World Politics: Trend and

Transformation, 17e Shannon L.

Blanton
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/world-politics-trend-and-transformation-17e-shannon-l
-blanton/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

World Politics Trend and Transformation Shannon L.

Blanton

https://textbookfull.com/product/world-politics-trend-and-
transformation-shannon-l-blanton/

World Politics Trend and Transformation 2016 2017 16th

Edition Shannon L. Blanton

https://textbookfull.com/product/world-politics-trend-and-
transformation-2016-2017-16th-edition-shannon-l-blanton/

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

International Marketing 17e Philip R. Cateora

https://textbookfull.com/product/international-
marketing-17e-philip-r-cateora/
Origins of the Warfare State World War II and the
Transformation of American Politics 1st Edition Carl
Boggs

https://textbookfull.com/product/origins-of-the-warfare-state-
world-war-ii-and-the-transformation-of-american-politics-1st-
edition-carl-boggs/

Eugenics and Physical Culture Performance in the

Progressive Era Watch Whiteness Workout Shannon L.
Walsh

https://textbookfull.com/product/eugenics-and-physical-culture-
performance-in-the-progressive-era-watch-whiteness-workout-
shannon-l-walsh/

Seeking sanctuary crime mercy and politics in English

courts 1400 1550 First Edition Shannon Mcsheffrey

https://textbookfull.com/product/seeking-sanctuary-crime-mercy-
and-politics-in-english-courts-1400-1550-first-edition-shannon-
mcsheffrey/

Investing with the Trend A Rules based Approach to

Money Management 1st Edition Gregory L. Morris

https://textbookfull.com/product/investing-with-the-trend-a-
rules-based-approach-to-money-management-1st-edition-gregory-l-
morris/

Lone Star Politics Tradition and Transformation in

Texas 6th edition Collier

https://textbookfull.com/product/lone-star-politics-tradition-
and-transformation-in-texas-6th-edition-collier/
Seventeenth Edition

World Politics
Trend and Transformation

Shannon Lindsey Blanton

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Charles William Kegley

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

 World Politics: Trend and © 2021, 2017, 2015 Cengage Learning, Inc.
­Transformation,
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Seventeenth Edition
Shannon Lindsey Blanton and WCN: 02-300
Charles William Kegley ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as
permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the
Product Director: Laura Ross
copyright owner.
Associate Product Manager: Lauren
Gerrish

Product Assistant: Haley Gaudreau

For product information and technology assistance, contact us
Marketing Director: Neena Bali at Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Senior Marketing Manager: or support.cengage.com.
Valerie Hartman
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Senior Content Manager: Claire Branman submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Learning Designer: Erika Hayden

Senior Subject Matter Expert:

Emily Hickey Library of Congress Control Number: 2019919326
IP Analyst: Deanna Ettinger

IP Project Manager: Kelli Bessi Student Edition:

ISBN: 978-0-357-14180-9
Production Service & Compositor:
SPi Global
Loose-leaf Edition:
Senior Designer: Sarah Cole ISBN: 978-0-357-14187-8
Text and Cover Designer: Red Hangar
Design Cengage
Cover Image: iStockPhoto.com/ 200 Pier 4 Boulevard
vladystock Boston, MA 02210
USA

Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with

employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than
125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.

Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access

your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit
www.cengage.com.

Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2020
Brief Contents

Letter to Instructors ix
Letter to Students xii
Resources for Students and Instructors xiv
Acknowledgments xvi
About the Authors xix

Part I Trend and Transformation in World Politics 1

Chapter 1 Discovering World Politics 2
Chapter 2 Interpreting World Politics Through the Lens of Theory 22
Chapter 3 Theories of International Decision Making 54

Part II The World’s Actors and Their Relationships 85

Chapter 4 Great Power Relations and Rivalries 86
Chapter 5 World Politics and the Global South 118
Chapter 6 Nonstate Actors and the Quest for Global Community 150

Part III Confronting Armed Conflict 195

Chapter 7 The Threat of Armed Conflict to the World 196
Chapter 8 The Pursuit of Power Through Arms and Alliances 234
Chapter 9 The Quest for Peace Through International Law and
Collective Security 273

Part IV Human Security, Prosperity,

and Responsibility 317
Chapter 10 The Globalization of International Finance 318
Chapter 11 International Trade in the Global Marketplace 354
Chapter 12 The Demographic and Cultural Dimensions of Globalization 393
Chapter 13 The Promotion of Human Development and Human Rights 425
Chapter 14 Global Responsibility for the Preservation of the Environment 459

Part V Thinking About the Future of World Politics 495

Chapter 15 Looking Ahead at Global Trends and Transformations 496

iii
Contents

Letter to Instructors ix The Evolution of Liberalism 32

Letter to Students xii The Limitations of Liberalism 34
Resources for Students and Instructors xiv 2-4 Constructivism 36
Acknowledgments xvi What Is the Constructivist Worldview? 36
About the Authors xix The Evolution of Constructivist Thought 38
The Limitations of Constructivism 40

Part I Trend and 2-5 Other Theoretical Perspectives:

Feminist and Marxist Critiques 42
Transformation
The Feminist Critique 42
in World Politics
The Marxist Critique 46
2-6 International Theory and
Chapter 1 Discovering World the Global Future 49
Politics 2
1-1 The Challenge of Investigating Chapter 3 Theories of
International Relations 4
International Decision
1-2 How Do Perceptions Influence
Images of Global Reality? 5 Making 54
The Nature and Sources of Images 8 3-1 Foreign Policy Making in
The Impact of Perceptions on World Politics 8 International Affairs 55
1-3 Key Concepts and Terms for Transnational Actors and Decision Processes 56
Understanding World Politics 10 Influences on Making Foreign Policy Decisions 57
Introducing Terminology 10 3-2 Models of Decision Making
Distinguishing the Primary Transnational Actors 12 by Transnational Actors 60
Distinguishing Levels of Analysis 14 Decision Making as Rational Choice 60
Distinguishing Change, Continuities, and Cycles 15 Cognitive Psychological Models of
Decision Making 62
Preparing for Your Intellectual Journey 18
The Leverage and Impact of Leaders 66
The Bureaucratic Politics of Foreign Policy
Chapter 2 Interpreting World
Decision Making 71
Politics Through the Lens of
3-3 The Domestic Determinants of
Theory 22 Foreign Policy Decisions 75
2-1 Theories and Change in World Politics 23 Military Capabilities 76
2-2 Realism 25 Economic Conditions 77
What Is the Realist Worldview? 25 Type of Government 77
The Evolution of Realism 27 3-4 Global Influences on Foreign
The Limitations of Realist Thought 29 Policy 79
2-3 Liberalism 30 Global Distribution of Power 79
What Is Liberalism’s Worldview? 30 Geopolitical Factors 81

