NOTE: NAG DAGDAG AKO NG OTHER INFORMATION AND EXAMPLES
He rubs shoulders with famous people. - that means
Purposive Communication
IDIOMS
- phrase, saying, or a group of words that has
a metaphorical meaning, which has become
accepted in common usage.
- there are estimated to be at least 25,000
idiomatic expressions in the English
language.
- Building blocks of language and make a
language interesting and dynamic.
- Bring a spectacular illustration to everyday.
- Provide interesting insights into the use of
words, languages, and the thought
processes of their speakers.
- Not easy to understand especially for non-
native speakers because of their
"meanings".
Examples of idioms:
"Break a leg” - This idiom is used to wish someone
good luck, especially before a performance or event.
Example: "I hope your presentation goes well. Break
a leg!"
bad hair day? – meaning not okay/ mad or not in
good mood
Example: What's wrong with Jenny? Is she having a
bad hair day?
I'm all ears! – means someone is ready and eager to
listen or hear what another person has to say.
Example: Of course, I want to know - I'm all ears!
I know [PLACE] like the back of my hand! - means
someone is very familiar or knowledgeable about a
particular location.
Example: I know London like the back of my hand!
someone frequently associates or interacts with well-
known or influential individuals.
A leg up on the competition - having an advantage or
head start over others in a competitive situation.
I get butterflies in my stomach - describes the feeling
of nervousness or anxiety one experiences, especially
before speaking in public or facing a challenging
situation.
Example: Whenever I must speak in public, I get
butterflies in my stomach.
Head start - An advantage over everyone else.
A sight for sore eyes - A sight that makes you happy.
A weight off your shoulders - You no longer have to
worry about something or deal with something
difficult.
Pain in the neck - Something or someone is making
your life difficult.
Out feeling - A sense or Impression that your
subconscious has about a person or situation.
Joined at the hip - To be exceptionally close to
someone.
Achilles’ heel - A weakness that could result in failure.
Hands are tied - you are prevented from doing
something. It Is not within your power.
Weak at the knees - To feel an emotion so strongly
that it makes you feel unstable on your feet.
Find your feet - To adjust to a new place or situation.
SENTENCE
- group of words which expresses a complete
idea or thought.
- words including a subject and a verb.
- begins with a capital letter and ends with a
period, question mark or exclamation point.
(punctuation marks)
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SUBJECT - Keep silent.

- part of the sentence which performs some
action in a sentence. What Is the difference between order and request?
- has a close relationship to what is being
discussed in a sentence. The main difference between "order" and "request" is
- part of the sentence which is being spoken that an order is a directive or command, whereas a
about in a sentence. request is a polite expression (IN POLITE MANNER)
- can be a noun, pronoun, noun clause or of asking for something.
noun phrase.
PREDICATE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
- the part of sentence which tells about the -expresses strong feelings or emotions -expresses
subject. surprise, joy, sorrow, appreciation, love excitement,
frustration, anger etc.
PARTS OF A SENTENCE -ends with exclamation point
(subject and predicate)
Examples:
“The Earth spins on its axis.” -Wow! That was an amazing performance!
Earth is the SIMPLE subject while spins is the -Great job!
SIMPLE predicate. -Yes! We got it!
- KABOOM!
“The medical team arrived from the city.”
The medical team is the COMPLETE subject - arrived KINDS OF SENTENCE
from the city is the COMPLETE predicate. (According to Structure)

KINDS OF SENTENCE SIMPLE SENTENCE

(According to Function) -consists of only one independent clause
-has a subject (can be simple or compound)
ASSERTIVE OR DECLARATIVE SENTENCE -has a verb (can be simple or compound)
- make a statement or assertion and ends with a -can stand alone as a complete idea
period.
Examples: Examples:
-We speak English. -She laughs. (simple subject & verb)
-He prefers to study grammar. -Mindy and Joey laugh and dance. (compound
-Norman tops the 2018 Licensure Examinations for subjects and verbs)
Teachers. -The dog ran and howled.
(simple subject & compound verbs)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE Keep it simple.
- asks a question and ends with question mark
Examples: COMPOUND SENTENCE
-Where did you buy your car? -consists of at least two independent clauses joined
-Do you surf the net? together by coordinating conjunctions or semi-colon
-no dependent clause
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE -uses coordinating conjunction to join independent
- expresses a request, command or advice and ends clauses such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet and do
with a period or in some cases (expressing strong (FANBOYS)
feelings) ends with an exclamation point. -uses conjunctive adverbs such as moreover,
however, otherwise, therefore
- a comma may or may not be used before the
Examples: conjunction
-Get my bag. (an order)
-Please listen to me. (a request) Examples:
NOTE: NAG DAGDAG AKO NG OTHER INFORMATION AND EXAMPLES

-I was active in class, BUT my teacher ignored me.

