10 N, the upper block will not
d move with respect to the lower block.
ar
u pw
g 2 7N
vin
mo
q 5
q fr mg cos q
sin q
g Smooth
m
mg Both the blocks will move together with same
The retarding force on the block, acceleration,
mg sin q+ f r = ma1 7 = (2 + 5)a
Q f r = mN = m mg cos q (Q N = mg cos q) a = 1 m/s2
Laws of Motion 29

20. (a) According to the question, mv 2

Thus, = fr
for a stone of mass m and length of string r at r
the point B, weight mg acts vertically From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
downwards, while tension T B acts vertically mv 2
upwards. Their resultant provides the necessary = m mg
r
centripetal force, that is
v2
Þ = mg
vA A r
v 2 4.9 ´ 4.9
\ m= = = 0.61
mg r rg 4 ´ 9.8

TB 23. (a) Upward journey, R : air resistance

B motion
Ý
mg mg
vB mg + R R
Retardation, a1 = =g +
m m
Applying Newton’s 2nd law, at point B
Let h be the height attained by the ball
mv 2 mv 2
T B - mg = Þ TB = + mg 1
r r h = a1t12 ...(i)
2
21. (b) According to the question, R
Downward journey, motion
a a ß
mg - R R
Acceleration, a2 = =g -
m m mg
mmg mmg
1
h = a2t22 ...(ii)
2
m
a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
R
mg
t2 a1 g +
= = m
the type of connection between blocks and t1 a2 R
g -
pulley is shown above m
Applying Newton’s 2nd law, Thus, t2 > t1
Fnet (in the downward direction) = mtotal a 24. (d) According to the question,
Fnet = mg - mmg - mmg and m total = m + m + m
Wall
mg - mmg - mmg = (m + m + m)a
Þ mg (1 - 2m ) = 3ma
g (1 - 2m) 1 m/s
g (1 - 2m) = 3a Þ a =
3
22. (d) For uniform circular motion, centripetal 30°
force on the body 30°
mv 2
= ...(i)
r
1 m/s
where v is velocity, r is radius and m is mass.
Also, the frictional force
F =m mg ...(ii) Q Velocity of the particle in vertical direction
where, m is coefficient of friction, m is mass and remain unchanged (during just before collision
g is acceleration due to gravity. and just after collision).
In this case, the required centripetal force is \Impulse in vertical direction is zero.
generated from friction force.
30 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

The change in linear momentum in horizontal 2

æ v1 ö r
direction, Þ\ ç ÷ = 1
çv ÷ r2
Dp = mDv = m(- v cos 30° - vcos 30° ) è 2 ø
= - 2mv cos 30° v1 r1
Þ =
or | Dp | = 2mv cos 30° v2 r2
As, we know that, r
= [Q r2 = 2r1 and r1 = r ]
Impulse = Force ´ Time interval 2r
I = FDt and I = Dp v1 : v2 = 1: 2
Thus, we have
Dp 2 mv cos 30° 28. (b) According to the question,
F = =
Dt Dt Lift
3
2 ´ 1 ´ 1´ ì
2 3ü
= íQ cos30°= ý a = 9.8 m/s2
0.1 î 2 þ
3
= 20 ´ = 10 3 N
2
25. (b) In a rocket, highly Moving Free body diagram of the body in that lift.
compressed heat gases are upward
ejected from the tail of the N a = 9.8 m/s2
rocket in the form of jet
with a very high velocity.
These ejecting gases push
mg
the rocket in upward Hot gases
direction against the
Applying Newton’s 2nd law,
gravity.
mg - N = ma
26. (a) In a rocket propulsion, the thrust force \ N = mg - ma = m (g - a)
dm
F =v× = m(9.8 - 9.8) (putting values)
dt
dm Þ N= 0
where, : rate of combustion of fuel Thus, in a free fall, the apparent weight of the
dt
body is zero.
Given, F = 400 N, v = 500 m/s
dm F 400 29. (c) In uniform circular motion, the direction of
\rate of combustion, = =
dt v 500 motion changes, continuously therefore velocity
= 0.8 kg/s changes. As, p = mv therefore, momentum of a
body also changes in uniform circular motion.
27. (b) Given, radius of first particle (r1 ) = r and
30. (c) A body subjected to three concurrent forces
radius of second particle (r2 ) = 2r . We know that
is found to in equilibrium if sum of these forces
when a particle is moving in a circular path,
is equal to zero.
then the centripetal force,
mv 2 i.e., F1 + F2 + F3 + K = 0
F =
r 31. (d) Due to earth axial rotation, the speed of the
Q Both particles have same centripetal force, trains relative to earth will be different and
then we have hence, the centripetal forces on them will be
F1 = F2 mv 2
different. Thus, their effective weights mg -
mv12 mv22 r
Þ = mv 2
r1 r2 and mg + will be different. So, they exert
r
(Q masses of the both particles are equal)
different pressure on the rails.
Laws of Motion 31

32. (a) In a motion of a rocket in a gravity free space. m mg cos a = mg sin a

dm or tan a = m or a = tan- 1 (m) ...(ii)
The thrust on the rocket, Fth = v rel
dt From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
where, v rel is the exhaust speed of gases relative l =a
the rocket.
dm 36. (d) Let a body which has mass m is placed on an
is the rate of mass at which gases are inclined plane whose inclination is greater than
dt
ejecting from rocket. angle of repose. The force on the body down the
inclined plane is given by
33. (c) A centripetal force is a real force due to
F = mg sin q - mR
which a particle or a body moves a circular
ma = mg sin q - m mg cos q
path. While a centrifugal force is a pseudo force
which acts on a particle or a body moving in a or a = g sin q - mg cos q
circular path. When, we describe its motion = g(sin q - m cos q) ...(i)
with respect to an uniformly rotating frame.
34. (c) For safe turn, tan q= v 2 / rg R
It is clear that for the safe turn, v should be
small and r should be large. Also, bending sq
co
angle from the vertical would increase with g
m
q mg
increase in velocity.
35. (b) At the point of a rough contact where It is obvious from Eq. (i) that, a < g .
slipping is about to occur, the two forces acting
on each object are normal reaction N and
37. (c) If we take a body resting with respect to two
frames with origin O and O ¢, then the body will
frictional force m N. Thus, limiting angle
be at rest. But the frame (vehicle) is moving
N
with constant speed, so, this frame can not be
F
an inertial frame of reference or it is a non
inertial frame of reference. But the frame in
which Newton’s law of motion are applicable, is
l an inertial frame.

mN 38. (d) An inertial frame of reference is one which

has zero acceleration and in which law of
mN inertia hold good i.e., Newton’s law of motion
tan l = =m
N are applicable equally.
or l = tan- 1 (m) ...(i) Since, earth is revolving around the sun and
Now, at the point of sliding down the angle of earth is rotating about its own axis also, so the
inclination of the plane with the horizontal is forces are acting on the earth and hence, there
called the angle of repose (a ). From figure will be acceleration of earth due to these
R factors. That is why, earth cannot be taken as
inertial frame of reference.
39. (a) On a rainy day due to wetness of the surface,
a sa the coefficient of friction decreases which might
sin gc
o
mg m easily leads to skidding of a bus or car. That’s
a
why, it is difficult to run a bus or a car with
high speed on a rainy day.
mg
 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

CHAPTER

Work, Energy and Power

1. The particle of mass m is moving in a 3. A body moves from rest with a constant
circular path of constant radius r such that acceleration. Which one of the following
its centripetal acceleration ac is varying graphs represents the variation of its
with time t as ac = k 2 rt 2 , where k is a kinetic energy K with the distance
constant. The power delivered to particle travelled x? [AIIMS 2016]
by the forces acting on it is [AIIMS 2017]
K K
(a) 2 p mk 2 r 2t (a) (b)
(b) mk 2 r 2t
1 O x O x
(c) mk 4 r 2t 5
3
(d) zero K K
2. A person of mass 70 kg wants to loose 7 kg (c) (d)
by moving up and down on the stairs of
12 m height. Assume he burns twice as O x O x
much fat while going up than going down. 4. If the linear momentum is increased by
If 1 kg of fat is burnt on expending 9000 50%, then kinetic energy will increase by
kcal. How many times must he go up and [AIIMS 2015]
down to reduce his 7 kg weight? (a) 50% (b) 100% (c) 125% (d) 25%
(Take, g = 10 m /s2 ) [AIIMS 2016] 5. Consider the situation shown in figure.
(a) 18 ´ 103 times One end of a spring of spring constant
(b) 24 ´ 103 times 400 N/m is attached 0 to a fixed rigidly
(c) 30 ´ 103 times support, horizontally. A 40 g mass is
released from rest while situated at a
(d) 21 ´ 103 times
height 5 m on a smooth curved track.
Work, Energy and Power 33
The maximum deformation in the spring is 12. A 12 HP motor has to be operated 8 h/day.
nearly equal to (Take, g = 10 m/s2 ) How much will it cost at the rate of
[AIIMS 2015] 50 paise/kWh in 10 days? [AIIMS 2010]
(a) ` 350 (b) ` 358
5m
(c) ` 375 (d) ` 397
13. Two springs A and B are identical but A is
(a) 9.8 m (b) 9.8 cm (c) 0.98 m (d) 0.009 km harder than B( k A > k B ). Let W A and WB
represent the work done when the springs
6. The force on a particle as the function of are stretched through the same distance
displacement x (in x-direction) is given by and W ¢ A and W ¢ B are the work done when
F = 10 + 0.5 x these are stretched by equal forces, then
The work done corresponding to which of the following is true [AIIMS 2010]
displacement of particle from x = 0 to x = 2 (a) WA > WB and W ¢A = W ¢B
unit is [AIIMS 2014]
(b) WA > WB and W ¢A < W ¢B
(a) 25 J (b) 29 J (c) 21 J (d) 18 J
(c) WA > WB and W ¢A > W ¢B
7. A body is moved by a machine delivering
(d) WA < WB and W ¢A < W ¢B
power at constant rate in a straight line.
The distance travelled by it in time 14. A force F acting on an object varies with
duration t is proportional to [AIIMS 2014] distance x as shown in the figure. The
(a) t 3 / 2 (b) t 1/ 2 (c) t 2 (d) t force is in N and x in m. The work done by
8. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v the force in moving the object from x = 0 to
strikes a suspended wooden black of mass x = 6 m is
M. If the block rises to a height h, the
F(N)
initial velocity of the block will be
[AIIMS 2013] 3
M+m 2
(a) 2gh (b) 2 gh
m 1
m M+m
(c) 2 gh (d) 2 gh O
M+m M 1 2 3 4 5 6
x (m) [AIIMS 2010]
9. The particle of mass 50 kg is at rest. The
work done to accelerate it by 20 m/s in 10 s (a) 13.5 J (b) 10 J
is [AIIMS 2012] (c) 15 J (d) 20 J
(a) 103 J (b) 104 J (b) 2 ´ 103 J (d) 4 ´ 104 J 15. Which of the following graphs depicts
spring constant k versus length l of a
10. The potential energy of a certain spring
spring correctly? [AIIMS 2008]
when stretched through a distance ‘s’ is
10 joule. The amount of work (in joule) k k
that must be done on this spring to stretch
(a) (b)
it through an additional distance ‘s’ will be
[AIIMS 2011]
(a) 30 J (b) 40 J (c) 10 J (d) 20 J O l O l