iv
 Contents v

Part II The World’s Technology and Global Communications 132

Actors and Their
Relationships
Chapter 4 Great Power
Relations and Rivalries 86
4-1 The Quest for World Leadership 88
4-2 World War I 90
The Causes of World War I 90
Systemic Level of Analysis 90
State Level of Analysis 91
Individual Level of Analysis 92
The Consequences of World War I 92
4-3 World War II 94
The Causes of World War II 94
Proximate Causes of War 95
Underlying Causes at Three Analytic Levels 96
The Consequences of World War II 98
4-4 The Cold War 99
The Causes and Evolutionary Course of the Cold War 100
Confrontation, 1947–1962 101
From Coexistence to Détente, 1963–1978 102
From Renewed Confrontation to Rapprochement,
1979–1991 102
The Consequences of the Cold War 105
4-5 The Post–Cold War Era 106
America’s “Unipolar Moment” 107
From Unipolarity to Multipolarity: The Rise of the Rest? 108
4-6 Looking Ahead: What Does the Future
Look Like for the Great Powers? 110
Chapter 5 World Politics
and the Global South 118
5-1 Colonial Origins and Consequences 120
The First Wave of European Imperialism 122
The Second Wave of European Imperialism 123
Self-Determination and Decolonization
in the Twentieth Century 125
5-2 North and South Today: Worlds Apart 127
5-3 Why Do Such Differences Persist? 129
Internal Sources of Underdevelopment 129
International Sources of Underdevelopment 130
5-4 Closing the Gap? The Global South’s
Prospects in a World of Great Powers 132
Insecurity and Weapons of War 135
Reform of the Economic Order 135
Foreign Aid and Remittances 136
Trade and Foreign Direct Investment 139
Debt Management and Governmental Corruption 143
5-5 The Global South’s Future 144
Chapter 6 Nonstate Actors
and the Quest for Global
Community 150
6-1 Nonstate Actors in World Politics 152
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) 152
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) 153
6-2 Prominent Intergovernmental
Organizations 154
The United Nations 154
The UN’s Agenda 154
Organizational Structure 155
Budget Controversy 157
Future Challenges 160
Other Prominent Global IGOs 162
The World Trade Organization 162
The World Bank 163
The International Monetary Fund 164
6-3 Regional Intergovernmental
Organizations 165
The European Union 166
EU Expansion and Political Integration 166
EU Organization and Management 168
EU Decision-Making Challenges 168
Other Regional IGOs 170
6-4 Prominent Types of Nongovernmental
Organizations 172
Nonstate Nations: Ethnic Groups and Indigenous
Peoples 172
Transnational Religious Movements 174
Multinational Corporations 179
Issue-Advocacy Groups 183
6-5 Malevolent Nonstate Actors 185
Transnational Terrorist Groups 185
Transnational Crime Organizations 188
6-6 Nonstate Actors and the Future
of World Politics 191
vi Contents

Part III  onfronting Armed

C Preemption 260
Conflict
Chapter 7 The Threat of
Armed Conflict to the World 196
7-1 What Causes Armed Conflict? 198
The Individual Level of Analysis: Human Nature 198
The State Level of Analysis: Internal Characteristics 200
Geopolitical Factors and Length of
Independence 200
Culture, Nationalism, and Identity Politics 201
Poverty, Relative Deprivation, and Demographic
Stress 202
Militarization 204
Economic System 204
Regime Type 206
The Systemic Level of Analysis: The Global System 208
Does Violence Breed Violence? 208
Power Transitions 209
Cyclical Theories 211
7-2 Frequency and Types of Armed Conflict 212
7-3 Armed Conflict Within States 215
Intrastate Conflict 216
The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict 220
7-4 Terrorism 223
7-5 Armed Conflict and Its Future 230
Chapter 8 The Pursuit of
Power Through Arms and
Alliances 234
8-1 Power in World Politics 235
The Elements of State Power 236
The “Cost” of Military Spending 240
8-2 Changes in Military Capabilities 243
Trends in the Weapons Trade 243
The Strategic Consequences of Arms Sales 245
Nuclear Weapons 248
The Revolution in Military Technology 251
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous
Weapons Systems 253
Biological and Chemical Weapons 255
Military Strategies 258
Compellence 258
Deterrence 259
8-3 Coercive Diplomacy through
Military Intervention 261
8-4 Realist Interpretations of
Alliances in World Politics 263
8-5 Realism and the Balancing of Power 265
8-6 What Lies Ahead? 269
Chapter 9 The Quest for
Peace Through International Law
and Collective Security 273
9-1 Liberal and Constructivist Routes
to International Peace 274
9-2 Beating Swords into Plowshares 276
Bilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 277
Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 278
The Problematic Future of Arms Control
and Disarmament 282
9-3 Maintaining Collective Security Through
International Organizations 287
The League of Nations, United Nations, and Collective
Security 289
Regional Security Organizations and Collective
Defense 293
9-4 Law at the International Level 297
Limitations of the International Legal System 298
The Judicial Framework of International Law 300
9-5 Legal and Diplomatic Responses
to Armed Conflict 304
New Rules for Military Intervention 307
International Crises and the Negotiated Settlement of
Disputes 308
Part IV H
 uman Security,
Prosperity, and
Responsibility
Chapter 10 The Globalization
of International Finance 318
10-1 Interpreting Contemporary
Economic Change 319
10-2 Money Matters: The Transnational
Exchange of Money 321
The Globalization of Finance 322
Dark Money: Globalization and Illicit Financial Flows 325
Monetary Policy: Key Concepts and Issues 327

