DEP50063

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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 CLO
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

CLO1 :
investigate the principle of wireless in implementing the concept and
system of wireless communication using appropriate technique and
designated formula
( C4 , PLO 4 )

CLO2 :
assemble the related wireless communication equipments
systematically in performing the assigned practical work
( P4 , PLO 5 )

CLO3 :
express the awareness of wireless technology in environment and
sustainability on assigned essay questions
( A3 , PLO 7 )

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

5.0 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

5.1 Understand multiple access techniques in

cellular communication
5.2 Understand Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (TDD) in multiple access
5.3 Understand Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
5.4 Investigate spread spectrum techniques in CDMA
5.5 Understand Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA)
5.6 Investigate the principle of orthogonally in OFDMA

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WEEK 13
Lesson Learning Outcomes (LLO)

End of this session, the students should able to;

1. Understand Multiple Access Technique in
cellular communication.
2. Understand FDD and TDD in TDMA.

Duration of Presentation : 2 hours

Total of Slides : 28

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 Multiple access in wireless
communication.

Multiple Access
Technique enables
many subscribers from
widely different locations
or local stations share
the use of a
communication channel
at the same time in
transmitting information.

5
 Objectives of multiple access.

 Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously radio

spectrum- many users at same time can access the channel
 Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between a
number of transmitters at different locations.
 Users/Earth Stations Share the Transmission Resource i.e.
Radio Spectrum - Aim is to develop Efficient Techniques that
Maximize System Capacity thru Dynamic Resource
Allocation and Spectrum Reuse to share a finite amount of
radio spectrum
 High performance is achieved with it because many users
are simultaneously using the channel enabling optimization
of channel bandwidth

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Types of Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA (Frequency TDMA (Time

Division Multiple Division Multiple
Access) Access)
1G 2G

OFDMA
CDMA (Code
(Orthogonal
Division Multiple
Frequency Division
Access)
Multiple Access)
3G
4G

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Types of Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA (Frequency • a technique that divide a band of radio

Division Multiple frequencies into several frequencies band
Access) • Each user is assigned a separate frequency range

• a technique where two or more channels of information

are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different
TDMA (Time Division time interval (slot) for the transmission of each channel
Multiple Access) • the channels take turns to use the link.
• Multiple users share the allocated frequency bands, and
each user use an allocated time.

• a technique that allows for a large amount of users to

share access to a single radio channel which is separated
CDMA (Code Division by means of code
Multiple Access) • The bandwidth used by all users simultaneously, which is
separated by means of code.

• a technique that assigning subsets of subcarriers to

OFDMA (Orthogonal individual users.
Frequency Division • The bandwidth is divided to the different users as needed.
Multiple Access)
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 TYPES OF DUPLEXING

Duplex systems

FDD
TDD
(Frequency Division
(Time Division Duplex)
Duplex)

Two distinct band These bands are Time is used to separate forward
of frequencies for separated by a and reverse channels
each user; guard band

DOWNLINK Almost continuous transmission is

possible since time split between
(Forward Channel -from channels are very small.
Base Station to Mobile)

UPLINK
(Reverse Channel -from
Mobile to Base Station).

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DUPLEXING

Forward
Frequency Band
Domain Reverse
Band
Duplexing
Forward
Time Time Slot
Domain Reverse
Time Slot
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 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

 two bands of frequencies for every user

 forward band
 reverse band
 duplexer needed
 frequency separation between forward band
and reverse band is constant

reverse channel forward channel

f
frequency separation
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 Duplexing - FDD
 Consists of two simplex channel F
M
with different carrier frequencies B
Base R Mobile
Station Station

Reverse Forward
Channel Channel

fc,R fc,,F frequency

Frequency separation

• Frequency separation should be carefully decided

• Frequency separation is constant

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Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

 uses time for forward and reverse link

 multiple users share a single radio channel
 forward time slot
 reverse time slot
 no duplexer is required

reverse channel forward channel

ft
time separation

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 Duplexing - TDD
 A single radio channel (carrier frequency) is
shared in time in a deterministic manner.
B M
 The time is slotted with fixed slot length
(sec) Base Mobile
 Some slots are used for forward channel Station Station
 Some slots are used for reverse channel
 no duplexer is required

Slot number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …
channel F R F R F R F R ….