11. A chord is used to vertically lower a block

of mass M by a distance d with constant k k
g
downward acceleration . Work done by (c) (d)
4
the chord on the block is [AIIMS 2011]
d d d O l O l
(a) Mg (b) 3Mg (c) -3Mg (d) Mgd
4 4 4
34 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

16. A body of mass 5 kg moving with a speed of 22. The kinetic energy of a body becomes four
1.5 m/s on a horizontal smooth surface times, its initial value. The new linear
collides with a nearly weightless spring of momentum will be [AIIMS 2004]
force constant k = 5 N/m. The maximum (a) eight times that of initial value
compression of the spring would be (b) four times that of initial value
(c) twice of the initial value
1.5 m/s
(d) remain as the initial value
[AIIMS 2008] 23. A particle moves in a straight line with
(a) 0.25 m (b) 0.75 m (c) 0.5 m (d) 1.5 m retardation proportional to its
displacement. Its loss of kinetic energy for
17. If a spring extends by x on loading, then any displacement x is proportional to
energy stored by the spring is (if T is the [AIIMS 2004]
tension in the spring and k is the spring (a) x2 (b) x3 / 2 (c) x (d) x3
constant) [AIIMS 2007]
24. A force (3i$ + 4$j) N acts on a body and
T2 T2 2k 2T 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) displaced it by (3$i + 4$j) m. The work done
2x 2k T2 k
by the force is [AIIMS 2003]
18. A vertical spring with force constant k is
(a) 5 J (b) 25 J (c) 10 J (d) 30 J
fixed on a table. A ball of mass m at a
height h above the free upper end of the 25. A body of mass, 5 kg has momentum of
spring falls vertically on the spring, so that 10 kg-m/s. When a force of 0.2 N is applied
the spring is compressed by a distance d. on it for 10 s, the change in its kinetic
The net work done in the process is energy is [AIIMS 2003]
[AIIMS 2007] (a) 4.4 J (b) 3.3 J (c) 5.5 J (d) 1.1 J
1 1
(a) mg (h + d ) + kd 2 (b) mg (h + d ) - kd 2 26. A bullet of mass, 10 g leaves a rifle at an
2 2
1 1 initial velocity of 1000 m/s and strikes the
(c) mg (h - d ) - kd 2 (d) mg (h - d ) + kd 2
2 2 earth at the same level with a velocity of
19. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary 500 m/s. The work in overcoming the
at the top of a hill of height 100 m. It rolls resistance of air will be [AIIMS 2002]
down a smooth surface to the ground, then (a) 500 J (b) 5000 J (c) 3750 J (d) 475 J
climbs up another hill of height 30 m and 27. Two bodies of masses m and 4m are
finally rolls down to a horizontal base at a moving with equal kinetic energy. Then,
height of 20 m above the ground. The the ratio of their linear momentum will be
velocity attained by the ball is [AIIMS 2006] [AIIMS 2002]
(a) 40 m/s (b) 20 m/s (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
(c) 10 m/s (d) 10 30 m/s
28. A bullet is fired from a rifle. If the rifle
20. A block of mass 10 kg is moving in recoils freely, then the kinetic energy of the
x-direction with a constant speed of rifle will be [AIIMS 2001]
10 m/s. It is subjected to a retarding force (a) same as that of bullet
F = - 0.1 x J/m during its travel from (b) more than that of bullet
x = 20 m to x = 30 m. Its final kinetic (c) less than that of bullet
energy will be [AIIMS 2005] (d) None of the above
(a) 475 J (b) 450 J (c) 275 J (d) 250 J
29. A spring 40 mm long is stretched by
21. A ball is released from the top of a tower. applying a force. If 10 N force is required
The ratio of work done by force of gravity to stretch the spring through 1 mm, then
in first, second and third second of the work done in stretching the spring through
motion of the ball is [AIIMS 2005] 40 mm is [AIIMS 2001]
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 9 (a) 24 J (b) 8 J
(c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 5 : 3 (c) 56 J (d) 64 J
Work, Energy and Power 35

30. Consider the situation shown in figure. Assertion & Reason

Mass of block A is m and that of block B is
2m. The force constant of the spring is k . Direction (Q. Nos. 35-43) Read the Assertion
Friction is absent everywhere. System is and Reason carefully to mark the correct
released from rest with the spring option from those given below
unstretched. The maximum extension of (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
the spring xm is [AIIMS 1999] Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
A (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
35. Assertion For looping a vertical loop of
B radius, r the minimum velocity at lowest
2mg 4mg mg 3 mg
point should be 5gr.
(a) (b) (c) (d) ×
k k k 2 k Reason In this event, the velocity at the
highest point will be zero. [AIIMS 2017]
31. A frictionless track A D
ABCDE ends in a 36. Assertion The rate of change of total
circular loop of radius R. h momentum of a many particle system is
2R C
A body slides down the E proportional to the sum of the external
track from point A forces of the system.
B
which is at a height, Reason Internal forces can change the
h = 5 cm. Maximum value of R for the body to kinetic energy but not the momentum of
successfully complete the loop is [AIIMS 1999] the system. [AIIMS 2016]
15 10
(a) 5cm (b) cm (c) cm (d) 2 cm 37. Assertion A light body and heavy body
4 3
have same momentum. Then, they also
32. A body of mass 5 kg is raised vertically to a have same kinetic energy.
height of 10 m by a force of 170 N. The Reason Kinetic energy does not depend on
velocity of the body at this height will be
[AIIMS 1998]
mass of the body. [AIIMS 2015]
(a) 15 m/s (b) 37 m/s 38. Assertion A spring has potential energy,
(c) 9.8 m/s (d) 22 m/s
both when it is compressed or stretched.
33. Two springs P and Q of force constants k p Reason In compressing or stretching, work
æ kp ö is done on the spring against the restoring
and k Q çç where k Q = ÷ are stretched by force.
2 ÷ø
[AIIMS 2013]
è
applying forces of equal magnitude. If the 39. Assertion Work done in moving a body
energy stored in Q is E, then the energy over a closed loop is zero for every force in
stored in P is [AIIMS 1997] nature.
(a) E (b) 2E (c) E/4 (d) E/2 Reason Work done does not depend on
nature of force. [AIIMS 2013]
34. The potential energy of a body in a force
ab 40. Assertion Potential energy of a stretched or
field is U = 2
, where a and b are
–
x x compressed spring, proportional to square
positive constants and x is the distance of of extension or compression.
the body from the centre of the field. For Reason Graph between potential energy of
stable equilibrium, the value of x will be. a spring versus the extension or
[AIIMS 1996] compression of the spring is a straight line.
(a) b /2 a (b) 2a /b (c) a /b (d) b / a [AIIMS 2012]
36 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

41. Assertion According to law of conservation Reason Change in kinetic energy of

of mechanical energy change in potential particle is equal to the work done only in
energy is equal and opposite to the change case of a system of one particle. [AIIMS 2010]
in kinetic energy.
43. Assertion Water at the foot of the water fall
Reason Mechanical energy is not a is always at different temperature from that
conserved quantity. [AIIMS 2011] at the top.
42. Assertion The change in kinetic energy of a Reason The potential energy of water at
particle is equal to the work done on it by the top is converted into heat energy
the net force. during falling. [AIIMS 2008]

Answers
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c)

