Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

Hormonal regulation 😝 ○ Secrete estrogen

➜ Ovulation phase
Pathway of the egg ○ Day 14
○ LH peaks causing secondary
➜ The egg is released from the ovary
oocyte to burst
during ovulation, and travels through
➜ Luteal phase
the fallopian tube also called the
○ LH causes corpus luteum
oviduct. If fertilization occurs, the
to develop from follicle
fertilized egg (zygote) implants itself
○ Corpus luteum secretes
in the lining of the uterus, where it
estrogen and progesterone
will develop into an embryo and
➜ Menstrual phase
eventually a fetus.
○ Endometrium layer sheds

How many eggs does a woman

have?

Fetal development = 6 million

At birth = 1 million
Puberty = 400,000

Important terms

Menstruation
➜ Process in which blood and other
tissues are shed from the uterus
and leave the body through the
vagina
Menarche
➜ Onset of menstruation normally
occurs between ages 11-15
Menopause
➜ Normally occurs between the ages
44-45

Menstrual cycle
➜ Follicular phase
○ Days 6-13
○ Follicles grow and mature
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

➜ Stimulating the growth and

correct function of the placenta
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
➜ Promoting growth of maternal
➜ It helps regulate the levels of breast tissue (along w/
pro-pregnancy hormones, estrogen progesterone) and preparing the
and progesterone. mother for lactation.

Progesterone during 1st trimester Other hormones produced by the

➜ Increasing blood flow to the womb
placenta:
by stimulating blood vessel
growth
Human placental lactogen (HPL)
➜ Stimulating glands in the lining of
➜ Promote the growth of the mammary
the womb (endometrium) to
glands
produce nutrients
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
➜ Stimulating the endometrium to
➜ Regulate the duration of pregnancy
grow and thicken, producing
and fetal maturation.
the decidua (unique organ that
supports the attachment of the
placenta) and allowing for the
implantation of the embryo
➜ Helps to establish the placenta

Progesterone during 2nd trimester

➜ Important for correct fetal
development
➜ Preventing the muscles of the
womb to contract until labor
starts
➜ Preventing lactation until after
pregnancy
➜ Strengthening the muscles of
the pelvic wall in preparation for
labor

Estrogen during pregnancy

➜ Maintaining, controlling and
stimulating the production of
other pregnancy hormones
➜ Ensuring the correct
development of many fetal
organs
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

Dogma 😝 lawwllll Types of nucleic acids

Protein synthesis 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
➜ Process of making proteins, the
“executor” of cell life activities
➜ Proteins are made up of amino acids

Difference of purine and pyrimidine

Central dogma of molecular biology ➜ PURINE
➜ Describes the flow of genetic ○ Heterocyclic aromatic
information in cells from DNA to the organic compound,
messenger rna (mRNA) to protein consisting of a pyrimidine
ring fused to an imidazole
ring

➜ PYRIMIDINE
○ Heterocyclic aromatic
organic compound,
containing two nitrogen
atoms at positions 1 and 3 of
the six-member ring
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

➜ tRNA (transfer RNA)

○ Transfer amino acids during
protein synthesis
○ Ribosome

Step 1: DNA Replication

DNA Replication
➜ Happens inside the NUCLEUS
➜ Enzymes: molecules that speed up
the rate of chemical reactions
○ Helicase: unzipping
enzymes
○ Primase: the initializer
○ DNA polymerase: the
builder
○ Ligase: the gluer
➜ The DNA molecules separate into
two complementary strands.
➜ DNA replication happens in the S
phase of cell division.

Three types of RNA

➜ mRNA (messenger RNA)
○ Carries genetic codes from
DNA (nucleus) to ribosomes
○ Nucleus & cytoplasm
➜ rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
○ 80% of total RNA in the
body; found in the ribosomes
○ Cytoplasm
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

DNA primase
➜ Synthesizes short RNA sequences
called primers
RNA primer
➜ Short nucleic acid sequence that
provides a starting point for DNA
synthesis

DNA Replication
➜ Enzymes known as DNA
polymerases are responsible for
creating the new strand by a process
called elongation.
➜ DNA polymerase then adds pieces
of DNA, called okazaki fragments,
to the strand between primers

➜ An enzyme called exonuclease

removes all RNA primers from the
original strands.
➜ Another enzyme called DNA ligase
joins okazaki fragments together
forming a single unified strand.