10-3 Bretton Woods and Beyond 332
Financial and Monetary Aspects of the Bretton Woods
System 333
The End of Bretton Woods 336
Floating Exchange Rates and Financial Crises 337
10-4 The 2008 Global Financial Crisis 339
10-5 Recovery and Reform: Challenges
Facing Global Finance 343
U.S. Leadership and the Future of the Dollar 344
The End of the Liberal Consensus? 345
Whither the International Financial Architecture? 348
Chapter 11 International Trade
in the Global Marketplace 354
11-1 Globalization and Trade 355
Trade, Multinational Corporations, and the Globalization
of Production 357
The Globalization of Labor 360
11-2 Contending Trade Strategies 363
The Shadow of the Great Depression 363
The Clash Between Liberal and Mercantilist Values 364
Commercial Liberalism 365
Mercantilism 368
11-3 Trade and Global Politics 369
11-4 The Fate of Free Trade 375
Trade Tricks 375
The Uneasy Coexistence of Liberalism
and Mercantilism 377
11-5 Triumph or Trouble for the
Global Economy 378
The Development of the WTO 379
World Trade and the Global Financial Crisis 383
The Protectionist Backlash and Current Trade
Conflicts 384
WTO: Future Threats and Prospects 387
Regional and Plurilateral Trade Arrangements:
Supplement or Substitute for the WTO? 388
Chapter 12 The Demographic
and Cultural Dimensions of
Globalization 393
12-1 Population Change as a
Global Challenge 394
World Population Growth Rates 395
Demographic Divisions: Youth Bulges and
Aging Populations 397
Contents vii
12-2 Global Migration Trends 402
A Quest for Sustenance and Freedom 402
Urbanization 407
12-3 New Plagues? The Global
Impact of Disease 410
12-4 The Global Information Age 414
The Evolution of Global Communications 415
The Dark Side of the Global Communications
Revolution 417
The Business of Global Communication 419
12-5 Globalization and the Global Future 420
Chapter 13 The Promotion of
Human Development and Human
Rights 425
13-1 Putting People into the Picture 426
13-2 How Does Humanity Fare? The
Human Condition Today 429
Human Development and Human Security 431
Globalization, Democratization, and
Economic Prosperity 434
13-3 Human Rights and the Protection of
People 437
Internationally Recognized Human Rights 437
The Precarious Life of Indigenous Peoples 439
Gender Inequality and Its Consequences 441
Gendercide, Slavery, and Human Trafficking 445
Children and Human Rights 448
13-4 Responding to Human Rights 450
The Human Rights Legal Framework 452
The Challenge of Enforcement 453
Chapter 14 Global
Responsibility for the
Preservation of the
Environment 459
14-1 Framing the Ecological Debate 460
14-2 Global Ecopolitical Challenges 464
The Ecopolitics of the Atmosphere 465
The Ecopolitics of Biodiversity, Deforestation, and Water
Shortages 471
Threats to Global Biodiversity 471
Shrinking Forests and Dust Bowls 473
A Burgeoning Water Crisis 475
The Ecopolitics of Energy Supply and Demand 477
viii Contents

14-3 Toward Sustainability Is Globalization a Cure or a Curse? 500

and Human Security 480 Will Technological Innovation Solve Pressing
The Quest for Sustainable Development 480 Global Problems? 502
Feeding the Masses 481 What Types of Armed Conflict Will Become the
Converting to Renewable Sources of Energy 485 Major Fault Line in the Geostrategic
Landscape? 503
14-4 Global Efforts Toward
Environmental Solutions 489 Should the Global Community Intervene to
Protect Human Rights? 505
Is the World Preparing for the Wrong War? 506
Part V T
 hinking About the Is This the “End of History” or the End of
Future of World Politics Happy Endings? 507
15-3 A New World Order or New World
Chapter 15 Looking Disorder? 508
Ahead at Global Trends
and Transformations 496 Glossary 512
15-1 Global Trends and Forecasts: References 522
Putting Yourself in the Picture 497 Name Index 555
15-2 The Global Predicament: Key Questions Subject Index 563
about a Turbulent World 499
Letter to Instructors

Dear International Relations Instructor:

Understanding world politics requires up-to-date information and analysis. In a constantly

changing world, it is imperative for our students to develop the intellectual skills to be bet-
ter global citizens and to analyze effectively key events and issues in international affairs. By
presenting the leading ideas and the latest information available, World Politics: Trend and
Transformation provides the tools necessary for understanding world affairs, for anticipating
probable developments, and for thinking critically about the potential long-term impact of
those developments on institutions, countries, and individuals across the globe.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture
of the evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that
affect those actors’ relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those
interactions produce. The key theories for understanding international relations—realism,
liberalism, constructivism, as well as feminist and Marxist interpretations—frame the investiga-
tion. At the same time, this book presents all the complexities of world politics, as well as the
necessary analytic tools to make sense of a wide range of substantive issues, from war to global
finance to human rights. To foster critical thinking skills, the text provides evidence-based assess-
ments and intentionally presents contending views—throughout the chapters, but especially
in our A Closer Look and Controversy features—so that students have a chance to critically
evaluate opposed positions and construct their own judgments about key issues. Moreover, our
enhanced video resource program, provided in partnership with the Carnegie Council for
Ethics in International Affairs (CCEIA), further highlights current international trends and
transformations by applying World Politics’ key terms and concepts in real-world applications.