Explanations
1. (b) If v is instantaneous speed, centripetal . ´ 104 J
= 126
acceleration is given by = 3 k-cal (Q 4.2 J = 1 cal)
v2 Since, given 1 kg of fat is burnt on expending
ac =
r 9000 k-cal
v2 \ 7kg of fat will be burnt on expending
\ = k2 r t 2 [Q ac = k2 r t 2 is given]
r = 7 ´ 9000 kcal = 63000 k-cal.
Þ v = krt Thus, number of times the person has to go up
63000
In circular motion, work done by centripetal and down on the stairs = = 21000
force (Fc ) is always zero because Fc ^ v and 3
work is done only by tangential force. = 21 ´ 103 times
Q Tangential acceleration, 3. (c) Q Kinetic energy of a body having mass m
dv d and moving with velocity v,
at = = (kr t ) = k r
dt dt KE = (1/2)mv 2 …(i)
\Tangential force, Ft = mat = mkr In given question, body moves from rest
Thus, power delivered, \u = 0 and acceleration is a.
P = Ft v = (mkr )(krt ) = mk2 r 2t \Velocity of body after moving distance x,
v 2 = u2 + 2as
2. (d) Given, m = 70 kg, g = 10 m/s2 , h = 12 m
Þ v 2 = 0 + 2ax
In going up and down once.
mgh v 2 = 2ax ...(ii)
Calories burnt = mgh +
2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(as given in the question) 1
KE = m × 2ax = max Þ KE µ x (distance)
3 2
= ´ 70 ´ 10 ´ 12
2 Hence, option (c) is correct.
Work, Energy and Power 37
1 /3
4. (c) Since we know, the kinetic energy æ 3P ö
\ v=ç x÷
1p 2
èm ø
KE =
2m dx æ 3P ö1 /3 æ dx ö
Þ =ç x÷ çQ v = ÷
where symbols have their usual meaning dt è m ø è dt ø
3 1 /3
Q p2 = p1 + 50% of p1 = p1 dx æ 3P ö
2 = k x1 /3 , where k = ç x÷
dt èm ø
p1 = initial momentum dx
Thus, D KE = KE2 – KE1 Þ ò x1 /3
= k ò dt

1 2 1 é æ 3 ö2 ù 1 5p22 1
- +1
= [ p2 – p12 ] = 2
ê ç p1 ÷ – p1 ú = . x 3 x2 /3
2m 2m êë è 2 ø úû 2m 4 Þ = kt Þ = kt
-1 2/3
5 +1
\ D KE% = ´ 100 = 125% 3
4 3 /2
æ2 ö
5. (b) Applying the conservation of energy to the Þ x = ç kt ÷
è3 ø
system,
Þ x µ t 3 /2
Loss of potential energy of mass
= Gain in potential energy of the spring. 8. (a) Initial KE of the block, when bullet strikes
1 to it
mgh = kx2 1
2 KE = (m + M )v 2
Given, m = 0.04 kg, h = 5m, k = 400 N/m 2
and x : deformation (compression) in the spring when m and M are masses of bullet and block.
Similarly, its potential energy (PE) = (m + M ) gh.
2mgh 2 ´ 0.04 ´ 10 ´ 5
Þ x= = By law of conservation of energy,
k 400
KE = PE
1 1
= m = 10 cm » 9.8 cm Þ (m + M )v 2 = (m + M )gh
10 2
6. (c) Since we know, work done Þ v = 2gh
x2 x2
9. (b) Given, m = 50 kg, v1 = 0, v2 = 20 m/s, t2 = 10 s
W = ò F × dx = ò F × dxcos q
x1 x1 Since, we know from work-energy theorem,
Q Force and displacement in same direction Wnet = Change in KE
\ q = 0° and cos 0°= 1 1 1
= mv22 – mv12
x1 = 0 and x2 = 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
W = ò Fdx = ò0 (10 + 0.5x)dx = m(v22 – v12 ) = ´ 50(20 ´ 20 – 0)
0 2 2
2
é x2 ù = 104 J
= ê10 x + 0.5 ú = 21 J
ë 2 û0 10. (a) Q Work done in stretching a spring from
distance x1 to distance x2 ,
7. (a) Q Power, P = F × v
1 1
W = k x22 - k x12
P = ma × v [Q F = ma ] 2 2
vdv é vdv ù 1 2
Þ P = m× ×v êëQ a = dx úû Case (i) W = k s - 0
dx 2
P [Q x1 = 0 (unstretched), x2 = s]
mò
Þ dx = ò v 2dv 1 2
ks = 10 J …(i) (given)
2
P v2 + 1 v3
Þ ×x= = Case (ii) The spring is stretched an additional
m 2+ 1 3
distance s.
38 AIIMS Chapterwise Solutions ~ Physics

\Net extension of the spring, x2 = s + s = 2 s W A k A x2 k A

and x1 = s \ = =
WB k B x2 kB
\Work done in this case,
1 1 Þ W A > WB [Q k A > k B (given)]
W = k(2s)2 - ks2 Case (ii) Stretching both springs by same force.
2 2
1 2 3 Q Force, F = k × x
= ks [4 - 1] = ks2 = 30 J [using Eq. (i)] 2
2 2 æ F ö
k A çç ÷
÷
11. (c) When the block moves vertically downward W ¢A k A x A2
è k A ø = kB
with acceleration g / 4, then tension in the chord Thus, = =
W ¢B 2
k B xB æ F ö
2
kA
Applying Newton’s second law, k B çç ÷
÷
Mg - T = Mg / 4 è kB ø
æ gö 3 Thus, W ¢B > W ¢A [Q k A > k B ]
\ T = M ç g - ÷ = Mg
è 4ø 4 14. (a) Q Area under F versus x graph gives work
done by the force.
T
F(N)
D A
M g/4 3
2
Mg 1
B C
Work done by the chord, O
3 6 x (m)
W = F × s = Fscos q
= Td cos180° Area under F versus x graph
Since, the torque on the block and displacement = Area of ODAB + Area of DABC
of the block are in opposite direction. 1
W = 3 ´ 3 + (3 ´ 3)
\ q = 180° 2
æ 3 ö d = 9 + 4.5 = 13.5 J
= ç - Mg ÷ ´ d = - 3Mg
è 4 ø 4
15. (d) For a given material, the different size of
12. (a) Since, a motor of 12 HP works for 10 days at spring
the rate of 8 h/day, then k1 l1 = k2 l2 = constant
energy consumption = power ´ time where, k is spring constant and
= 12 ´ 746 ´ (8 ´ 60 ´ 60) ´ 10 l is length of the spring.
= 2.5 ´ 109 J 1
\ kµ
Paise l
Rate of energy = 50
kWh So, option (d) is correct.
Q 3.6 ´ 106 J energy cost = ` 0.5 16. (d) Applying conservation of energy,
2.5 ´ 109 kinetic energy of the body = potential energy of
\ 2.5 ´ 109 J energy cost = ´ 0.5
3.6 ´ 106 the spring
(Q 1kWh = 3. 6 ´ 106 J) 1 1
Þ mv 2 = kx2
2 2
= ` 347. 2 » ` 350 (Approx)
where, x is maximum compression of the spring.
13. (b) Q Work done in stretching a spring to a 1 1
distance x, Þ ´ 5 ´ (1.5)2 = ´ 5 ´ x2 (putting values)
2 2
1 2 Þ x2 = (1.5)2
W = kx
2
where, k is force constant of the spring. Þ x = 1.5 m
Case (i) Stretching springs through same distance. 17. (b) According to the question,
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His chief significance for the ancient Mexicans was as the great god of the rain-cult, the rain
itself, and the thunderstorm which brings the rain. In his serpentine form we may, perhaps, see
a reminiscence of the mythical beast of dragon or serpentine form known to many mythologies
as the “water-provider,” which must be slain by the sun-hero ere the rain-flood [256]is released
to assist the growth of the crops. None of the myths relating to him serve to assist such a
hypothesis; but certain paintings in the codices appear to relate to some such myth, and page
74 of the Maya Dresden Codex, which relates to the deluge caused by the water-sun, shows a
great serpent vomiting water upon the earth, showing that in Central America the rain was
supposed to emanate from a monster of this description. 30

It is significant that Tlaloc wears Toltec dress, and from this and from his name “Nine Jaguar”
we may be justified in concluding that he is in a sense to be regarded, like Quetzalcoatl, as the
Toltec priest. Balam, the Maya-Quiche word for jaguar, signifies also “priest,” and that the title
was superadded to the serpentine conception of him is shown by the expression “Jaguar-
serpent,” by which he is alluded to in the hymn quoted above. The Poyauhtlan was not only his
temple, but a district of Tlalocan, where he was supposed to hold sway. This I would translate
“Place of the Mugwort,” or “Absinthe,” and it is clear that he, as well as Chalchihuitlicue, his
spouse, has some mysterious connection with this plant, which has been shown by Dr. Rendel
Harris to have been the especial medicine-plant of the Greek Artemis. It is strange, too, to find
both the god and his victims, like the dragon-gods of China, connected with the pearl.

Tlaloc is also god of the four quarters or four “weathers.” The seventh day-sign, mazatl (“deer”),
which he takes, is appropriate, as the deer symbolizes the quest for water and vegetation. His
association with the dog, the lightning-beast, is also significant. Indeed in Codex Bologna
Tlaloc is frequently symbolized by the lightning-flash alone.

[Contents]

CHALCHIHUITLICUE = “SHE OF THE JEWELLED ROBE”

Area of Worship: Mexico (worshipped at Tlaxcallan as Matlalcuêyê, “She of the Blue

Robe”). [257]
Minor Names:
Acuecueyotl = “Water which makes Waves.”
Apoçonallotl = “Foam of the Water.”
Ahuic = “Motion of Water.”
Aiauh = “Fog.”
Atlacamani = “Storm.”
Xixiquipilihui = “Rising and Falling of the Waves” (Clavigero).
Macuilxochiquetzalli = “Five times Flower-feather” (Boturini).
Calendar Places:
Ruler of the fifth day (coatl).
Ruler of the fifth week (ce acatl).
 Lord of the sixth night.
Compass Direction: West.
Festivals: Atlcahualco; ce atl (movable feast).
Relationship: Wife of Tlaloc, sister of the Tlaloquê; mother of the Centzon Mimixcoa.
Symbol: The chalchihuitl stone.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

General.—In Codex Borgia (sheet 14) she is depicted wearing a blue, stepped nose-ornament
and a serpent helmet-mask. In the Codex Fejérváry-Mayer is seen a jaguar’s ear behind the
serpent’s eye in more than one representation of her helmet-mask. In Codex Borgia she wears
a large golden disk (teocuitla-comalli) suspended by a jewelled band. Her robe has a broad
hem, in which the colours of the hieroglyph chalchihuitl, green and red, with a white fringe, are
reproduced, thus forming a kind of pictograph of her name. The same purpose is served by a
large blue disk in the middle of the skirt. 31 In Codex Vaticanus B she holds the bone-dagger
and agave spike for ceremonial blood-letting. She stands on foaming water, on which floats a
burnt-offering of firewood and rubber.