-I took the test, AND I was happy with the result.
-The group lost the game, YET they are not affected.
-I gave her a flower; she smiled at me.

*In a compound sentence, two independent clauses are

joined together, and each clause can express a complete
idea and function as a standalone sentence. When one of
the independent clauses is removed, the remaining clause
can still form a complete and coherent sentence. *

COMPLEX SENTENCE
-consists of one independent clause (main subject
and verb) and one or more dependent (subordinate)
clauses -subordinate clause can't stand by itself
-needs the main clause to complete the meaning of
the sentence
-joined by subordinating conjunction (because,
although, since, when, unless, whereas, even though,
as soon as)
-may also be joined by a relative pronoun (that, who,
which)
Examples:
-He saw the professor // who had inspired the less
privileged students.
-He wrote books // that are useful for college students.
-Kenneth can be the board topnotcher // since he is a
Magna Cum Laude

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
-consists of at least two independent and one or more
dependent (subordinate) clauses

Examples:
-The salesman demonstrated how an LCD projector is
operated, and the buyer waited for the hands-on
operation.
-We visited the university where I studied college, and
I took pictures of the buildings.
-Jerome excels in the college because he is an
intelligent student, but he did not graduate as Cum
Laude.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD

SENTENCE

CORRECTNESS
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The presence of sentence fragments and inadvertent
run - on sentences often leads to incorrect sentences.
SENTENCE FRAGMENT -is a group of words that is
missing a subject or a verb. Often, it is a phrase or
dependent clause that shows an incomplete thought.
1. Missing verb Sentence fragment: Family
problems without cooperation among the
members. (without a verb)
2. Sentence: Family problems will remain
unsolved if there is no cooperation among
members. (with verb, “will remain”)
SENTENCE FRAGMENT
3. Missing subject Sentence fragment: Spread
to many people. (without subject (what is
being talk))
4. Sentence: SARS virus may spread to many
people if no cure is found by scientists and
doctors. (with subject, complete thought)
RUN-ON SENTENCE
- Is made up of two or more sentences joined
without the proper pronunciation or a
suitable conjunction.
1. Missing punctuation Incorrect: Jim loves
adventure he climbs mountains and treks
across the country on his own. (without
punction such as the comma”,”)
Correct: Jim loves adventure, he climbs
mountains and treks across the country on
his own.
FANBOYS – FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO
2. Missing conjunction Incorrect: In Greek
mythology, Pallas Athena is the goddess of
wisdom Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty.
(WITHOUT “AND”)
Correct: In Greek mythology, Pallas Athena
is the goddess of wisdom AND Aphrodite,
the goddess of beauty. (WITH “AND”)
CLARITY
-As a writer, you have to find the best combination of
exact, concrete and lively words in order not to leave
your readers baffled or confused.
MISPLACED MODIFIER
-modifies the wrong word in the sentence
DANGLING MODIFIER
-occurs when the modified word is missing in the
sentence
HOW CAN THESE BE AVOIDED?
Determine the "doers of the actions" and place the
modifier immediately before or after the word it
modifies.
MISPLACED AND DANGLING MODIFIER
1. Misplaced Modifier
Wrong: The organizers nearly counted a thousand
participants.
Correct: The organizers COUNTED NEARLY a
thousand participants.
2. Dangling modifier
Wrong: Walking down the street, Mayon Volcano was
seen.
Correct: Walking down the street, the tourists saw
Mayon Volcano.
SPLIT CONSTRUCTION
-is separating parts that are closely related in a
sentence.
1. Splitting Verb in a Phrase
Wrong: Rizal Park that has, although is a historical
place, been forgotten by Filipinos.
Correct: Rizal Park is a beautiful place that has been
forgotten by Filipinos.
2. Splitting Infinitive
Wrong: In order to look beautiful, one has to everyday
smile.
Correct: In order to look beautiful, one has to smile to
everyone.
FAULTY PARALLELISM
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-Results when equivalent ideas follow different
grammatical forms.
Wrong: Danilo enjoys reading, to write and to sing.
(FOLLOWED COUNTINOUSLY BY THE WORD
“TO”, also write, sing is in base form and
reading(gerund form))
Correct: Danilo enjoys reading, writing and singing.
Wrong: I need to buy groceries, pay the bills, and to
clean the house.
Correct: "I need to buy groceries, pay the bills, and
clean the house."
INCONSISTENCY IN PERSON AND IN NUMBER
- Verb can show general time relationships in the
past, present and future. Every noun or pronoun has
a particular person (first, second and third) and
number (singular or plural)
FAULTY COORDINATION
-Results if you link a noun with a phrase or a phrase
with a clause.
Example 1:
Mismatched Verb Forms
Wrong (Faulty): He enjoys running marathons and
plays the piano.
*” running” (gerund form) and “plays” (base form) to
correct this, both verbs should be in the same form.
Correct: He enjoys running marathons and playing the
piano.
Parallelism - refers to the use of consistent grammatical