New to this Edition

To keep you abreast of the latest developments, World Politics: Trend and Transformation con-
tinues to change in response to unfolding events around our world. Since publication of the
2016–2017 edition, numerous changes have taken place in international relations. To provide
students with the most current information, we have revised the entire text of this seventeenth
edition to incorporate the latest global events and scholarly research. Major changes include:
●● Each chapter highlights Learning Objectives that serve as a guide to key concepts—at
the start of the chapter, at the beginning of each corresponding section, and at the end
of the chapter.
●● A brand new Summary tied to the learning objectives is included at the end of each
chapter to help students collect their thoughts about key concepts and issues, trend and
transformation.
ix
x Letter to Instructors

●● Vibrant and engaging illustrations—thirty-seven new and updated maps, fifty-four

new and updated figures, and a host of photos of real-world events—to provoke
student interest and enable them to visualize central global developments through the
most recently available data. Brand new to this edition are critical thinking questions
following each map throughout the text.
●● New and revised A Closer Look and Controversy features highlight real-world events
and feature essential debates.
●● New key terms—such as counterterrorism, biodiversity hotspots, and transnational
advocacy networks, with definitions that appear in the text and the glossary—help
students understand key concepts in the study of world politics.
●● Expanded discussions of theories for understanding world politics, including enhanced
discussions of a constructivist emphasis on affective sources of behavior, feminist
perspectives of international relations, and hegemonic stability theory.
●● Updated discussions of conflict and cooperation around the world, including the
prospect of a resurgent Russia and an increasingly powerful China, terrorist groups such
as the Islamic State, and international bodies such as the United Nations, International
Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court.
●● Discussion of global trends, such as the challenge of fragile states, the consequences
of youth bulges and aging populations, international crime and human trafficking,
increased migration and the quest for human security, advances in global
communications, and technological innovation.
●● Discussion of the latest advances in military technology, including developments
in artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems, growing prevalence of
drones and the threat of information warfare, as well as a look at the changing nuclear
environment in Iran and North Korea, the diffusion of civil war, and the role of
peacekeeping in containing conflict.
●● Updated discussions of the global political economy, including new coverage of
cryptocurrencies, dilemmas in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, implications
of the globalization of labor and increase in protectionist tendencies, the vision for the
BRICS New Development Bank and the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, illicit
financial flows, and the prospect of trade wars.
●● Enhanced discussion of countering the spread of global diseases such as Ebola,
the challenge of protecting human rights, implications of the global trend toward
urbanization and megacities, the threat of identity politics and disinformation
campaigns, climate change and environmental degradation, and the record number of
forcibly displaced persons.
●● New suggested resources for further investigation of world politics at the close of each
chapter.
 Letter to Instructors xi

MindTap™
As an instructor, MindTap™ is here to simplify your workload, organize and immediately grade
your students’ assignments, and enable you to customize your course as you see fit. Through
deep-seated integration with your Learning Management System, grades are easily exported and
analytics are pulled with just the click of a button. MindTap™ provides you with a platform to
easily add current events videos and article links from national or local news sources.
We thank you for using this book to help introduce your students to world politics. Our
hope is that it helps students to critically analyze and understand global affairs—and to better
assess the possibilities for the global future and its potential impact on their own lives.

Sincerely,
Shannon L. Blanton & Charles W. Kegley
 Letter to Students

Dear Student:

In a constantly changing world, it is important to be able to analyze effectively key events and
issues in international affairs, and to assess critically different viewpoints concerning these
issues. By providing you with the leading ideas and the latest information available, World
Politics: Trend and Transformation offers the tools necessary for understanding world affairs, for
anticipating probable developments, and for thinking critically about the potential long-term
impact of those developments on institutions, countries, and individuals across the globe. In
essence, World Politics strives to help you become an informed global citizen and establish a
foundation for life-long learning about international affairs.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture
of the evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that affect
those actors’ relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those interactions
produce. You will learn about key theories and worldviews for understanding international
relations, and examine some of the most prominent issues in global politics, including war,
terrorism, world trade, global finance, demographic trends, environmental degradation, and
human rights. To facilitate your understanding, World Politics incorporates a number of features
to clarify complex ideas and arguments:
●● An Atlas with detailed political maps of each continent opens the book.
●● Learning Objectives open each chapter, serving as a road map to the book’s key
concepts and helping you assess your understanding.
●● Controversy features examine rival viewpoints on major international relations issues
and encourage you to think critically and develop your own opinions.
●● A Closer Look features address contemporary issues, pose critical thinking questions,
and feature relevant videos through the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International
Affairs (CCEIA).
●● Each chapter includes key terms, their definitions, and pertinent videos through the
Carnegie Council.
●● Each chapter ends with a Summary of the learning objectives and a list of Suggested
Readings, Videos, and Web Resources to help you prepare for your papers and essays.
As a student, the benefits of using MindTap with this book are endless. With automatically
graded practice quizzes and activities, an easily navigated learning path, and an interactive
eBook, you will be able to test yourself in and out of the classroom with ease. The accessibility
of current events coupled with interactive media makes the content fun and engaging. On your
xii
 Letter to Students xiii

computer, phone, or tablet, MindTap is there when you need it, giving you easy access to
­flashcards, quizzes, readings, and assignments.
We trust that you will find World Politics: Trend and Transformation to be an invaluable
resource as you seek to learn more about global affairs. Whether the study of world politics is
one among many interests that you are exploring as you earn your degree or a keen passion
that may lead you to play an active role in shaping our world, this book is designed to provide
you a comprehensive coverage of the trends and transformations that characterize international
relations. It is our hope that as you conclude reading World Politics you will be as fascinated
as we are with the complex dynamics of global interactions, and feel compelled to continue
to observe, critically analyze, and address the challenges and opportunities that we share as
members of a global community.

Sincerely,
Shannon L. Blanton & Charles W. Kegley
Resources for Students
and Instructors

Students
Cengage Unlimited
Cengage Unlimited is the first-of-its-kind digital subscription that empowers students to learn more for less. One
student subscription includes total access to every Cengage online textbook, platform, career and college success
centers, and more—in one place. Learn across courses and disciplines with confidence that you won’t pay more to
access more. Available now in bookstores and online. Details at www.cengage.com/unlimited.
Access your World Politics, Seventeenth Edition resources via www.cengage.com/login.
If you purchased MindTap™ access with your book, click on “Register a Product” and then enter your
access code.