In the Aubin tonalamatl she is pictured as standing in a stream, down which swirl away a jewel-
box, an armed man, and a woman.

Variations.—The representations of Chalchihuitlicue in the Codex Borgia group, where she is

dressed in the snake-helmet, [258]are substantially different from her appearance in the Aubin
tonalamatl, the Codex Borbonicus, and elsewhere.

In the Codex Borbonicus (sheet 5) the insignia of the goddess is heavily spotted, the
significance being by no means plain. 32 The representation in the Sahagun MS. (Biblioteca del
Palacio) also differs, and in this the goddess is seen holding a rattle and wearing what seems
to be an interesting variant of the jewel hieroglyph.
 CHALCHIHUITLICUE.

Stone figure from the Christy Collection.

In Codex Borgia (sheet 57) she is represented along with her spouse Tlaloc, the chalchihuitl
jewel in the form of a two-handed pitcher separating them. The gods hold chains of jewels
representing the four kinds of maize—yellow, blue, red, and green—and a naked human being
issues from the pitcher, symbolizing the growth of the maize. 33

Other interesting variations in connection with this goddess are those found in Codex
Vaticanus B and Codex Borgia (sheet 17), in both of which she is seen suckling a human
being. In the former she wears on the head two bunches of quetzal-feathers, usually part of the
insignia of Xochiquetzal, and she is only to be recognized by the symbol beside her, a variant
of the element chalchihuitl.

Sahagun describes her as follows in the Biblioteca del Palacio MS.: “The face is yellow, with a
red pattern superimposed. She wears a collar of green precious stones, and a crown of paper
adorned with a quetzal-feather. The tunic and skirt are painted with water lines, and she wears
shells. Her sandals represent the foam of water. On her shield is painted the emblem of a water
flower, and she carries the “mist rattle-staff.” Statuettes of Chalchihuitlicue are fairly common.
One found in the Valley of Mexico agrees to some [259]extent with her appearance in the Aubin
tonalamatl, but not with that in Codex Borgia. She wears the tasselled shawl and the
chalchihuitl emblem adorns her dress. Two other stone figures of her in the Uhde collection at
Berlin and one in the Christy collection at London are eloquent of her insignia. In all of these
she wears the tasselled shawl, and in the Christy example and one of the Uhde figures the
large back-bow is well exemplified, as are the two plaits of hair descending at the back. In the
other Uhde specimen the plates are shown as part of a knot of the cotton headdress, which is
in all cases fringed with balls. In all three figures large, full bands of some material descend
over the ear. A stone figure of her, found at the Castillo de Teayo in Vera Cruz and now in the
National Museum at Mexico, depicts her with a square headdress, from which radiate what are
evidently the feathers of aquatic birds. She wears the V-shaped shawl or tippet and a skirt, on
each side of which the chalchihuitl emblem is shown and which is fringed with shells. Teobert
Maler reproduces another stone figure of her wearing a high headdress of feathers and a
necklace and wristlets of chalchihuitls.

CHALCHIHUITLICUE PIERCED BY TLAUIZCALPANTECUTLI.

(From Codex Bologna, sheet 9.)

MYTHS

The interpreter of the Codex Telleriano-Remensis states that “Chalchiuhtli, who presided over
these thirteen days, saved herself in the deluge. She is a woman who remained after the
deluge. Her name signifies the ‘Woman who wears a dress adorned with precious stones.’
They here fasted four days till death. They paint her holding in one hand a spinning-wheel, and
in the other a wooden instrument, with which they weave; and in order to show that of the sons
which women bring forth some are slaves and others die in war, and others in poverty, they
paint her with a stream as if carrying them away, so that whether rich or poor all were finally
doomed.” The interpreter of Codex Vaticanus A says that she is the same as the virgin
Chimalman, who was the mother of Quetzalcoatl. The myth to which this passage alludes is
dealt with in the section relating to [260]Quetzalcoatl. Sahagun (bk. i, c. ii) calls the goddess the
sister of the Tlaloquê.

FESTIVALS
Chalchihuitlicue was adored at the etzalqualiztli festival to the Tlaloquê (see Tlaloc) and at the
feast ce atl (“one week”), when, says Sahagun, “her festival was celebrated by all who in any
way dealt in water, or had any connection with it, water-sellers, fishers and the like. These
dressed and ornamented her image and made adorations in the house named calpulli. The
great lords and rich merchants at the birth of one of their children paid the greatest attention to
this sign, and the day and hour at which the child was born. They at once inquired of the
astrologers what fortune the child might expect to encounter, and if the sign was propitious,
they had the infant baptized without delay, whereas if it were the opposite they waited until the
nearest day which had a propitious sign. Food and drink were distributed freely to all.”

CHALCHIHUITLICUE.

(From Codex Borgia, sheet 17.)

 UIXTOCIUATL.

(From the Sahagun MS.)

CHALCHIHUITLICUE.

(From the Sahagun MS.)

PRIESTHOOD

Veytia 34 states that King Nauhyotl instituted a college of priests expressly for the service of this
goddess. These were celibate and wore long and ample robes of a sombre colour. They went
bare-footed in the sanctuary, fasted frequently, and were given to penitence and contemplation.
Their high-priest was called Achcauhtli, 35 and the entire cult was modelled on that of
Quetzalcoatl. This did not prohibit them, however, from the sacrifice of human beings.

NATURE AND STATUS

Chalchihuitlicue was the female counterpart of Tlaloc, and the goddess of water and moisture.
Sahagun (bk. i, c. ii) says of her: “She was supposed to have her existence in the sea, the
rivers and lakes, and had power to take the lives of those who ventured upon them, and to
raise tempests.” [261]

The name means “She whose raiment consists of green gems,” or “She of the jewelled robe,”
and is allegorical of the brilliant surface of flowing rather than stagnant water. She is, says
Seler, “an appropriate representative of the sign ‘Snake.’ For the moving, flowing water has
everywhere and at all times been likened to the serpent. In cultural centres which are dedicated
to the Water-goddess—the Pilon de Azucar, for instance, which has been explored by
Hermann Strebel—the ground swarms as well with images of snakes as of frogs.” 36

In Codex Borgia she is seen with a bunch of dried herbs above her, evidently indicating that
she had a medicinal side to her character. Certain pictures of her—that, for instance, in the
Aubin tonalamatl already described—seem to point to her as the goddess of change in human
affairs, of speedy ruin, and this conception was, no doubt, brought about by the ever-changing
character of the element she symbolized. She is, indeed, the goddess of water in its mutable
and kaleidoscopic form.

There is, however, every reason to believe that she had a still more profound significance in
Mexican theology, and this is made clear if we examine the prayer to her preserved by
Sahagun in which she seems to represent the purifying and cleansing influence of water as an
agency to wipe away the original sin with which it was thought man came into the world.

That the goddess had also a lunar significance is plain from the allusion to her as the mother of
the Centzon Mimixcoa, or stars of the Northern Hemisphere, and the great importance
attached to the prayers offered up to her in connection with child-bearing. As has been hinted,
she had also a medicinal aspect. The child sacrificed to her at the etzalqualiztli festival was
slain at the hill known as Yauhqueme (“covered with mugwort”), and, as instanced in the case
of Tlaloc, this plant is the especial medicine-herb of the Greek Artemis. In Codex Borgia,
indeed, she is associated with a herb which may possibly be the mugwort or wormwood, and
[262]Seler thinks she is to be regarded as the giver of “healing draughts of physic.”
 Napatecutli.

(See p. 264.)
Atlaua.

(See p. 263.)
Opochtli.

(See p. 266.)

FORMS OF THE TLALOQUÊ.

(From the Sahagun MS.)

[Contents]

UIXTOCIUATL = “SALT WOMAN”

Area of Worship: Originally the eastern sea-coast.

Relationship: Elder sister of the Tlaloquê.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

Sahagun MS. (Biblioteca del Palacio).—The goddess is painted yellow and wears a crown of
paper or cotton, adorned with quetzal-feathers and a golden ear-plug. Her overdress and skirt
are painted with wavy lines of water and she wears sandals. Her shield is entirely white and
she bears a rush staff in her hand, from which depend strips of cotton or paper.

FESTIVALS

Tecuilhuitontli.—“The seventh month” (says Sahagun, bk. ii, c. vii) “was designated
tecuilhuitontli, the first day of which was dedicated to the goddess of salt, who was styled
Uixtociuatl. She was termed the elder sister of the god Tlaloc. A woman was slain in her
honour, robed with the same ornaments as were worn by the images of this divinity.

“The night preceding this festival, the women, old, young, and children, gave themselves up to
singing and dancing, marching in a ring, linked by cords which they each held by an end, which
they called xochimecatl, and which were garlanded with the absinthe flowers of the country,
called iztauhyatl. Old men led the songs and dances, while in the midst of the ring stood the
poor woman doomed to death, richly dressed in the manner of the image of the goddess. All
the women, in company with her who was to die, watched, sang and danced the whole of the
night preceding the festival. Day having dawned, all the priests assumed their ornaments, and
partook in a solemn dance, all those who assisted carrying in their hands flowers called
cempoalxochitl. Dancing all the way, they brought several captives to the temple of Tlaloc, in
the midst of whom walked the woman who was to die, [263]dressed as the image of Uixtociuatl.
Before she was sacrificed, the captives were first put to death. 37

“Several other ceremonies were conducted during this festival and there were frequent scenes
of debauchery.”

