GRAPHS

LastBenchPharmacist.blogspot.
com
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GRAPHS
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LastBenchPharmacist.blogspot.com
Pie Chart
• A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic,

which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion
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• In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently
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its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it
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represents
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• While it is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been
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sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented
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• The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William

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Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801
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Pie Chart
• Pie charts are very widely used in the business world
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and the mass media
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• many experts recommend avoiding them as research
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has shown it is difficult to compare different sections
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of a given pie chart, or to compare data across
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different pie charts ha
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• Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other

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plots such as the bar chart, box plot, dot plot, etc
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History
• The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William

Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801
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• Playfair presented an illustration, which contained a series of
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pie charts
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• One of those charts depicted the proportions of the Turkish
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Empire located in Asia, Europe and Africa before 1789
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• This invention was not widely used at first
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• Playfair thought that pie charts were in need of a third

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dimension to add additional information
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Pie charts from William Playfair's "Statistical Breviary", 1801
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History
• Florence Nightingale assumed to have created it due to the

obscurity of Playfair's creation
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• Nightingale's polar area diagram equivalent to a modern
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circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient
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mortality in the military field hospital she managed
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• It was published in Notes on Matters Affecting the Health,
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Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army and
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sent to Queen Victoria in 1858

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• The French engineer Charles Joseph A map of his from 1858

used pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around
France for consumption in Paris
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Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by

Florence Nightingale
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Variants and similar charts
• 3D pie chart and perspective pie cake

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Doughnut chart
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• Exploded pie chart
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Polar area diagram
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• Ring chart, sunburst chart, and multilevel pie chart
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• Spie chart ha
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Square chart / Waffle chart

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3D Pie Chart and Perspective Pie Cake
• A 3d pie chart, or perspective pie chart, is used to give the

chart a 3D look
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• Often used for aesthetic reasons, the third dimension does
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not improve the reading of the data
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• These plots are difficult to interpret because of the distorted
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effect of perspective associated with the third dimension
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• The use of superfluous dimensions not used to display the
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data of interest is discouraged for charts in general, not only

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for pie charts
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Exploded Pie Chart
• Exploded pie chart for data with the largest party
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group exploded
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• A chart with one or more sectors separated from the
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rest of the disk is known as an exploded pie chart
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• This effect is used to either highlight a sector, or to
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highlight smaller segments of the chart with small
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proportions
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Polar Area Diagram
• "Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by
Florence Nightingale
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• The polar area diagram is similar to a usual pie chart, except
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sectors have equal angles and differ rather in how far each
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sector extends from the center of the circle
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• The polar area diagram is used to plot cyclic phenomena (e.g.,
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counts of deaths by month)
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• For example, if the counts of deaths in each month for a year
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are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per

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month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each
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Polar Area Diagram
• The radius of each sector would be proportional to the square
root of the death count for the month, so the area of a sector
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represents the number of deaths in a month
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• If the death count in each month is subdivided by cause of
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death, it is possible to make multiple comparisons on one
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diagram, as is seen in the polar area diagram famously
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developed by Florence Nightingale
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Ring chart, sunburst chart, and
multilevel pie chart
• Multi-level pie chart representing disk usage in a Linux file
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system
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• A ring chart, also known as a sunburst chart or a multilevel pie
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chart, is used to visualize hierarchical data, depicted by
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concentric circles.
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• The circle in the center represents the root node, with the
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hierarchy moving outward from the center.