Instructors
Access your World Politics, Seventeenth Edition resources via www.cengage.com/login.
Log in using your Cengage Learning single sign-on user name and password, or create a new instructor
account by clicking on “New Faculty User” and following the instructions.

MindTap™ for World Politics,

Seventeenth Edition
ISBN for Instant Access Code: 9780357141830
ISBN for Printed Access Code: 9780357141847
MindTap™ for World Politics, Seventeenth Edition is a highly personalized, fully online learning experience
built on Cengage content correlated to a core set of learning outcomes. MindTap™ guides students through
the course curriculum via an innovative Learning Path Navigator where they will complete reading assign-
ments, challenge themselves with focus activities, and engage with interactive quizzes. Through a variety of
gradable activities, MindTapTM provides students with opportunities to check themselves for where they need
extra help, as well as allowing faculty to measure and assess student progress. Integration with platforms like
YouTube and Google Drive enables instructors to add and remove content of their choosing with ease. The
product can be used fully online with its interactive eBook for World Politics, Seventeenth Edition, or in con-
junction with the printed text.

xiv
 Resources for Students and Instructors xv

MindTap™ Resource Center

Thousands of primary and secondary sources at your fingertips! Access to Gale’s authoritative
library reference content is now available in every Political Science MindTap™. Gale, part of
Cengage, has been providing research and education resources for libraries for over 60 years.
As an instructor, you have the option to choose from thousands of primary and secondary
sources, images, and videos to enhance your MindTap™ course with the click of a button. This
capability can replace a separate reader and conveniently keeps all course materials in one place.
The selections are curated by experts, designed specifically for introductory courses, and can be
accessed through the MindTap™ Activity Builder feature.

Instructor Companion Website

for World Politics, Seventeenth
Edition—for Instructors Only
ISBN: 9780357141816
This Instructor Companion Website is an all-in-one multimedia online resource for class ­preparation,
presentation, and testing. Accessible through Cengage.com/login with your faculty account, you will
find available for download: book-specific Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations; a Test Bank com-
patible with multiple learning management systems (LMSs); and an Instructor’s Manual.
The Test Bank, offered in Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, Canvas, and Angel formats,
contains Learning Objective–specific multiple-choice and essay questions for each chapter.
Import the Test Bank into your LMS to edit and manage questions and to create tests.
The Instructor’s Manual contains chapter-specific Learning Objectives, an outline, key
terms with definitions, and a chapter summary. Additionally, the Instructor’s Manual features
a critical thinking question, lecture-launching suggestion, and an in-class activity for each
Learning Objective.
The Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations are ready-to-use, visual outlines of each chapter.
These presentations are easily customized for your lectures. Access the Instructor Companion
Website at www.cengage.com/login.

Cognero for World Politics, Seventeenth

Edition
ISBN: 9780357141861
Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to author, edit,
and manage Test Bank content from multiple Cengage solutions; create multiple test versions
in an instant; and deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want. The Test
Bank for World Politics, Seventeenth Edition, contains learning objective–specific multiple-choice
and essay questions for each chapter.
Acknowledgments
Many people—in fact, too many to identify and thank individually—have contributed to the development of
this leading textbook in international relations. We are thankful for the constructive comments, advice, and data
provided by an array of scholars and colleagues.
Reviewers for this Edition
Daniel S. Geller, Wayne State University
Nicholas Giordano, Suffolk County Community College
Walter Hill, St. Mary’s College of Maryland
Mir Husain, University of South Alabama
Baris Kesgin, Elon University
Anip Uppal, Central New Mexico Community College
Past Reviewers and Other Contributors
Duane Adamson, Brigham Young University–Idaho
Daniel Allen, Anderson University
Ruchi Anand, American Graduate School in Paris
Osmo Apunen, University of Tampere
Bossman Asare, Graceland University
Chad Atkinson, University of Illinois
Andrew J. Bacevich, Boston University
Yan Bai, Grand Rapids Community College
Katherine Barbieri, University of South Carolina
George Belzer, Johnson County Community College
John Boehrer, University of Washington
Pamela Blackmon, Penn State Altoona
Austin Blanton, Auburn University
Cullen M. Blanton, Hoover High School
Robert G. Blanton, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Linda P. Brady, University of North Carolina at
Greensboro
Leann Brown, University of Florida
Dan Caldwell, Pepperdine University
John H. Calhoun, Palm Beach Atlantic University
John Candido, La Trobe University
Colin S. Cavell, Bluefield State College
Roger A. Coate, Georgia College & State University
Jonathan E. Colby, Carlyle Group, Washington, D.C.
Phyllis D. Collins, Keswick Management Inc., New York
City
Christopher R. Cook, University of Pittsburgh at
Johnstown
Reverend George Crow, Northeast Presbyterian Church
xvi
Rebecca Cruise, University of Oklahoma
Jonathan Davidson, European Commission
Philippe Dennery, J-Net Ecology Communication
Company, Paris
Drew Dickson, Atlantic Council of the United States
Agber Dimah, Chicago State University
Gregory Domin, Mercer University
Thomas Donaldson, Wharton School of the University
of Pennsylvania
Nicole Detraz, University of Memphis
Zach Dorfman, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Ayman I. El-Dessouki and Kamal El-Menoufi, Cairo
University
Sid Ellington, University of Oklahoma
Robert Fatton, University of Virginia
Matthias Finger, Columbia University
John Freeman, University of Minnesota–Minneapolis
Eytan Gilboa, Bar-Ilan University in Israel
Giovanna Gismondi, University of Oklahoma
Srdjan Gligorijevic, Defense and Security Studies Centre,
G-17 Plus Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
Richard F. Grimmett, Congressional Research Office
Ted Robert Gurr, University of Maryland
Aref N. Hassan, St. Cloud State University
Russell Hardin, New York University
James E. Harf, Maryville University
Cristian A. Harris, North Georgia College and State
University
Charles Hermann, Texas A&M University
Margaret G. Hermann, Syracuse University
Stephen D. Hibbard, Shearman & Sterling, LLP
Steven W. Hook, Kent State University
Jack Hurd, Nature Conservatory
Ashley Brooke Huddleston, University of Memphis
Lisa Huffstetler, University of Memphis
Patrick James, University of Southern California
Loch Johnson, University of Georgia
Christopher M. Jones, Northern Illinois University
 60°N