NATURE AND STATUS

The interpreter of Codex Telleriano-Remensis states that Yxcuina, as he names the goddess,
was the protector of adulterers and “the goddess of salt and of dissolute persons.” He further
relates that they put adulterers to death before her image. The interpreter of Codex Vaticanus
A adds that she was the wife of Mictlantecutli, lord of the realm of the dead. One of the women
given as consorts to the victim sacrificed at the principal feast of Tezcatlipocâ was called after
the goddess.

The salt-supply was regarded as an indispensable alimentary feature in Mexico, and the
relative importance of the worship of Uixtociuatl can readily be gathered from this
circumstance. Her connection with lustfulness had probably a physiological basis, and perhaps
owed its existence to the saline odour which emanates from the excretions of the privy parts.
There is a distinct resemblance between her name and that of the absinthe plant.
[Contents]

ATLAUA = “LORD OF THE LAKE BEACHES”

Area of Worship: Chinampanecs of Cuitlauac.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

The lower parts of his extremities are striped blue, like those of Uitzilopochtli. In the Sahagun
MS. (Palacio) he wears the domino mask edged round with small white circles (the “stellar
face-painting”) and the mouth and chin are blackened or reddened. The headdress resembles
the flag used as Uitzilopochtli’s symbol for the panquetzaliztli festival. [264]He carries the shield
of Uitzilopochtli, with the five balls of eagle’s down, one half of the weapon being coloured red,
like blood, and in his right hand he holds an instrument which, from comparison with another
Sahagun MS. (Bib. Laurenz.) we know to be a rattle. In this picture symbols expressive of
singing flow from his mouth.

NATURE AND STATUS

He was a god of the inhabitants of the floating gardens of Lake Xochimilco, the tribe known as
the Chinampanecs, and from the “stellar face-painting” he wore he must at some time have
been identified by one of the early hunting tribes with one or other of the stars. His possession
of Uitzilopochtli’s shield is perhaps further proof of his stellar association. He may have been
one of the Centzonuitznaua (see Uitzilopochtli—“Myths”).

[Contents]

NAPATECUTLI = “FOUR TIMES LORD”

Area of Worship: Shores of Lake Texcuco.

Relationship: One of the Tlaloquê.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

Sahagun MS. (Biblioteca del Palacio).—The body-paint is black, but a plaster of salvia chia is
worn on the face underneath the eyes. The god wears a paper crown sprinkled with rubber
gum, and a tuft of paper at the back of the head, from which quetzal-feathers depend. Two long
strips of paper hang from under the crown down the back of the neck, and these are also
sprinkled with rubber gum. Across the right shoulder is slung a band of paper, and an
underdress of the same material surrounds the hips, and these are also sprinkled with gum.
Sandals are worn, and the shield is decorated with the water-rose motif. A rush staff is carried
in the hand, from which strips of paper hang, daubed with melted indiarubber.

NATURE AND STATUS

Sahagun says that Napatecutli “was the god of men who make mats out of aquatic reeds, and
was one of the Tlaloquê. [265]He was the inventor of mat-making, and was adored by those
who made the low chairs called icpalli, and the hurdles of reeds which are called tolcuextli. He
made the reeds to grow and caused the showers that made them spring, and they prayed him
for rain and reeds. When they sacrificed a slave to him they dressed him in the god’s garments,
placing in his hands a green vase filled with water, with which he besprinkled all with the aid of
a branch of willow, as if he were blessing them. Then, in the course of the year, whenever one
of this trade wished to feast this divinity, he acquainted the priests with his intention, who chose
a priest, dressed him in the attributes of the god, like his image, and conducted him, asperging
him on the way, with a branch of willow dipped in water. Arrived at the house, they prayed him
to extend his favours to the dwelling, and the feast was celebrated, the ‘god’ eating and
drinking with the rest. This was done with the desire to recompense the god, and when they
had spent all they had, they said: ‘I care not if I am without means, so long as my god is
satisfied with this feast. He may grant me more, he may leave me in misery, so long as his will
is accomplished.’ So saying, they covered the representative of the god with a white mantle,
who returned with his companions. The householder then feasted privately with his parents.
The mat-makers plenished and ornamented the temple of their god with reeds and plants, and
anything they placed in the temple was of the best workmanship.”

[Contents]

MATLALCUÊYÊ = “SHE OF THE BLUE ROBE”

(Variant of Chalchihuitlicue)

Area of Worship: Tlaxcallan.

Relationship: Second consort of Tlaloc.

APPEARANCE

She is recognized by her tasselled head-band and cape, and often by a stepped nose-
ornament. [266]
NATURE AND STATUS

A variant of Chalchihuitlicue. She was believed to preside over a mountain near Tlaxcallan.
One of the women sacrificed to Tlaloc at the great festival to the mountain-gods was called
after this goddess.

[Contents]

OPOCHTLI = “THE SOUTHERN,” “LEFT-HANDED,” OR “THE WIZARD”

Area of Worship: The shores of Lake Texcuco.

Relationship: One of the Tlaloquê.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

The Sahagun MS. describes the insignia of this god as follows: He is painted black and has a
patch or spot made from crushed seeds on his face. His crown is cut out of paper, and from it
rise plumes of heron-feathers, mingled with those of the quetzal bird. He has a band made of
paper round his shoulders, a loin-cloth and white sandals. His shield bears the solar emblem
and he carries a rattle-staff in his hand.

NATURE AND STATUS

Sahagun (bk. i, ch. 17) says of Opochtli, that he is one of the Tlaloquê. To him was attributed
the invention of fishing-nets and of the minacachalli, or three-pronged harpoon, an instrument
recalling the classical trident, which was also used for spearing birds. He it was who originally
contrived the nets used by the fowler to ensnare the aquatic birds which frequented the banks
of Lake Texcuco, and the paddle was likewise his invention. Of all the Tlaloquê he appears to
have been the most practical, as well as the most closely identified with human pursuits, and
naturally he figured as the patron of the fisher, the fowler, and those generally who plied their
occupation on the water of the lake or on its shores. Upon the occasion of his festival they
offered him food and octli, the ears of maize, flowers, and burned tobacco before him as an
incense, as well as copal and the [267]absinthe herb. They also placed before him toasted
maize. The older priests chanted his praises and filed before his idol in procession. As we have
seen in the case of Uitzilopochtli, the word opochtli may signify “wizard,” and I believe that the
net, which would appear to a primitive people an apparatus of the most ingenious kind, would
be regarded by them as the invention of a magician. Opochtli would almost inevitably come to
be connected with the Tlaloquê because of the employment of his invention to catch fish and
snare the aquatic birds which rested on the shores of Lake Texcuco. [268]
1 See remarks upon the Tlaloc cult in the Introduction. ↑
2 See my remarks upon Quetzalcoatl in the section which deals with him, and where he is identified with the
trade-wind which brings the rain. ↑
3 Bk. i, c. xxi. ↑
4 See Appendix, the Tonalamatl and the Solar Calendar. ↑
5 See digest of the passage in chapter on Cosmogony, p. 49. ↑
6 See Spence, The Popol Vuh. London, 1908. ↑
7 Sahagun (bk. x, c. xxviii, § 10) states that Tlalocan was in the Olmec or Mixtec country; but Camargo (Hist. de
Tlaxcallan, Nouvelles annales des Voyages, 1843, tom. 99, pp. 135–137) is a better authority on this particular
subject. ↑
8 Wood-mountain. ↑
9 Place of Might. ↑
10 Flower-feather. ↑
11 Place of Darkness. ↑
12 Beside the stalle (or banner). ↑
13 Pearl-serpent. ↑
14 Rows of pearls. ↑
15 Servant. ↑
16 Covered with mugwort. ↑
17 Bk. ii, c. xx. ↑
18 Bk. ii, c. iii. ↑
19 The Pantitlan = “Near the Stake.” ↑
20 Bk. ii, c. vi. ↑
21 All of the deities known by these names were octli-gods. ↑
22 Temple precinct. ↑
23 Bk. i, c. xiii. ↑
24 Bk. ii, c. xxxv. ↑
25 Ixtlilxochitl, Relaciones, p. 41, states that girls were sacrificed by the Toltecs to Tlaloc and buried. ↑
26 Hist. de Tlaxcallan, in Ternaux-Compan’s Nouvelles annales de Voyages, 1843, tom. 99, pp. 133, 135–7. ↑
27 Vol. i, bk. vi, p. 251 (English translation). See also Torquemada, bk. vi, c. xxiii; Veytia, vol. i, p. 27; Velasquez de
Leon, Nevadade Toluca, Bd. Inst. Nac. Geog. Estad. Mex., 1850. ↑
28 Bk. vi, c. vii. ↑
29 Historia de los Mexicanos por sus Pinturas, c. ii. ↑
30 Förstemann, Die Maya-Handschrift-zu Dresden, Leipzig, 1880. Second edition, 1892. ↑
31 Codex Borgia, sheet 14, and Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, sheets 1 and 3. ↑
32 Unless the costume be spotted like that of her spouse Tlaloc, with ulli rubber-gum, to represent rain. ↑
33 This picture of Tlaloc and Chalchihuitlicue is reminiscent of the Japanese myth of Susa-no-o and his sister
Ama-terasu, the Sun-goddess, who, desirous of progeny, stood one on either side of a “river” (the Milky Way),
dipped jewels into the “river,” crushed them into dust and “blew them away”; gods were born from the dust so
breathed upon. See Kojiki, translated by Basil Hill Chamberlain, in supplement to vol. x of Transactions of the
Asiatic Society of Japan, 1882, pp. 47–49. The Mexican picture has probably a similar generative significance. ↑
Hist. Antig. de Mej., tom. i, c. xxviii. ↑
34 35 “Chief Eagle.” ↑
36 Commentary on the Aubin Tonalamatl, p. 56. ↑
37 The resemblance of this festival to the uei teciulhuitl, the feast of Xilonen, is obvious. (For a fuller description,
see Sahagun, bk. ii, c. xxvii.) ↑
[Contents]
CHAPTER VII
 THE FIRE-GODS