Reverse Forward
Channel Channel

Ti Ti+1 time

Time separation 14
FDMA

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 FDMA
 FDMA is common in the first generation
of mobile communication systems
(analogue systems).
 The radio spectrum is divided into
narrowband (~30 kHz)frequency
channels.
 Each user is allocated a unique
channel.
 FDMA channel carries only one
connection at a time: if the channel is
not used, because the mobile does not
have any data to send or receive, the
capacity is lost (note : this is also the
case with TDMA).

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FDMA

Frequency • Single channel per carrier

• All first generation systems
User n use FDMA
• Disjoint sub-bands of
frequencies (frequency band)
…

are allocated to the different

User 2 users on a continuous-time
Guard Band basis.
User 1
Time

 To reduce interference between users, guard-bands are used.

 These guard bands are necessary to relax filtering requirements

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 American Mobile Phone
System (AMPS)
 Total Bandwidth 25 MHz
 Each Channel 30 KHz

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 FDMA – features of FDMA

 In FDMA, Individual frequencies are B

assigned to individual users.
 Each user is allocated a frequency
band (channel) at a time.
 During this time, no other user can f1,F f2,F fN,F
share the channel.
 Base station allocates channels to the
users. f1,R f2,R fN,R
 Although technically simple to
implement, FDMA is wasteful of M M … M
Bandwidth.

• Channel is assigned to a single conversation whether or not

somebody is speaking
• It cannot handle alternate forms of data, only voice is
permissible
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FDMA/FDD

f 1’ f1
MS #1

f 2’ f2
MS #2
…

…
…

fn’ fn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)

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FDMA/FDD
o Bandwidth of FDMA channels are relatively low (30kHz).

Guard Band Wg Sub Band Wc

1 2 3 4 … N Frequency

Total Bandwidth W=NWc

f1’ f2’ fn’ f1 f2 fn

… …

Reverse channels Forward channels

Protecting bandwidth
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22
TDMA

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TDMA
o Multiple channels per carrier
o The radio spectrum is divided into Frequency
time frames that are divided into Guard Time
time slots
o Each user is allocated a short
duration of time called a time slot

User 1

User 2

User n
o Buffer zones in the form of guard …
times are inserted between the
assigned time slots to separates
the users or to reduce
Time
interference between users.
• TDMA systems divide each
FDMA channel into time slots
• Each user occupies a
cyclically repeating time slot.
• TDMA can allow different
number of time slots for
separate user 24
 GSM
 Time slot 0.577 ms
 Frame 4.6 ms
 8 time slots per frame
 Frequency band 200 KHz

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TDMA OPERATION

One TDMA Frame

Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 --------- Slot N

Trail bits Sync. bits Information Data Guard Bits

 Preamble  Address and synchronization information for base station and

subscriber identification

 Guard times  Synchronization of receivers between different slots and frames

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TDMA OPERATION

• Base station broadcasts to

mobiles on each slot
• A mobile transmits to the
base station in its allocated
slot 27
TDMA/FDD

Frequency f ’ Slot Frequency f

… … … … … …
#1
#1

#1
#1
MS #1 t t
… … … … … …
#2

#2

#2

#2
MS #2 t t
…

… … … … … …

#n
#n
#n

#n

MS #n t t

Frame Frame Frame Frame BS

Reverse channels Forward channels

(Uplink) (Downlink) 28
TDMA/FDD

Channels in TDMA/FDD

f
Frame Frame Frame

… … …
#1

#2

#1

#2
#n

#1

#2

#n

#n
t

(a). Forward channel

f’ Frame Frame Frame

… … …
#1

#2

#1

#2
#n

#1

#2

#n

#n
t
(b). Reverse channel
• Uplink and downlink will separate frames in different carrier
frequencies.
• Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink
frequencies.
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TDMA/TDD

Channels in TDMA/TDD
Frame Frame

… … … …
#1
#2

#1
#2
#n
#n
#1
#2

#n
#1
#2

#n
Time
Forward Reverse Forward Reverse
channel channel channel channel

Half of timeslots in the frame will corresponds uplink and other

half downlink within same carrier.