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• A segment of the inner circle bears a hierarchical relationship

to those segments of the outer circle which lie within the
angular sweep of the parent segment.
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Multilevel Pie Chart
• Illustration of the concept using survival data for the people

on board the RMS Titanic which sank in 1912
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• The information starting from includes a record for each
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person on board, their gender (Male, Female), class (First,
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Second, Third, Crew), age (Adult, Child), and whether they
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survived (Yes,No)
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• The inner circle shows exactly the

same pie chart we started with
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giving the proportions for
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Passenger Class
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• The second ring out from the
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center gives the data
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• The angular region representing

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crew is in yellow and is

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subdivided into Crew-Male and

Crew-Female regions based on
the gender proportion for all
crew members
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• The idea can be
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extended to as many
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levels as desired
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• The
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figure below
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illustrates this and also
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shows one potential
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problem for this type of

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layout - many of the

'slices' will be thin and
difficult to clearly label
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Spie Chart
• A variant of the polar area chart is the spie chart designed by

Dror Feitelson
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• This superimposes a normal pie chart with a modified polar
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area chart to permit the comparison of two sets of related
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data
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• The base pie chart represents the first data set in the usual
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way, with different slice sizes
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• The second set is represented by the superimposed polar area

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chart, using the same angles as the base, and adjusting the
radii to fit the data
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Spie Chart
• For example, the base pie chart

could show the distribution of age
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and gender groups in a population,
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• The overlay their representation
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among road casualties.
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• Age and gender groups that are
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especially susceptible to being
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involved in accidents then stand

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out as slices that extend beyond

the original pie chart
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• Square pie chart (Waffle chart), showing how smaller
percentages are more easily shown than on circular charts. On
the 10x10 grid, each cell represents 1%
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• Square charts, also called Waffle Charts, are a form of pie
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charts that use squares instead of circles to represent
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percentages.
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• Similar to basic circular pie charts, square pie charts take each
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percentage out of a total 100%.
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• They are usually 10x10 grids, where each cell represents 1%.
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Despite the name, circles, pictograms (such as of people), and

other shapes may be used instead of squares.
• The benefit to these is that it is easier to depict smaller
percentages that would be hard to see on traditional pie
charts 20
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Effectiveness
• A flaw exhibited by pie charts is that they cannot show more

than a few values without separating the visual encoding (the
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“slices”) from the data they represent (typically percentages).
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• When slices become too small, pie charts have to rely on
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colors, textures or arrows so the reader can understand them.
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• This makes them unsuitable for use with larger amounts of
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data.
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• Pie charts also take up a larger amount of space on the page

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compared to the more flexible bar charts, which do not need

to have separate legends, and can display other values such as
averages or targets at the same time
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Effectiveness
• Statisticians generally regard pie charts as a poor method of

displaying information, and they are uncommon in scientific
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literature.
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• One reason is that it is more difficult for comparisons to be
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made between the size of items in a chart when area is used
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instead of length and when different items are shown as
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different shapes.
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• Three sets of percentages, plotted as both piecharts and

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barcharts. Comparing the data on barcharts is generally easier.
23

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LastBenchPharmacist.blogspot.

• A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic,

• The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William

Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801

• Pie charts are very widely used in the business world

• Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other

• The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William

• Playfair thought that pie charts were in need of a third

dimension to add additional information

Pie charts from William Playfair's "Statistical Breviary", 1801

• Florence Nightingale assumed to have created it due to the

sent to Queen Victoria in 1858

• The French engineer Charles Joseph A map of his from 1858

Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by

• 3D pie chart and perspective pie cake

Square chart / Waffle chart

• A 3d pie chart, or perspective pie chart, is used to give the

data of interest is discouraged for charts in general, not only

for pie charts

• Exploded pie chart for data with the largest party

are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per

month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each

hierarchy moving outward from the center.

• A segment of the inner circle bears a hierarchical relationship

• Illustration of the concept using survival data for the people

• The inner circle shows exactly the

• The angular region representing

crew is in yellow and is

subdivided into Crew-Male and

problem for this type of

layout - many of the

• A variant of the polar area chart is the spie chart designed by

• The second set is represented by the superimposed polar area

• For example, the base pie chart

involved in accidents then stand

out as slices that extend beyond

Despite the name, circles, pictograms (such as of people), and

• A flaw exhibited by pie charts is that they cannot show more

• Pie charts also take up a larger amount of space on the page

compared to the more flexible bar charts, which do not need

• Statisticians generally regard pie charts as a poor method of

• Three sets of percentages, plotted as both piecharts and

barcharts. Comparing the data on barcharts is generally easier.

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