[Contents]

XIUHTECUTLI = “LORD OF THE YEAR”

Area of Worship:
Mexico.
Toltec.
Minor Names:
Tzoncaztli = “The Yellow-haired.”
In Xiuhtetzaqualco maquitoc = “He who enters the Blue Stone Pyramid.”
Yei itzcuintli = “Three Dog.”
Cuezaltzin = “The Flame.”
Chicunaui tecutli = “Nine Lord.”
Ueueteotl = “The Old God.”
Tlatic paque = “Lord of the Earth’s Surface.”
Tota = “Our Father.”
Tloque Nahuaque = “Lord of the Close Vicinity.”
Tlalxictentica = “Dweller in the Navel of the Earth.”
Ixcoçauhque = “The Yellow-faced.”
Calendar Place:
Ruler of the ninth day-count, atl (water).
Ruler of the ninth tonalamatl division, ce coatl.
Ruler of the twentieth tonalamatl division, ce tochtli.
First of the nine lords of the night.
First of the thirteen lords of the day.
Festivals:
Xocohuetzi, in the tenth month.
Izcalli, in the eighteenth month.
The day ce itzcuintli (“one dog”) (movable feast).
Compass Direction: Lord of the Middle and of the four quarters.
 FORMS OF XIUHTECUTLI.

Xiuhtecutli (left) and Tlauizcalpantecutli. (From Aubin Tonalamatl, p. 9.)

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

Codex Vaticanus B.—Sheet 19: In this place he is represented standing before a temple with a bundle
of firewood and a rubber ball in his hand. The temple contains implements [269]of war. He is painted red,
with the lower part of the face blackened by melted rubber and a black cross, the foot of which rests on
a level with his eye. The fillet round his head is a strap set with jewelled disks. On the necklace is seen a
blue bird (cotinga, or humming-bird). That part of his face which is not black, and which in the Codex
Borgia is painted a red colour like the rest of the body, is on sheet 89 painted yellow, with slender
thread-shaped longitudinal stripes of red. On sheet 57 he is seen as in the ninth day-count—red, and
with red and black face-painting and flame-coloured hair, with the cotinga bird flying down on the frontal
side of the fillet, and with arrow-shaft feathers in the crown. At the nape of the neck can be seen a short
crest of red points enclosing three tufts of red feathers, which, perhaps, originate in the xiuhcoatl, or fire-
snake worn in the Mexican MSS. proper by the Fire-god on his back as a disguise (cf. Codex
Borbonicus). He has here the scorpion and atltlachinolli “spear-throwing and fire” sign, and is seated on
a royal throne, with an abundance of food before him, which probably symbolizes wealth. He also wears
a breast-ornament of blue turquoise mosaic with golden bells. He sometimes wears the priest’s tobacco-
calabash as a sign of wealth or abundance.

Aubin-Goupil Tonalamatl.—Sheet 20: He holds the copal bag in one hand and in the other two agave-
leaf spikes with flowers (blood) at the upper end. Before the face of the Fire-god we see a sea-snail’s
shell, which is, perhaps, symbolic of fire shut up or enclosed in the house. Before him, too, is a vessel
with offerings or sacrificial balls. Below is an agave spike with the flower-emblem of blood. Beside it are
the symbol of midnight, the eye enveloped in darkness, and a tuft of quetzal-feathers—all symbolic of
the midnight penance.
 XIUHTECUTLI (right) and TLAUIZCALPANTECUTLI.

(From the Codex Borgia.)

Codex Borgia.—Sheet 14: In this codex the representation of the Fire-god is in many respects similar to
that in Vaticanus B. The face and body-paint are red. The jewelled fillet is ornamented with the
conventional representation of a cotinga bird in the attitude of flying down such as may be [270]observed
in the figures allied with the Fire-god, and which is also seen in reliefs at Chichen-Itzà, Yucatan. In the
fillet are placed two arrow-shafts, which represent the two wooden fire-disks—an ornament that is called
“arrow-wig” or “spear-wig.” Above this is seen a tiara, which broadens as it rises upwards. Xiuhtecutli
wears attached to a long pendant necklace a square plate of blue colour, made of turquoise mosaic. In
some places he wields the “shooting implement,” the throwing-stick, or the blue throwing-stick, xiuhatlatl,
fashioned in the form of a snake. The scorpion is frequently placed beside the god, symbolizing,
perhaps, the stinging character of fire.

Codex Telleriano-Remensis.—He holds in one hand the xiuhatlatl, the throwing-stick painted blue,
decked with turquoise mosaic and having a figure on the top, probably intended for a snake. In the other
hand he has a staff, which at the upper crutch-like end shows an animal’s head, and the lower a snake’s
tail-rattles.

Codex Magliabecchiano.—The Fire-god is here seen in a dancing or fighting attitude. The dragon-mask
lies behind the neck, and he wears a yellow and red hat resembling an inverted cone, with a serpent
motif in front. The face-paint is yellow for the upper part of the face, the mouth-region red and the lower
posterior part black. His tunic is white, with a blue sash or centre-piece, and he wears the yellow breast-
ornament. In one hand he carries the atlatl, or spear-thrower, and in the other a white, unpainted shield.

Sahagun MS.—Sahagun, describing Xiuhtecutli under his minor name of Ixcoçauhque (“The Yellow-
faced”), says that he is painted red and black, and is smeared with indiarubber on lips and chin. He
wears a headband set with precious stones and a paper crown with a plume of quetzal-feathers. He
carries on his back his fire-snake dress and round his shoulders is slung a band of bark paper. On his
feet he wears bells and shells. His shield is ornamented with precious stones, and in one hand he
carries an instrument the use of which is apparently divinatory. [271]

MYTHS

A song given by Sahagun has reference to the Fire-god.

Song of the Yellow-faced

(The Fire-gods)

O, in Tzommolco my father shall I dishonour Thee? (i.e. withhold the sacrifice);

In Tetemocan shall I dishonour Thee?

O my master, in the Temple of Mecatlan the yucca Tree shakes (the kettle-drum made out of wood from
the Yucca tree);
In Chicueyocan in the house of the masked, the masked dancers have come.

In Tzommolco they have begun to sing,

In Tzommolco they have begun to sing;
Why do they not come here?
Why do they not come here?

In Tzommolco men shall be given (sacrificed);

The sun has risen,
Men shall be given.

In Tzommolco song now comes to an end.

Without trouble he has become rich;
He has become lord.
His mercy is wonderful.

O, little woman, hold speech (give warning),

Mistress of the mist house, from the door hold speech.

Sahagun says of him 1:

“He had other names—Ixcozauhqui, ‘Yellow-face,’ and Cuezaltzin, or ‘Flame.’ They called him also
Ueueteotl, or ‘Very Old God,’ and they said that the fire was his father. They celebrated his feast at the
end of the month called [272]izcalli, and dressed the idol in his robes and ornaments. He wore the robes
of a king.”
 XIUHTECUTLI AND TLAUIZCALPANTECUTLI.

(From Codex Vaticanus B, sheet 67.)

In the Sahagun Mexican MS. he is described as “the mother of the gods, the father of the gods, who
dwells in the navel of the earth, who enters the Turquoise Pyramid … the Old God, the Fire-god.” 2

Sahagun 3 also alludes to the god in the prayer of the merchants, which says: “Sit still on thy throne,
noble Lord, thou that in the navel of the earth hast thy seat, Lord of the Four Quarters.”

In this prayer he is also frequently addressed as “Lord of the With and the By” (the contiguous
neighbourhood), “the Lord of Heaven, the Lord of the Surface of the Earth.”

Sahagun in a prayer to Tezcatlipocâ alludes to Xiuhtecutli as “the ancient god, who is father and mother
to thyself, and is god of fire, who stands in the midst of flowers, in the midst of the place bounded by
four walls, who is covered with shining feathers that are as wings” 4; and in another prayer to
Tezcatlipocâ, speaks of Xiuhtecutli as “the ancient god, the father of all the gods, the god of fire, who is
in the pond of water among turrets surrounded with stones like roses, who is called Xiuhtecutli, who
determines, examines, and settles the business and law-suits of the nation and of the common people,
as it were washing them with water.” 5

Clavigero says of Xiuhtecutli:

“Xiuhtecutli (master of the year and of the grass) was among these nations the god of fire, to whom they
likewise gave the name of Ixcozauhqui, which expresses the colour of fire. This god was greatly revered
in the Mexican empire. At their dinner they made an offering to him of the first morsel of their food, and
the first draught of their beverage, by throwing both into the fire; and burned incense to him at certain
times of the day. In honour of him they held two fixed festivals of the most solemn kind, one in the tenth,
and another in the eighteenth month; and one movable feast, at which they created the usual
magistrates and renewed [273]the ceremony of the investiture of the fiefs of the kingdom. He had a
temple in Mexico, and some other palaces.”
FESTIVALS

Xocohuetzi.—Sahagun’s account of this festival is substantially as follows 6:

A great tree of five and twenty fathoms long was cut down and the branches lopped off except a few at
the top. The tree was then dragged by ropes into the city, great precautions being taken against
damaging it. The women met the procession, giving those who had helped cocoa to drink. The tree,
which was called zocotl, was received into the court of a teocalli with acclamation, and there set up in a
hole in the ground and allowed to remain for twenty days. On the eve of the festival they lowered the
tree gently to the ground by means of ropes and trestles made of beams lashed together. It was dressed
until quite smooth, and where the branches had been left, near the top, a cross-beam of five fathoms
long was secured by ropes. On the summit of the pole a statue of the god Xiuhtecutli was set, made out
of the dough of wild amaranth seeds, and decorated with white papers. To the head of the image were
affixed pieces of paper instead of hair, bands of paper crossed the body from each shoulder, on the
arms were pieces of paper like wings painted over with figures of sparrow-hawks, a maxtli of paper
covered the loins, and a kind of paper garment covered all. Great strips of paper, half a fathom broad
and ten fathoms long, floated from the feet of the image, and into his head were stuck three rods with a
tamalli, or small cake, on the top of each. Ten ropes were then attached to the middle of the tree, and
the structure was reared into an upright position and there secured with great uproar.