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TDMA/TDD

Example: TDMA/TDD - DECT

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32
WEEK 14
Lesson Learning Outcomes (LLO)

End of this session, the students should able to;

1. Understand CDMA.
o Spread Spectrum Techniques in
CDMA.
2. Understand OFDMA.
o The Principle of Orthogonally in
OFDMA.
Duration of Presentation : 2 hours
Total of Slides : 31 33
CDMA
 Code division multiple access
(CDMA)
 Also known as Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access (SSMA)
 No restriction on time and
frequency
 All the user can transmit at all
time and at all frequency
 Multiple users can share the
same carrier at the same time at
the same bandwidth
simultaneously with each user
using code sequences
(spreading code) that are
orthogonal to each other
 Spread the input data over the entire
bandwidth
 Power density reduced and spread
over the frequency spectrum 35
 CDMA

Channel BW

o IS-95 >> Each carrier 1.25 MHz

o WCDMA >> Each carrier 5MHz

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 CDMA
Frequency f ’ Frequency f

MS #1 C1 ’ C1

MS #2 C2 ’ C2
…

…
…

Cn ’ Cn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)

Note: Ci’ x Cj’ = 0, i.e., Ci’ and Cj’ are orthogonal codes,
Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes
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38
CDMA Principle

 Each user is assigned a unique code sequence

(spreading code)
 The various codes are orthogonal (perpendicular)
to each other (code1.code2 = 0)
 The data signal is encoded using this code
 All encoded signals share the same frequency
band and therefore interfere
 Receiver know the sender’s code & capable to
decode the signal and recover data

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 Spread Spectrum techniques in CDMA

Transmitter Receiver

Spreading Despread

Digital Spreading Digital

signal s(t) signal m(t) signal s(t)

Power Power
Code Code
c(t) c(t)
Power

f
f

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 CDMA Principle
Represent bit 1 with +1
Represent bit 0 with -1
One bit period (symbol period)

1 1
Data
0

PN-Code 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
(codeword)

Coded
Signal

Chip period
Input to the modulator (phase modulation)
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 CDMA

 Spreading code is a pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise-PN)

periodic sequence, each bit in the spreading sequences is called
a chip.

 Interference from other users is suppressed because of

orthogonally of spreading code each user uses.

 Multiplying the data by the high data rate PN code results in

dividing the signal into smaller bits, thus, increasing its BW.

 The data stream can be recreated in the receiver by multiplying

by the same spreading code or known as despreading process.

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43
 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES WITH
WIRELESS COMMUNCATION STANDARD
Multiple Access Technique in different wireless communication system;

Cellular System Multiple Access

Technique
Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) FDMA/FDD
Global System for Mobile (GSM) TDMA/FDD
U.S. Digital Cellular i.e USDC (IS-54 and IS-136) TDMA/FDD
Japanese Digital Cellular (PDC) TDMA/FDD
CT2 Cordless Telephone FDMA/TDD
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) FDMA/TDD
U.S. Narrowband Spread Spectrum (IS-95) CDMA/FDD
W-CDMA CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
CDMA2000 CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
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 ANALOGY OF MULTIPLE ACCESS IN
A ROOM (CHANNEL)
 The people in the room wish to talk to each other
simultaneously.
 To avoid confusion, people take turns speaking (time
division), speak at different pitches (frequency division)
or speak in different languages (code division).
 CDMA is analogous to the last example where people
speaking the same language can understand each
other but other languages are perceived as noise and
rejected.
 In radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared
code.
 Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users
associated with a particular code can communicate.

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• Understand Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA)
- Explain Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as modulation
technique in OFDMA
- Visualize OFDMA scheme
• Investigate the principle of orthogonally in
OFDMA
- Illustrate the subsets of subcarriers to
individual users
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OFDMA

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 OFDM vs OFDMA
OFDM OFDMA

 All carriers are transmitted  Divides the carrier space into

in parallel many groups
 Only one user is supported  Many users can be
at the same time supported at the same time

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 OFDM vs OFDMA
 Like OFDM, OFDMA employs multiple closely spaced sub-
carriers, but the subcarriers are divided into groups of sub-
carriers. Each group is named a subchannel.
 Each OFDMA user transmits symbols using subcarriers that
remain orthogonal to those of other users.
 The sub-carriers that form a sub-channel need not be
adjacent