.
S I B E R I A

T S
M
RUSSIA
ASIA
60°N

A L
Moscow Sea of KAMCHATKA
Lake PENINSULA

U R
Baikal
O k hot sk

Nur-Sultan Sakhalin

Aral
K A Z A K H STA N Ulaanbaatar
Sea
MONGOLIA I Harbin
B

Ca
Bishkek O

s
B l ac k S e a UZ
G
GEORGIA Tbilisi BE
Shenyang

pia
KI Tashkent KYRGYZSTAN
ARMENIA ST NORTH Sea of
Baku AN 40°N
Ankara Yerevan Dushanbe Beijing KOREA J apan
TURKMENISTAN

n Sea
TURKEY TAJIKISTAN Tianjin Pyongyang (E ast Sea)
CYPRUS AZERBAIJAN Ashgabat JAPAN
Seoul SOUTH
Nicosia SYRIA Tehran
CHINA Tokyo
Beirut Ye llow KOREA Osaka
LEBANON Kabul Nagoya
Islamabad Xi’an S ea
Damascus Baghdad AFGHANISTAN Kitakyushu
H Nanjing
Amman I R AQ IR AN Lahore IM
Jerusalem AL Chengdu Suzhou Shanghai
PAKISTAN Delhi AY BHUTAN Wuhan
Kuwait A M Chongqing Hangzhou
JORDAN KUWAIT New Delhi NEPAL TS.
E a st
ISRAEL Thimphu
Manama Doha Kathmandu C h in a PACIFIC
BAHRAIN Karachi
Abu Dhabi Sea
Riyadh BANGLADESH OCEAN
QATAR UNITED Muscat Ahmadabad Dhaka Guangzhou Dongguan

Red
Kolkata Taiwan
SAU D I ARAB Foshan Shenzhen
EMIRATES INDIA MYANMAR Hong Kong
Surat

Sea
AR A B IA Naypyidaw LAOS 20°N
OMAN Mumbai Pune Hainan
Arabian Hyderabad Vientiane
B ay of Yangon
YEMEN Sea THAILAND S outh
B engal VIETNAM Manila
Sanaa Bangkok China
Bangalore Chennai CAMBODIA Se a
Phnom
PHILIPPINES
Penh Ho Chi Minh City
N SRI LANKA
Colombo
BRUNEI
Male M A L AYSI A Bandar Seri Begawan
Kuala Lumpur
MALDIVES
Singapore 140°E
Su

Equator 0°
m

80°E Borneo
at
ra

INDIAN OCEAN
I N D O N E S I A
0 500 1000 Km. Jakarta
60°E 120°E
0 500 1000 Mi. Dili
Java
100°E TIMOR-LESTE

BROADSIDE MAP
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
thus they crouched together for a while longer, watching the white-
winged sea gulls passing to and fro, and ever and again turning their
anxious eyes in the direction from which help must come.

At last, when the tide was within a few inches of the ledge of rock, a
boat appeared in sight, and springing to his feet, Edgar pulled out his
handkerchief and waved it wildly.

"Take care!" cried Polly. "Don't fall! Oh, don't fall!"

"Is the boat corning for us, do you think?"

"Yes, yes," he answered excitedly. "I can see Roger in the bow, and
—yes—Uncle Martin, too! There are two fishermen rowing. Oh,
Polly, we're saved! Oh, how thankful I am!"

"Are you certain they see us?" the little girl asked, rubbing her eyes,
which were full of tears—tears of glad relief and joy now.

"Oh yes, yes! They're coming straight towards us as fast as ever

they can. It will be all right now, Polly."

Ten minutes later the children had been rescued from their
hazardous position and in little more than half an hour afterwards,
the two stalwart fishermen who plied the oars ran the boat high and
dry upon the beach at Lynn, where quite half the village had
assembled, as well as Mrs. Trent and Cousin Becky, all anxious to
be assured of the young folks' safety. Polly, on account of her injured
foot, had to be carried to the Mill House, and made the journey in her
father's arms, whilst her mother walked by her side, listening, with
breathless interest, to her account of all that had occurred. Cousin
Becky followed with the boys; and Roger explained to Edgar that he
had had some difficulty in getting a boat, and when he had at length
succeeded in his quest and had been on the point of starting, his
father, who had meanwhile returned from his drive, had come down
to the beach and been just in time to accompany him.
"Father was dreadfully frightened," Roger said, "and the fishermen
were awfully grave, for you know the tide will rise much higher yet. It
would have been all right if Polly had not hurt her foot, for she could
have climbed the cliff as well as I did, though, of course, she would
have made a fuss. It was very kind of you to stay with her, Edgar.
Don't you think so?" he asked of Cousin Becky.

"Very kind and very brave," she answered promptly. "I am sure every
one must think so."

Cousin Becky was right, for it was unanimously agreed that Edgar
was the hero of the occasion. His heart swelled with pleasure when
his uncle spoke of his pluck, and his aunt kissed him and thanked
him gratefully for his consideration for her little girl.

"I couldn't have climbed any higher," Polly declared with a shudder
as, later on, having had her ankle bathed and bandaged, she
reclined upon the sofa in the sitting-room and was waited upon by
Roger, who brought her her tea, "and Edgar wouldn't go even when I
told him to and said I'd rather he did. I'm afraid that wasn't quite true,
because I was so frightened at the thought of being alone, but I
didn't want to be selfish. Oh, Roger, do you remember that we didn't
wish him to come to Lynn? I'm sure I should have been drowned to-
day if hadn't been for him. He made me climb up to that ledge of
rock, and if I hadn't—"

"Don't talk of it any more," Roger broke in. "It was awfully fine of
Edgar to behave as he did. I'm glad I forgave him for the way he
treated me about the Calais Noble," he added, "for he's made up for
everything now."

