foFind the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/uwniversal indieater:

) Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCI) (6) Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
i) Dilute ethanoic acid (CH,COOH) solution (d) Lemon jutee NHOH- Ammonm moroxide)
(e) Water (Diluto hydrogen-earborate tNaHCOJ sotution.
MATERIALS REQUIRE) aiwte Nao ouh on.
Test tubes, test tube stand, droppers or glass rod, pH paper/niveeel indieetor, standard colour chart, glazed
white tile and samples of dil. HCI, dil. NaOH, dil. ethanoic acid (acetic acid/vinegar), temor juice, distilled
water and dil. sodium carbonate solution. NHuO
PHEORY
1 DH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
The hvdrogen ion concentration (H)for an acidic solution is always greater than 10 molL and its
DH is, therefore, always less than 7.
&The hydrogen ion concentration of a basic solution is always less than 10 mol L and, therefore, its
pH is always greater than 7.
4. The hydrogen ion concentration of a neutral solution is 10 mol L' and, therefore, its pH is 7.
% The pH of a solution can be measured by using a pH paper, universal indicator or pH meter.
PROCEDURE
1. Take the given solutions in separate test tubes marked as A, B, C, D, E and F and keep them in the
test tube stand.

A B

Dropper Stip-of phpeper

Test
pH paper tube
Glazed tile stand
Hydro- Sodium Ethanoic Lemon Distilled Sodium
acid juice water bicarbonate
chloric hydroxide
omalations
iucing pH paper on glazed tile or taatina acid

2. Take six strips of pH paper and place them on a glazed white tile.
on the pH paper.
8. Using a dropper or a glass rod, place a drop of the test solution paper.
compare it with the colour chart of the p
4. Note the colour developed on the pH paper and
8. Record the pH value corresponding to the colour.
experiment with the remaining test samples
6. Similarly, using a fresh dropper each time, perform the
using a fresh strip of pi paper.
the table below.
? Record your observations as indicated in with the
For using universal indicator, add a few drops of universal indicator to each of the test tubes
test solutions.
compare it with colour on the indicator bottle.
t8. Note the colour of each solution and
10. Record your observations.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Colour Produced Approximate
Inference
S.No. Sample Solution Universal Indicator pH
On pH Paper
Acidic
Dil. Hydrochloric acid Basic
B Dil. Sodium hydroxide

Experiments 15
 Acidic
Dil. Ethanoic acid Acidic
D Lemon juice Neutral
E Water
Basic
F Dil. Sodium
bicarbonate
RESULT
1. The pH of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid andtemon jutce is less than 7 and unererore,
they are acidic in nature.
therefore,
2. The pH of dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate is more than 7 and
these solutions are basic in nature.
3. The pH of water is 7 and therefore, it is neutral in nature.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Mark the test tubes carefully.
E. Use distilled water for preparing solutions.
S. Use only standard colour charts supplied with the pH paper for assessing the pH value.
4. Do not touch the pH paper with unclean and wet hands.
5. Keep the pH paper away fromn chemical fumes.
6. Do not touch or taste the solutions.
7. Clean the glass rod/dropper properly before reusing.
8. Do not waste pH paper.

TINLND A C N T T I N T
 (6) In the above identifying solution, the pH
value of which solution is greater than 7.
A student was given four unknown colourless
sample labelled A, B, C and D and asked to
test their pH using pH paper. He observed that
colour of pH paper turned to light green, dark
red, light orange and dark blue with sample A,
B, C and Drespectively.
(a) Write the correct sequence of increasing order
of the pH value for the given sample.
(6) Which indicator is coated on pi paper?
3. On putting a few drops of an unknown liquid on
pH paper strip as shown here. The colour of pH
strip changed to violet.
(a) Name the liquid taken.
(b) What is universal indicator?
Unknown liquid
pH strip
violet colour
4. On adding a few drops of universal indicator to
three unknown colourless solutions (P), (Q) and
(R) taken separately in three test tubes shown
in the following diagram, a student observed the
changes in colour as green in (P), red in (Q) and
violet in (R).
(P) (Q) (R)
Green Red Violet
(a) Write the decreasing order of their pH.
(6) In which of the test tube solution is acidic
in nature?
5. A solution X gives orange colour when a drop of
universal indicator is added to it. On the other
hand, another solution Y gives bluish-green
colour when adrop of universal indicator is added
to it.
What are the types of solution X and Y and
what type of pH would they have?
6. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while acetic
acid is a weak acid. Why?
7. How can the pH of a solution be determined?
8. What is an acid-base indicator? Give any two
examples of synthetic indicators.
9. Five solutions P, Q, R, S and T when tested with
universal indicator showed pH of 13, 8, 1, 7 and
5 respectively.
(a) Which solution is (i) strongly alkaline
(ü) weakly acidic?
(6) Arrange the pH in the increasing order of
hydrogen ion concentration.
What is litmus solution? What is its colour in
(a) neutral (b) acidic and (c) basic solutions?
 ANSWER KEY
Short Answer Questions
Q
tube A contains base as it turns red
1.
(a)TTest
litmus blue.
Test tube B contains acid as it turn blue
litmus into red.
Solution A, pH >7, as basic in nature.
(a) B< C<A< D
(b)Universal indicator
s. (a) Dilute sodium hydroxide
(b) Universal indicator is a homogeneous mixture
of many common indicators.
A. (a)R is violet, basic i.e. higher pH.
Pis green, neutral i.e. pH =7
Q is red, acidic, i.e. pH < 7
..R> P> Q
(6)Solution R is acidic in nature.
5. pH is a number which indicates acidic or basic
nature of a solution.
Solution X is acidic in nature, i.e. pH <7.
Solution Y is basic in nature, i.e., phH> 7.
6. The strength of acids depends on the number
of H* ions produced in them. Acids which on
dissolving in water give rise to more H* ions
are called strong acids and acids which give
less H ions are called weak acids. In aqueous
solution, hydrochloric acid ionises completely to
give more H ions and therefore, hydrochloric
acid is a strong acid. In aqueous solution, acetic
acid ionises partially to give less H" ions and
therefore, it is a weak acid.
7. pH of a solution can be determined by two
methods:
(i) By using universal indicator: To measure
the pH of a solution, a paper strip impregnated
with universal indicator called pH paper can
be used.
(iü) By using pH meter: With the help of pH
meter, pH of a solution can be measured
accurately.
8. A substance that indicates the acidity or basicity
fasolution through characteristic colour changes
is called acid-base indicator.
Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are the two
examples of synthetic indicato
9. (a) (i) Solution- P (ii) Solution- T
(6) The solution with highest pH (13) will have
minimum hydrogen ion concentration whereas
solution having the least pH (1) will have
maximum hydrogen ion concentration. So, we
can arrange the given solutions in inereasing
order of their hydrogen ion concentrations as
follows:
T R
P
(pH 13) (pH 8) (pH 7) (pH 5) (pH 1)
Increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration
10. )Litmus solution is a purple coloured dye which is
extracted from ichen. It is most commonly used
indicator in the laboratory.
(a) In neutral litmus solution has purple colour.
(b) In acidic litmus solution, it turns red whereas
(c) In basic litmus solution, it turns blue.