PARTS
Topoisomerase
➜ Relaxes the supercoiled DNA &
removes the helical twist of DNA
Helicase
➜ Holds the single strand of DNA
and prevents rewinding of the
strands
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

The following are features of RNA processing

replication:
➜ 5’cap and poly-A-tail
1. Semiconservative: the resulting ➜ Pre mRNA
DNA consists of one old and one
new strand
2. Base pairing is maintained:
adenine pairs with thymine,
guanine pairs with cytosine.
Step 3: DNA Translation
Step 2: DNA Transcription DNA Translation
DNA Transcription ➜ Occurs in the ribosome (cytoplasm)
➜ Process in which a gene’s DNA ➜ Basic components are the types of
sequence is copied (transcribed) to RNA produces in the transcription
make an RNA molecule and some proteins and enzymes
➜ In prokaryotes, it occurs in the
cytoplasm.
➜ In eukaryotes, it occurs in the
nucleus.

RNA polymerase
➜ Binds to DNA, separating the DNA
strands. Uses only one strand of
DNA as a template to create a
strand of mRNA. Binds at specific
sequences in the DNA nucleotides
called promoters.
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

Genetic Code Chart Gene mutation

➜ The language of instruction in the Point mutation
mRNA is called genetic code. It is
read using a combination of only 3 ➜ Where a single nucleotide base is
letters at a time. changed, inserted or deleted from a
➜ CODON: the 3 letter combination in sequence of DNA or RNA.
the mRNA
➜ 64 CODONS or amino acids

➜ Silent mutation
○ Mutations in DNA that do
not have an observable
effect.
STOP Codons: ○ May naiba sa CODON but
UAA UAG UGA

😝
same protein parin nilabas
➜ Nonsense mutation
Mutation ○ Prematurely signals the cell
Mutation to stop building a protein
○ The protein produced is a
➜ A change that occurs in our DNA
sequence, either due to mistakes in STOP CODON
replication (natural) or as the result ➜ Missense mutation
of environmental factors such as ○ Change in DNA base pair that
UV light (not natural) results in different amino
acid produced
○ Ibang protein ang nagawa so
iba rin ang effect
Examples of disorders caused by
point mutations:

Sickle cell anemia

➜ Misshapen red blood cells
Hemophilia
➜ A diagram of normal chromosomes
➜ Trouble in blood clotting
of a person.
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

Huntington’s disease Examples of disorders caused by

➜ Caused by HTT gene, production frameshift mutations:
of abnormal huntingtin protein,
causes death of nerve cells in Cystic fibrosis
brain ➜ Caused by mutations in the CFTR
(cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator) gene. A
Frameshift mutation deletion of three nucleotides,
specifically phenylalanine at
➜ Occurs when the addition or loss of
position 508
DNA bases changes a gene’s reading
frame.
➜ A reading frame consists of groups
of 3 bases. Chromosome mutation
➜ The resulting protein is usually
nonfunctional Deletion
➜ One or more nucleotides are lost or
➜ Deletion deleted from the chromosome
○ Changes the number of DNA
bases by removing a piece of
DNA
○ May remove a few base
pairs, while also can remove
an entire gene
○ Deleted dna may alter the
function of the resulting Duplication
proteins
➜ Multiple copies of a portion of
➜ Insertion/addition
genetic material of a chromosome
○ Adding a piece of DNA
○ The protein made by the
gene may not function
properly.
Hormonal regulation, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, & Mutation

Inversion
➜ The breaks in the chromosome
results in the rotation by 180
degrees of the region

Turner syndrome
➜ Affects females, absence of one of
the two X chromosomes

Translocation
➜ A portion of a chromosome is
relocated, or becomes incorporated
into a different chromosome

Klinefelter syndrome
➜ Affects males, caused by an extra
X chromosome

Disorders caused by chromosome

mutations:

Down syndrome
➜ Also known as trisomy 21, caused
by an extra copy of chromosome
21.

Yayyyythabkz you 😋