"I shall tell him what you say," Polly returned. And she kept her word,
thereby giving her cousin the keenest pleasure he had experienced
for many a day.

The sprain to the little girl's ankle did not prove a severe one; but,
much to her dismay—for she soon tired of playing the role of an
interesting invalid—it tied her to the sofa for several days, and she
begrudged the time thus wasted indoors. Therefore, when one
evening Cousin Becky made a suggestion that she and the young
people should remain at the Mill House until the middle of
September, whilst Mr. and Mrs. Trent and Louisa returned to
Beaworthy at the date which had previously been arranged, Polly's
delight was boundless. "Jabez and Sarah Triggs will look after our
comforts," Cousin Becky said when Mrs. Trent began to demur, "and
if I want further help I can get it from the village. It seems a pity to
take the children home just at present."

"But will it not appear as though we are presuming on your friend's

good-nature?" began Mrs. Trent doubtfully; then, catching the
humorous expression in Cousin Becky's dark eyes, she paused and
looked at her inquiringly.

There was a brief silence, during which everyone gazed curiously at

the old lady, who had grown rosy red and seemed more than a little
confused.

"I can answer for my friend," she said at length. "She will not think
you in the least presumptuous."

"She must be a dear old thing!" exclaimed Polly. "I should like to see
her and tell her what I think of her."

"So should I," agreed Roger.

"I am not certain we have not all seen her," Mr. Trent said in a
deliberate tone. "I am not certain that we do not know her very well."
Then, as Cousin Becky started and looked at him quickly, he
continued: "Isn't it time for the good fairy to reveal herself? Surely
she might show herself in her true colours now?"

"Oh, Martin, you have guessed?" cried the old lady.

"I have suspected you ever since we came to the Mill House," he
replied gravely. "I have heard you spoken of in the village as the
owner of this place, and Jabez always mentioned you as though you
were his employer. I have never asked any questions; and Sarah,
being deaf, has been unable to converse with any of us, or doubtless
we should have learnt the truth from her. You are the mistress of the
Mill House, Cousin Becky, and we are really your guests; we have
no one to thank but you."

"Yes," Cousin Becky acknowledged, "that is so. My secret has been

a harmless one, and I have enjoyed keeping it. No wonder you all
look puzzled!" She laughed as she met the bewildered glances of
Mrs. Trent and the young people. "Let me explain. You took it for
granted I was poor, and I did not undeceive you, for your sympathy
was very sweet to me, and I was very lonely and sad. One may be
rich in pocket and very poor in other ways. If you had known me to
be well off, you would not have invited me to visit you or offered me a
share of your home, and I should have been the loser then. You
have known me hitherto as 'poor Cousin Becky,' but you will not love
me the less now, will you, because you know I am not poor? You will
let me keep the places in your hearts which I believe I have won;
and, because you have given to me, you will not deny me the
happiness of giving to you?"

"You are not poor," murmured Mrs. Trent in bewilderment, "and the
Mill House is yours, and we never guessed it—at least, it seems
Martin did! Oh, Cousin Becky, it appears incredible you could keep
this secret to yourself! How blind we must all have been!"

"Then it is you who are our good fairy," said Polly, putting her arms
around the old lady's neck and hugging her in a transport of affection
and delight. "Oh, how glad I am! How wonderful it all is, like a real
fairy tale, isn't it? Oh, boys, aren't you surprised? I am, and so very,
very pleased!" And she hugged her again.

"You'll let the children stay at the Mill House with me, won't you?"
Cousin Becky asked as soon as Polly would allow her to speak.
Then, as Mr. and Mrs. Trent both gave assent, she added, "I feel
sure Janie will let Edgar remain, too and when you see her, Mary, as
you will be sure to do on your return to Beaworthy, you can explain
matters to her."
"Won't she be astonished to hear Cousin Becky's not poor, Edgar?"
whispered Roger to his cousin.

"Rather," was the emphatic answer, "but I am sure she will be very
glad."

CHAPTER XXIV
CONCLUSION

EDGAR had spoken truly when he had said that his mother would be
very glad to hear that Cousin Becky was not poor; but her first
sensation on hearing the news, which she learnt from her sister-in-
law's lips, was one of the deepest humiliation. By her timely
assistance during Edgar's illness, Cousin Becky had won Mrs.
Marsh's lasting gratitude; and the mistress of the Rookery had
determined to see a great deal more of the old lady in the future, and
had meant to be very kind to her in return for kindnesses received.

"The Mill House belongs to Cousin Becky and she is really very well
off!" she cried, after Mrs. Trent had succeeded in making her
understand the disconcerting truth. "Why, I never heard anything so
extraordinary Never!"

"It appears Cousin Becky had considerable property left to her about
ten years ago by a relation of her mother's," Mrs. Trent explained.
"She never thought of mentioning that when she wrote about coming
to Beaworthy, and we all took it for granted that she was badly off.
On her arrival, she saw at once the mistake we had made; but I don't
think we have any right to blame her for keeping her true position a
secret from us. She did not deceive us; as a matter-of-fact, she
never mentioned her affairs at all."

"I always wondered why she did not tell you her exact position," Mrs.
Marsh admitted; "but, of course, she had a right to keep her
business to herself. It is very kind of her to have the children at the
Mill House, and I am pleased to let Edgar stay. By-the-by, I suppose
she will not return here?"

"It is her intention to do so. She wishes to continue living with us. I
think she has become attached to us all, and we are certainly very
fond of her."

"You were always her champions," Mrs. Marsh replied, with a

somewhat regretful sigh; "and I so feared she would prove a burden
to you! I thought it very unwise of Martin to have her here, and I was
vexed with you all for making so much of her. Ah, well, I learnt to
value Cousin Becky at her true worth when she came to us in our
trouble and nursed our boy in his sickness. You have no idea, Mary,
how good she was to him; and he confessed to her what he had
feared to confess to his father or me, all about the Calais Noble, and
—and—"

"We won't say anything more about that," Mrs. Trent interrupted
gently as her companion hesitated and looked distressed. "It was a
painful business; but Roger and Edgar are good friends now, and we
won't revert to the past. How do you think your brother is looking?"