structure in a sentence or a series of related sentences.
Inconsistent Sentence Structure
Wrong (Faulty): The team not only lost the game but
angry with the coach.
* The phrase lacks parallelism because the second part
("angry with the coach") does not follow the same
grammatical structure as the first part. *
Correct: The team not only lost the game but also was
angry with the coach.
Unequal Comparison
Wrong (Faulty): She is more interested in science
than her sister is biology.
Correct: She is more interested in science than her
sister is. * The corrected version, the comparison is made
more parallel by removing the unnecessary "biology" and
ensuring that the structure aligns on both sides of the
"than" conjunction. *
Unnecessary Repetition
Wrong (Faulty): He is both a talented chef and in his
culinary skills.
* The phrase "in his culinary skills" repeats the idea of
being skilled in the culinary arts. *
Correct: He is both a talented chef and skilled in his
culinary arts.
* In the corrected version, the repetition is eliminated by
expressing the idea of being skilled directly within the
phrase "culinary arts," making the sentence more concise
and avoiding redundancy.*
EFFECTIVENESS
WORDINESS
-results when one uses more words than necessary to
convey a meaning.
Example 1:
Wordy: "In my personal opinion, I believe that the new
policy is not effective."
Concise: "I believe the new policy is ineffective."
Example 2:
Wordy: "At this point in time, we are not in a position
to make a decision."
Concise: "We are not currently able to make a
decision."
CHOPPINESS
- results when closely related ideas in a paragraph
are individually stated in several short sentences.
Example 1:
Choppiness: I woke up. I brushed my teeth. I had
breakfast.
Correct: I woke up, brushed my teeth, and had
breakfast.
Example 2:
Choppiness: He studied for the test. He reviewed his
notes. He practiced sample questions.
Correct: He studied for the test, reviewed his notes,
and practiced sample questions.
Example 3:
Choppiness: She opened the door. She saw a cat.
She screamed.
Correct: She opened the door and saw a cat, which
made her scream.
NOTE: NAG DAGDAG AKO NG OTHER INFORMATION AND EXAMPLES
UNDERSTANDING THE
PARAGRAPH
- Paragraph is a group of related sentences
developing one topic or idea.
- It is a that uses words and visuals to create a picture
Parts of the paragraph:
a) a beginning sentence - starts the paragraph,
attracts attention, and gives a hint of what is
to follow. It may also express the central
thought of the paragraph.
b) Middle sentences - develop the thought
introduced in the beginning sentence.
c) Ending sentence - gives the detail, sums up
the paragraph or makes a personal
comment.
Example:
MODEL: OUR LADY OF LITTLE ONES
BEGINNING SENTENCE:
How happy the boys and girls of today should be to
realize that the apparitions of Our Lady which have
attracted the greatest attention have been those in
which she appeared to children!
MIDDLE SENTENCE:
Susan was still an immature girl when she beheld the
Immaculate Virgin in the grotto in Novaliches. When
the Philippines and the world needed the stern
warnings of Our Lady of Manaoag, it was to a youthful
shepherd and his companion that the message was
given.
ENDING SENTENCE:
In later years, three young children of Pangasinan
were the chosen ones to whom she revealed the
power of the rosary in moving the heart of God.
Because Mother, perhaps, she will visit us again.
Could she confide to you a secret or a mission?
MOST COMMON TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS
DEFINITION
It is a way of giving or explaining the meaning of an
abstract term or a concept.
CLASSIFICATION
It is a writing technique that makes you explain a thing
by breaking it into categories and explaining each
class based on their similarities.
DESCRIPTION
of a mechanism or product. It may also be a written
account or explanations of events orderly occurring
one after another over time.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
This is one of the most useful and common method of
organizing ideas or information wherein similarities
and differences of concepts, things, persons, and
places are pointed out.
COMMON STRATEGIES IN PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
- The use of an example in developing a
paragraph (give examples that are factual
and material to the paragraph)
Sample paragraph: HOW TO CONSERVE ENERGY
There are several ways by which you can conserve
electricity. For example, always turn off the lights
when not in use. The same goes for the television and
other appliances. Also, change your incandescent
bulb to a more efficient electronic fluorescent lamp
with a lower wattage rating. Be sure to clean your
lighting fixtures regularly to optimize brilliance.
Intermittently, turn off and on your electric iron when it
is already hot enough. Do not use your air conditioner
if an electric fan will do. Keep your refrigerator
properly maintained to maximize its automatic
features. Turn your electric stove to low heat as soon
as the food starts to boil. Eat as soon as the food is
cooked to avoid reheating. These are just a few
creative ways by which you can keep your electric
consumption within your budget.
- The use of descriptive details in developing
a paragraph (your details will suggest