Those who had captives to sacrifice came decorated for dancing, the body painted yellow (the colour of
the god), and the face vermilion. They wore the red plumes of the parrot arranged to resemble a
butterfly, and carried shields [274]covered with white feathers. Each danced side by side with his captive.
These had the body painted white, and the face vermilion, save the cheeks, which were black. They
were adorned with papers, and they had white feathers on the head and lip-ornaments of feathers. At
set of sun the dancing ceased, the captives were shut up in the calpulli and watched by their owners,
not being permitted to sleep. About midnight every owner shaved away part of the hair from the scalp of
the head of his captive, which, being fastened with red thread to a little tuft of feathers, he put in a small
case of cane and attached to the rafters of the house, that everyone might see that he was a valiant
man and had taken a captive. The knife with which this shaving was accomplished was known as the
claw of the sparrow-hawk. At daybreak the captives were arranged in order in front of the tzompantli,
where the skulls of the sacrificed were spitted in rows. A priest walked along the row of captives, taking
from them certain little banners that they carried and all their raiment or adornment, which he burnt in a
fire. While they stood naked and waiting for death, another priest, carrying in his arms the image of the
god Paynal and his ornaments, ran up with this idol to the top of the teocalli known as Tlacacouhcan,
where the victims were to die. He descended, then returned to the summit, and as he went up for the
second time, the owners took their slaves by the hair and led them to the place called Apetlac, where
they left them. The priests who were to perform the sacrifice then descended from the teocalli bearing
bags of a narcotic incense called yauhtli (absinthe, wormwood, or mugwort), which they threw by
handfuls into the faces of the victims to mitigate their death-agonies. Each captive was then bound hand
and foot and carried up to the top of the teocalli. On the summit a great fire burned. Upon this the priests
cast the captives, who, when half-roasted, were dragged out with the aid of grappling-hooks and
sacrificed by having their hearts torn out. The statue of Paynal was then carried away to its own temple
and all returned home. The young men and boys with the women began at midday to dance and to
[275]sing in the courtyard of Xiuhtecutli. Suddenly they made in a body for the place where the tree
already described had been raised. At a given signal all might attempt to scale the pole to reach the
dough image at the top. The first youth at the top seized the idol of dough, took the shield and the
arrows, the darts and the tamalis from the head of the statue, then threw the crumbs with the plumes of
the image down into the crowd, who fought and scrambled for them. When the successful youth
descended from the pole with the weapons of the god, he was received with acclamations and carried
up to the teocalli Tlacacouhcan, to receive jewels and a rich mantle which no one else might wear, and
the honour of being carried to his house by the priests, amid the music of horns and shells. Then the
people seized the ropes fastened to the tree and dragged it down.

Izcalli.—The following is a digest of Sahagun’s description of this festival 7:

Another feast of the god of fire was held in the month yzcalli, the eighteenth month; it was called
motlaxquiantota, that is to say, “our father the fire roasts his food.” An image of the god of fire was
made, by tying a frame of hoops and sticks together and covering them with his ornaments. On the
head of the image was placed a mask of turquoise mosaic, banded across with rows of green
chalchihuitls. Upon the mask was put a crown fitting to the head below, wide above, and covered with
rich plumage. A wig of reddish hair was attached to this crown so that the locks flowed from below it,
behind and around the mask. A robe of feathers covered the front of the image and fell over the ground
before the feet. The back of the image was probably left unadorned and was concealed by a throne
covered with a jaguar-skin. Before this statue new fire was made at midnight with the fire-stick. The
spark obtained was put on the hearth and a fire lit. At break of day boys and youths came with game
and fish that they had captured on the previous day. Walking round the fire, they gave it to certain old
men that stood there, who, taking it, threw it into the [276]flames before the god, giving the youths in
return certain tamalis made for this purpose by the women. To eat these tamalis it was necessary to
strip off the maize-leaves in which they had been wrapped and cooked; these leaves were not thrown
into the fire, but were all put together and thrown into water. After this all the old men of the quarter in
which the fire was drank octli and sang before the image of Xiuhtecutli till night. This was the tenth day
of the month, and completed that part of the feast which was called vauquitamal­qualiztli.

On the twentieth and last day of the month was made another statue of the Fire-god, on a frame of
sticks and hoops. They placed on the head a mask with a ground of mosaic with small pieces of the
shell called tapaztli, composed below the mouth of black stones, banded across the nostrils with black
stones of another sort, and the cheeks made of a still different stone called tezcapuchtli. As in the
previous case, there was a crown on this mask, and over all and over the body of the image costly and
beautiful decorations of feather-work. Before the throne on which this statue sat there was a fire, and
the youths offered game to and received cakes from the old men with various ceremonies, the day
closing with the drinking of octli by the old people, though not to the point of intoxication.
 CHANTICO.

(From Sahagun MS.)

XIUHTECUTLI. (See p. 280.)
XIUHTECUTLI.
(From Codex Borbonicus, sheet 23.)
(From Codex Magliabecchiano.)

The festivals of this month were usually without human sacrifices, but every fourth year was an
exception to this. In such a year, on the twentieth and last day of the month, men and women were slain
as images of the god of fire. The women who had to die carried all their apparel and ornaments on their
shoulders, and the men did the same. They were decorated to resemble the god of fire; they ascended
the teocalli, walked round the sacrificial stone, and then descended and returned to the place where
they were to be kept for the night. Each man had a rope tied round the middle of his body, which was
held by his guards. At midnight the hair of the crown of the head of each was shaven off before the fire
and kept for a relic, and the head itself was covered with a mixture of resin and hen’s feathers. After this
the [277]victims burned their clothing, or gave it away to their keepers, and as the morning broke they
were decorated with papers and led to the place of sacrifice with singing and dancing. These festivities
went on till midday, when a priest of the temple, arrayed in the ornaments of the god Paynal, came
down, passed before the victims, and then went up again. They were led up after him in the order in
which they had to die. There was then a grand dance of the nobles, led by the king himself, each dancer
wearing a high-crowned paper coronet, a kind of false nose of blue paper, earrings of turquoise mosaic,
or of wood wrought with flowers, a blue, flowered jacket, and a mantle. Suspended from the neck of
each was the figure of a dog made of paper and painted with flowers. In the right hand was carried a
stick shaped like a chopping-knife, the lower half of which was painted red and the upper half white. In
the left hand was carried a little paper bag of copal. The dance was begun on the top of the teocalli, and
finished by the dancers descending and going four times round the courtyard of the temple, after which
all entered the palace with the king. This dance took place only once in four years, and none but the
king and his lords could take part in it. On this day the ears of all children born during the three
preceding years were pierced with a bone awl, and the children themselves passed near or through the
flames of a fire. There was a further ceremony of taking the children by the head and lifting them up, “to
make them grow,” and from this the month took its name, yzcalli, meaning “growth.”

Ce itzcuintli.—Of this movable feast Sahagun says 8:

“They said that the sign ce itzcuintli was the sign of fire, and on it they made a great feast to Xiuhtecutli,
god of fire, to whom they offered copal incense and numbers of quails. They decked his image with
paper of different kinds and many rich ornaments. Then the great made high celebration of the event in
their houses. It was under this sign that they made election of the king and the consuls, which was
celebrated in the fourteenth temple by banquets, dances, [278]and great liberality. It was at those feasts
that war upon enemies was proclaimed.”

IXCOÇAUHQUI.

(From the Sahagun

MS.)
 CHANTICO.

(From Codex Telleriano-Remensis, fol. 21,

Verso.) (See p. 280.)

TEMPLE

Sahagun states 9 that the tzommolco was the temple of Xiuhtecutli. At the foot of the steps of this temple
was a terrace to which several steps gave access, and upon this certain female slaves were
occasionally sacrificed.

PRIESTHOOD

The Ixcocauhqui Tzommolco teohua appear to have been the especial priests of Xiuhtecutli. 10

NATURE AND STATUS

Although Xiuhtecutli undoubtedly appeared to the Mexicans as the personification of fire, it was more as
that element in its primeval and original form, its chaotic and elemental shape. He is, indeed, the pre-
solar fire which existed before the creation of the sun or moon, and just as the gods of water ruled over
moisture wherever it was to be found, so was Xiuhtecutli imagined as holding sway over fire, whether it
came from the heavens above or the earth beneath. Thus we find him spoken of by Sahagun as
dwelling in the navel of the earth, where the volcanic fires have their origin, and as having his place
above in what appears to be a species of cloud-castle, for the Mexican word for “embattlement” is
derived from that for “cloud.” 11 He is also called “He who entereth the blue stone pyramid,” which is, of
course, the sky.