"Capital," Mrs. Marsh answered heartily, "and as for you, Mary, you
are actually quite rosy and not nearly so painfully thin as you were a
month ago. Norfolk air has done wonders for you."

When Cousin Becky and the children returned to Beaworthy, in

September, they all brought a fund of health and good spirits as well
as the happiest memories of a pleasant holiday with them. Edgar,
who had left home wan and thin, was "as plump as a partridge and
as brown as a gypsy," so his father declared at the dinner-table on
the night of his arrival when the little boy dined with his parents and
entertained them with accounts of his doings at Lynn. They had
heard all about his experience with Polly when she had sprained her
ankle, so he did not dwell on that story but, on chancing to mention
it, his father remarked: "I was glad to hear my son did not play the
coward," and he met the gaze of his mother's eyes full of a tender,
loving light, and his heart thrilled with happiness, whilst he
determined never, if he could possibly help it, to do anything to
grieve his parents or make them ashamed of him again. That night,
ere he went to bed, he sought and found the cigarettes, which he
had secreted so many months before at the bottom of a drawer in
the set of drawers in his bedroom. Whilst at the Mill House, he had
often wondered if they would be discovered in his absence, and what
would be thought of him for having hidden them, for he had forgotten
to get rid of them before leaving home. It was a weight off his mind to
be able to destroy them now; so he tore them to pieces, which he
flung out of the window. That done, he went to bed happy, glad to be
at home once more, and grateful to his parents for having made no
reference to the past.

Within a week of the return of Cousin Becky and the young people to
Beaworthy the Grammar School reopened and work-a-day life
recommenced for Roger and Edgar; whilst Polly, much to her
satisfaction, found that she, too, was to be sent to school.

"I believe it's Cousin Becky's doing," the little girl said confidentially
to her brother. "And, do you know," she continued in her most
impressive manner, "I'm almost certain it was Cousin Becky who
used to send Sarah Glubb those postal orders when her husband
was in the hospital. I asked her about it yesterday, and she laughed
and told me not to be inquisitive, but I'm sure I'm right."

"I daresay you are," Roger replied. "How amused she must have
been to hear us discussing who Sarah's good fairy could be! It must
be nice to be rich, Polly, to be able to do people good turns like that."

"Aunt Janie said father would rue the day when he took the charge
of an old woman who never had the least claim upon him," remarked
Polly, who had recollected the exact words her aunt had used, and
had often pondered over them; "but she was wrong. She didn't know
Cousin Becky properly then or she would not have said it. Mother
says Cousin Becky has been a real blessing to us, and—"

"And I'm sure she was a blessing to Aunt Janie when Edgar was ill,"
broke in Roger eagerly.

"Yes, that was when Aunt Janie found out what Cousin Becky was
really like," nodded Polly.

Better days were coming for the Trent family; that is to say, days
when good fortune was to shine upon them once more. Shortly
before Christmas, Mr. Trent returned home one evening with the
news that the head clerk in the clay office was retiring, and Mr.
Marsh had offered him the post, which was a responsible one with a
very good salary attached to it; and early in the new year he took a
pretty house in the suburbs of the town, whither, in due course, he
removed his family. Of course, this new abode was in no wise to be
compared with the Rookery in any way, but to the Trents it seemed
quite a palatial residence after the house in Princess Street, and it
possessed a small garden which was a source of endless pleasure
to Polly, who, always a lover of flowers, took up gardening with a will,
and retained an especially sunny spot for her own cultivation.

One Saturday afternoon, in spring time, the little girl was occupied in
her favourite recreation when Mrs. Marsh's carriage drew up at the
garden gate, and Mrs. Marsh herself descended from it. Polly went
immediately to meet her, and returned her kiss cordially, for there
was a better understanding between the two than there had been
formerly.

"I'm not going to stay," Mrs. Marsh said as she slipped a small
package into her niece's hand. "Take that, my dear, and give it to
Roger, will you?"

"He's not at home, Aunt Janie," Polly replied; "but I'll give it to him
the moment he comes in."
"It's a present from his uncle and me for his birthday, to-morrow,"
Mrs. Marsh explained. "I hope he will like it. No, I can't stay to come
in, thank you. Give my love to your mother and Cousin Becky." And
she went back to her carriage and was driven away.

Naturally Polly was all impatience till her brother returned, when he
promptly opened the package, and revealed to sight a handsome
silver watch, similar to Edgar's, which he had always greatly
admired. His amazement and delight were unbounded, and he could
not understand why his aunt and uncle had remembered his birthday
this year, when they had never done so before; but his parents
rightly conjectured that Mr. and Mrs. Marsh had awaited an
opportunity to make him this present as a slight amends for the
unjust suspicion which had been entertained of him.

Roger and his cousin were the best of friends with each other now;
and if Edgar was ever tempted to turn away from the path of truth,
the thought of the Calais Noble and all the trouble it had caused
returned to his mind to warn him that deception brings nothing but
unhappiness in its train. Certainly his father was stricter with him
than he had been of old, but he was not less kind; and if his mother
was still over-indulgent, he no longer tried to take advantage of her
affection to gain his own selfish ends as he had once been in the
habit of doing.

There remains little else to be told. A few more words about Cousin
Becky and her champions, and then my story is at an end. Cousin
Becky still continues to make her home with those who so hospitably
opened their doors to her when they believed her to be as poor as
themselves and she is still the owner of the Mill House, which she
often lends to those of her acquaintances who, otherwise, would not
be able to afford holidays, and sometimes she visits it herself. She is
on excellent terms with all her relations at Beaworthy, and is always
a welcome guest at the Rookery now; but the warmest, tenderest
spot in the old lady's heart, next to that occupied by her dead
brother's children, is reserved for those who loved "poor Cousin
Becky" and proved themselves her champions without thought of
reward.

THE END

PRINTED BY

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., COLCHESTER

LONDON AND ETON

 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COUSIN
BECKY'S CHAMPIONS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no