impressions that paint images clustering
around the introductory statement or the
topic sentence)
Sample paragraph: THE CREATION
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On the first day, our Almighty God created a bright
light against a gloomy darkness and chaos. On the
next day, God created the orderly earth with swirling
world divided into a partition of dry land and cool
water where chirping birds flew in the fresh air,
multicolored fish swarm in the blue ocean and lovely
flowering plants thrived on the verdant earth. Then He
also filled the dry land with various kinds of walking
jumping and creeping creatures: fierce beasts and
gentle insects of all shapes and sizes. Amidst all this
splendor of God's creation, He finally blew the breath
of life to the first man and first woman who ever
walked on the face of the earth, lovingly created in His
own image. He rested on the seventh day.
- The use of incident in developing a
paragraph (narrating an incident can work
effectively to illustrate an idea relevant to the
intention of the writer)
Sample paragraph: Cherishing the Gift of Priesthood
An elderly priest once showed me a portrait of the
crucified Christ deprived of a hand and foot and with a
rather disfigured mouth. I first thought that it was an
unpleasant sight but then he explained to me that
what motivated him to be a priest is the invitation of
that disfigured Christ to become his hands, his feet,
and even his mouth. In a simple way, he was trying to
explain what "configuration of Christ" meant to him. I
was somewhat bemused by the imagery, but his
devout thought left an indelible impression on my
mind.
- The use of cause and effect in developing a
paragraph (some situations, events or
phenomena need explanations to indicate
why they happened)
Sample paragraph: Our Gallbladder
The gallbladder, located under the liver, stores bile,
salts, and cholesterol which are discharged into the
intestine to help digest fats. A healthy gallbladder has
balanced amounts of bile and cholesterol. A diet high
in fats, meat, and sugar may lead to a high
concentration of cholesterol in the system. Besides
other physiological complications, this cholesterol
build-up may form gallstones, in time, precipitating as
hard stones within the bladder itself. When the
gallstones become large enough to block the exit of
the bile, they cause not only pain but also
inflammation and yellowing of the skin.
- The use of comparison and contrast
(similarities and differences of concepts,
things, persons and places are pointed out)
Sample paragraph: The Good and Bad Effects of
Technology
We have a future in the present generation of Filipino
"techies" in computer technology. If their talents are
further refined, their creative aptitude can be
extracted for productive, not destructive uses.
Technology can either improve lives or ruin them.
Recently, a bunch of kids flew back home with a plum
prize for winning in a computer game software
development contest. They make us proud of their
talents as home-grown success in computer science.
But remember, it was also a Filipino who introduced
the home-made " love-you" virus that virtually
destroyed many business and government files of
information around the globe which negatively
affected their business operations. Should we also be
proud of him?
- The use of definition in developing a
paragraph (the meaning of a term is
discussed, or a given a collection of related
sense of meaning thus developing a
paragraph)
Sample paragraph: Leisure Time Activities
It is summertime! No doubt, people are dreaming of
the ideal vacation. Walking leisurely along the beach,
filling one's lungs with fresh mountain air, waking up
in the morning without being harassed by a list of
things to do, or whiling away the hours without guilt or
regret. For those with money to spend, the ideal
vacation means endless shopping, touring or partying
at home relishing the company of loved ones,
watching TV, reading books or rearranging the
furniture. For those bent on improving their spiritual
life, vacation means the time for retreats,
recollections, or more intense personal prayer.
DEFINITIONS OF ‘THESIS'
- A statement or theory that is put forward as a
premise to be maintained or proved.
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- Theory, proposal, contention, premise,
argument, assumption, hypothesis, surmise
- A long essay or dissertation involving
personal research written by a candidate for
a college degree.
- A piece of writing; theme
CRITERIA OF A GOOD THESIS
- It is arguable, the kind of statement someone
can agree or disagree with.
- It provides the answer to a specific question
or the solution to a specific problem.
REFERENCES. The reference list at the end of the
article (manuscript) documents the article and
provides the information necessary to identify and
retrieve each source.
APPENDICES. An appendix is helpful if the detailed
description of a certain material is distracting or
inappropriate in the body of the paper. It may include:
a new computer program designed specifically for
your research and unavailable elsewhere; an
unpublished test and its validation; a complicated
mathematical proof; a detailed description of a
complete piece of equipment; excerpts of filed notes
and or observational data, etc.