He corresponds to the hour before sunrise, which makes it clear that his prehistoric precedence to the
sun was insisted upon in the list of the day-hours. The texts dwell upon his antiquity, for he is, indeed,
the Old God, the god who existed before the foundations of the world, father and mother of [279]the
gods, and in this I think I see a reference to the shaping nature of fire, its moulding or creating influence,
as observed in many mythologies. But in most pantheons fire-gods undertake the work of the smith, and
this seems to have given rise to the idea of their creative capacity. That particular craft, however, was
unknown in Mexico, and I am therefore at a loss to understand this particular phase of Xiuhtecutli,
unless it be that as fire was regarded by the Mexicans as a symbol of renewal or rebirth (from the fact
that fresh fuel was capable of adding renewed life to a dying fire), and that the idea of creation had no
place in their minds except as a renewal of the universe, it may have been that they regarded that
element as a vehicle or a symbol of recreation. Out of this conception, too, arose the belief that
Xiuhtecutli renewed the year, from which circumstance he takes his title “Lord of the Year.” Izcalli, too,
the name of one of his festivals, means “growth,” or perhaps “continuance,” and seems to be connected
in some manner with this belief.

His rulership of the ninth day and the ninth week, of which the symbol is atl, water, seems directly
opposed to all our ideas of his character, but, as Seler points out, the Mexicans thought of water
“primarily as a derivative concrete element, which originally means something like ‘the shooting thing,’
derived from the verb a, which was in fact used in the sense of ‘to shoot, to throw the spear.’ ” It is also
connected with the symbol tlachinolli, which Seler 12 states means “spear-throwing and firebrand,” that is,
“war.” In the Codex Borgia group, too, where the Fire-god is pictured as ruler of the ninth day, we find
equivalents to this symbol, which undoubtedly connect him with the destruction which follows upon war,
and there are also pictorial indications, such as the throne with the jaguar-skin covering, which
associate him with the idea of justice, of law-giving, and, again, with that of sustenance.

As Lord of the Middle, of the Centre, too, he is undoubtedly ruler of the domestic hearth, which in the
houses of the [280]Mexicans was situated in the middle of the dwelling. He was also thought of as the
“Lord of Wealth,” especially that hoarded in the house by careful housekeeping and foresight, and
diligent workmanship in the fields. 13

[Contents]

CHANTICO = “IN THE HOUSE”

Area of Worship: Xochimilco.

Minor Names:
Quaxolotl = “Two-headed.”
 Chicunaui itzcuintli = “Nine Dog.”
Papaloxaual = “Butterfly Painting.”
Tlappapalo = “She of the Red Butterfly.”
Yei Cuetzpalin = “Three Lizard.”
Calendar Place: Ruler of the eighteenth tonalamatl division, ce eecatl.
Compass Direction: The west.
Festival: Chichunaui itzcuintli, the day “nine dog.”
Symbol: The eagle’s foot.

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

Sahagun MS.—The lower half of her face is black, daubed with rubber, and the upper half is red. She
has a golden ear-plug. She wears a red garment and her hair is bound up in a fillet of cotton rags. On
her back she wears the arrow-like device meiotli. Her overdress is “the colour of spring flowers.” In one
hand she holds a feather staff, the paper covering of which is painted with the acute-angled figure which
denotes cotton, and in the other she bears the shield with the device of the eagle’s foot. Sahagun says
her priest had to keep in readiness for her festival red and black pigments, a robe, white sandals, and
small shells.

Codex Borgia.—In this MS. she is represented with a yellow face and a yellow body. She wears a red
tippet, white skirt, and a step-shaped nose-ornament, while her head is wrapped round with a red cloth
edged with white shell disks, a feather decoration surmounting the cloth. [281]

Codex Vaticanus B.—Here she has a yellow face with two red cross-lines like the narrow black stroke
on the face of the Fire-god.

Codex Telleriano-Remensis.—Her face is painted yellow, disposed in a number of fields, each

containing a ring in the centre. She has the long tusk of a carnivorous beast. She wears golden
pendants in nose and ears, possibly a symbol of the solar pictograph, and on her head she wears the
water-and-fire symbol tlachinolli. She wears the maxtlatl of the men, to symbolize her warlike nature,
with a death’s-head behind her girdle.

Codex Borbonicus.—The lower half of her face is painted black, and the upper red, like that of
Xiuhtecutli. She wears a blue nose-plug, the decoration of the dead warriors. On her head she has the
water-and-fire symbol.

MYTHS

The interpreter of the Codex Telleriano-Remensis regards Chantico as a male god, and states that:

“Chantico or Cuaxolotle presided over these thirteen signs and was lord of Chile, or of the yellow
woman. He was the first who offered sacrifice after having eaten a fried fish; the smoke of which
ascended to heaven, at which Tonacatecotle became incensed and pronounced a curse against him
that he should be turned into a dog, which accordingly happened, and they named him on this account
Chantico, which is another name for Miquitlantecotle. From this transgression the destruction of the
world ensued. He was called Nine Dogs from the sign on which he was born.”

The interpreter of the Codex Vaticanus A deals with Chantico in almost the same words:
“Chantico, they say, was the first who offered sacrifice after having eaten a fried fish, and that in
consequence of the presumption of offering sacrifices without having fasted, Tonacatecutli became
incensed and pronounced a curse against him that he should be changed into a dog, which is an animal
of a very voracious nature; and accordingly they named him Nine Dogs.” [282]

This myth should be compared with that of Nata and Nena in the chapter on Cosmogony.

FESTIVAL

Chicunaui itzcuintli (“Nine Dog”).—Sahagun 14 states that the lapidaries of Xochimilco who cut precious
stones adored, among others, this goddess and made a feast to her on the above sign. They attributed
to her the articles of feminine toilet, and ornamented her with golden earrings and a butterfly nose-plug
of the same metal. At her festival four captives represented Chantico, Naualpilli, 15 Macuilcalli, 16 and
Cinteotl, and were dressed in their insignia. Duran (who confounds Chantico with Tlazolteotl) states that
at this feast these captives were cast into a fire exactly as at the xocohuetzi festival to Xiuhtecutli (q.v.),
and that after the offering the priests mortified themselves by letting the resin from burning copal torches
drop on their limbs.

TEMPLE AND PRIESTHOOD

The idol of Chantico was kept in close confinement in the dark Tlillan, and was not visible to the vulgar
gaze. Sahagun states that she had a temple in Mexico called Tetlanman, and priests who lived in the
Tetlanman Calmecac, 17 and that the office of these priests, the tecamma teoua, was the furnishing of
paint, feathers, and other necessaries for the feast of the goddess.

NATURE AND STATUS

Like Xiuhtecutli, the character of Chantico is expressed by a watery sign, that of quiauitl (rain). This,
however, is really connected with the old mythic fire-rain at the end of the water-sun age, when fire fell
from heaven and “the foam-stones foamed up and the rocks became red.”

The goddess must be regarded as the consuming fire, as [283]is proved by an account of her image by
Duran, representing her with open jaws and hungry fangs. It is because of this, too, that she came to be
connected with the dog, 18 the biting animal, and that her festival is held on the date chicunai itzcuintli,
“nine dog.”

She is further the volcanic fire which is hidden in the centre of the earth, and which was symbolically
represented by the fire shut up in the tlillan temple or sacred edifice, and this plutonic significance is
perhaps the reason why the interpreters speak of her as having the characteristics of Mictlantecutli, the
god of Hades; but they speak of her as well as the “Yellow Woman.” Her butterfly names also have
reference to the flitting shapes seen in flame.

She is the patroness of chilli pepper, which was naturally associated with the fiery element and was
therefore connected with the end of a period of fasting, the Mexicans regarding abstinence from this
condiment as equivalent to a fast. The myth which speaks of her as having been punished for eating
fish before a sacrifice is also eloquent of this relationship, and also by its reference to her transformation
into canine form connects her further with the dog and makes her a patroness of the nanualtin, or
wizards, who on the day itzcuintli (“dog”) had especial power to transform themselves into animals.

Her name “In the House” alludes, of course, to her character as a goddess of the domestic hearth. She
was also the patroness of the goldsmiths and jewellers of Xochimilco, who of all crafts required the
assistance of her element.

[Contents]

QUAXOLOTL = “SPLIT AT THE TOP” (FLAME)

Relationship: A variant of Chantico.

Festival: Ce xochitl, “one flower.”

ASPECT AND INSIGNIA

She is so called because she wears Xolotl’s decoration on her head. The double face of Xochiquetzal in
Codex Borgia (sheet 60) is regarded by Seler as that of Quaxolotl—[284]the goddess parting into two
heads. She is also the goddess who has borne twins.

NATURE AND STATUS

Quaxolotl is a variant of Chantico. The name, which signifies “split at the top,” seems to signify the kind
of flame which bifurcates or splits into two tongues. She is thus connected with things double, and is the
goddess who has borne twins. Sahagun, who calls her Quaxolotl-Chantico, 19 thereby identifies her with
that goddess, and states that she was housed in the twenty-ninth temple in the great court at Mexico,
the Tetlanman, which he distinguishes from that of Chantico proper, the Tetlanman Calmecac, the
twenty-seventh. He states that slaves were sacrificed here on the sign ce xochitl, “one flower,” and
perhaps this fixes the date of the festival of the goddess. [285]

1 Bk. i, c. xiii. ↑
2 Bk. vi, c. xvii. ↑
3 Bk. ix, c. iii. ↑
4 Bk. vi, c. iv. ↑
5 Bk. vi, c. ix. ↑
6 Bk. ii, c. xxix. ↑
7 Bk. ii, c. xxxvii. ↑
8 Bk. ii, c. xix. ↑
9 Bk. ii, Appendix. ↑
10 See Sahagun, bk. ii, Appendix. ↑
11 Seler, Commentary on Tonalamatl of the Aubin Goupil Collection, p. 73. ↑
12 Commentary on the Tonalamatl of the Aubin Collection, p. 71. ↑