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 CONCEPT OF OFDMA

 OFDMA is essentially a
hybrid of FDMA and
TDMA. (OFDMA =
OFDM + FDMA
+TDMA)
 Users are dynamically
assigned subcarriers
(FDMA) in different
time slots (TDMA).
 OFDMA is a flexible multiple access technique that
can accommodate many users with widely varying
applications, data rates and QoS requirements. 50
 OFDMA

Every user transmits Every user allocates Every user transmits on

on a certain all subcarriers in a all OFDM subcarriers
number of OFDM certain number of during all OFDM
subcarriers during time slots (OFDM symbols of an OFDM
all time slots of the symbols) in modulation block
OFDM modulation each OFDM using an orthogonal
block modulation block code

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 OFDM & OFDMA
 OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 4th generation system
 The LTE radio interface is based on:
• OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) and
• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in DL
• SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in UL
 These techniques are well suited for flexible bandwidth
operation.
 This enables operators to deploy LTE in different regions with
different frequency bands and bandwidths available
 Used as a multi-access scheme
 sub-carriers divided into several groups of sub-carriers called sub-channels.
 Different sub-channels allocated for different users as a multiple access
mechanism.
 Multi access scheme known as Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA).
 OFDMA - multi-user version of the OFDM digital modulation scheme.

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 OFDMA

 The IEEE 802.16e/ WiMax use OFDMA as Multiple

access technique
 Bandwidth options 1.25, 5, 10, or 20 MHz
 Entire bandwidth divided into 128, 512, 1024 or
2048 sub carriers
 20 MHz bandwidth with 2048 sub carriers has
9.8 KHz spacing between sub carriers

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 OFDM is a form of transmission that uses a large number of closely spaced carriers that
are modulated with low rate data.
 Divides given channel into many narrower subcarriers.
 The spacing is such that the subcarriers are orthogonal, so they won’t interfere
with one another despite the lack of guard bands between them.

 This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol
period. This means that when the signals are demodulated they will have a whole
number of cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum to zero - in other
words there is no interference contribution.

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 Subcarrier spacing creates "nulls" canceling out Inter-Carrier Interference
(ICI) without the need for guard bands or expensive bandpass filters
 Divides given channel into many narrower subcarriers.
 The spacing is such that the subcarriers are orthogonal, so they won’t
interfere with one another despite the lack of guard bands between them.
 This comes about by having the subcarrier spacing equal to the reciprocal
of symbol time.
 All subcarriers have a complete number of sine wave cycles that upon
demodulation will sum to zero.
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FDMA

OFDMA

OFDMA
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 OFDMA
 Lets we have following information bits
 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, …
 Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits

C1 C2 C3 C4

1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 1 1

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 Example OFDMA
Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using BPSK

Modulated signal for C1, 1Hz Modulated signal for C2, 2Hz

Modulated signal for C3, 3Hz Modulated signal for C4, 4Hz

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Generated OFDM signal, V(t)
 COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
Techniques FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
Concept Divide the Divide the time Spread the signal divided into many
frequency into with orthogonal low-symbol-rate
band into disjoint non-overlapping codes sub-channels
subbands time slots
Active terminals All terminals Terminals are All terminals All terminals
active active active active
on their specified in their specified on same on their specified
frequencies slot frequency frequencies and
on same time slots.
frequency
Signal separation Filtering in Synchronization in Code separation Synchronization
frequency time using pilot
(at receiver)
Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff Soft handoff

Current Radio, TV and GSM and PDC WCDMA, WiMax

applications analog cellular CDMA2000, IS95

Generation 1G 2G 2G and 3G 4G

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COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES

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 REFERENCES
1. Iti Saha Misra (2015). Wireless Communications and Networks: 3G and Beyond. Tata
McGraw Hill.

2. Martin Sauter (2014). From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and
Mobile Broadband. Wiley Publication.

3. David Tse, Pramod Viswanath. (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.

Cambridge University Press.( ISBN: 0521845270)

4. Ian Poole (2006) . Cellular Communication Explained: From Basics to 3G. Newnes .
(ISBN: 9780750664356)

5. Paul Bedell. (2005). Wireless Crash Course. McGraw-Hill.

(ISBN : 9780071452809)

6. William C. Y. Lee (2006). Wireless & Cellular Telecommunications (3rd Ed.).

McGraw-Hill (ISBN : 0071436863)

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