- It addresses the topic of the paper without

straying from the central idea.

BASIC PARTS OF A THESIS

TITLE and AUTHOR/S. The title page contains the
title of the study, the author's name and institutional
affiliation (Department, College, Name of Institution).

ABSTRACT. An abstract is a brief, comprehensive

summary of the contents of a paper, and should not
exceed 120 words.

INTRODUCTION. The introduction establishes the

rationale, context, and general direction of the study
lined to the relevant literature.

METHOD. The method section includes the research

design, participants, sources of data or research
instruments, and data analysis.

RESULTS. The results section summarizes the data

collected in the most efficient manner possible. Data
are reported in sufficient detail to justify the
conclusions.
DISCUSSION. The discussion presents the analysis,
interpretation, and inferences drawn from the results.
It includes the review of the major findings of the
study drawn from results.
CONCLUSION. The conclusion is a statement in the
extent of how the goals of the study have been
attained. The conclusions are validly drawn from the
results of the study.
Paragraph – is a group of related sentences that
focus on one main idea or topic.
Beginning sentence - ang purpose po ng beginning
sentence is to grab po yung attention ng readers and
also to give short description din kung tungkol saan
po yung paragraph na ginawa. Dito din po inintroduce
kung ano yung main idea ng buong paragraph.
Middle sentence - Sa middle sentence naman po is
dito po ineexpand and pinapaliwanag ng mas concise
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yung main idea na inintroduce sa beginning

sentence. Dito din po is nag pprovide ng explanation
or evidences yung writer to support the main idea.

Ending sentence - and lastly, sa ending sentence

naman is dito po yung summarize ng buong
paragraph and main points. Dito din po nag bibigay
ng personal comment yung writer sa topic na
diniscuss.

DEFINITION – explaining the meaning of the

word or concepts to understand it better.

CLASSIFICATION – Dito po inorganizing yung

information by putting similar things or
characteristics into a group.

DESCRIPTION - way of using words and pictures

to show what something looks like or how it
works.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST – way of

organizing ideas by pointing out the how things
are similar and different to one another. It helps
us po to understand what makes things similar
or different. So that, we can learn about the
specific characteristics and qualities hinahanap
po natin.