WORLD HISTORY REVIEWER
Dahilan para
MIDDLE AGE
•Following the fall of the roman empire.
ISLAMIC EMPIRE
•Begun by prophet Muhammad (founder of
islam)
•Abu bakr (successor of Muhammad ruler of
rashidun caliphate)
VIKINGS/ Northmen
•Fearsome raiders from the sea from
scandinavia.
CRUSADE
•196 yrs.
•Europeans tried to take control of the holy land
(Palestine) from the muslim turks.
VERNACULAR- language used other than latin
GOTHIC CATHEDRAL- Symbol of medieval
age that defies the law of balance.
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RENAISSANCE (1350)
•Rebirth. Revival interest in literature and
culture of Greece and rome. It is a bridge
between classical and middle age. Ruled by the
Medici family (banking) for about 300 yrs.
Florence, Italy was the center of art during the
renaissance.
Typical subjects: human, religion,
mythology
FRANCESCO PETRARCH
•Led early development of renaissance
humanism. Consider as the founder of
humanism. He saw books as “welcome
companions, encourage you, comfort you,
advise you and take you/ teach you the world
secrets.
- Nothing weighs less than a pen. Ayan
namatay siya tas nakayuko daw sa
open book :)
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
- The prince: book.
- Drew on roman history to set up
guidelines for rulers of his time.
COSIMO DE MEDICI
- Founder of platonic university. Nagging
center ng studies in greek philosophy
- Lorenzo “the magnificent” Cosimo's
grandson.
ISABELLA D’ ESTE
- First woman of the world
JOHANNES GUTENBURH
- invented the printing press.
mapalaganap ang mga kasulatan ofc.
DESIDERIUS ERASMUS
- A friend of Thomas more, and Hans
Holbein (si holbein yung nag paint ng
portrait ni Henry viii.
- He sought peace and unity and reform
within the church. According to him, mas
valuable pag-aralan ang humanities
kesa sa science.
- Famous Work: praise of folly.
THOMAS MORE
- Idea of UTOPIA (ideal world)
FRANCOIS RABELAIS
- Work: Gargantua and pantagruel
- Idea of living a full busy life. He was a
monk and a physician.
MICHAEL DE MONTAIGNE
- Essays.
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
- Serve as a soldier against the turk and
was imprisoned for 5 years by the
pirates in north Africa. He became a
Spanish tax collector. Mock the way
medieval codes of chivalry distorted
reality.
- WORK: don Quixote.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
- WORKS: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet.
Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Mark Anthony.
Finest dramatist and greatest writer.
GIOTTO
- Perspective.
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
- Mathematical laws in art.
JAN VAN EYCK
- Was a Flemish painter that introduced
the use of oil in painting.
RAPHAEL SANTI
- Master of design
- Works: school of Athens, Madonna,
Mary the mother of Jesus.
MICHELANGELO
- He called sculpture as “the first of arts”
- Pope Julius II commissioned him to
paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel.
- Works: Sistine chapel, pieta

LEONARDO DA VINCI
- Universal genius.
- Draws human anatomy. His works:
monalisa, the last supper.
PIETER BRUEGHEL
- Painted tower of babel.
- Dutch renaissance. His innovative
depictions of landscapes and peasant
scenes signified the departure from the
religious subject matter.
ALBREACHT DURER
- Some words: adam and eve, feast of the
rosary, four apostles.
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JONATHAN SWIFT- Gulliver’s travel
DANIEL DEFOE- Robinson Crusoe
SAMUEL RICHARDSON- Pamela
EDUARD GIBBON- Decline and the fall of
Roman empire
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART- don
Giovanni and the marriage of figaro
JOHN LOCK- the social contract
THOMAS HOBES- leviathan
BARUCH ESPINOZA - pantheism “all god”
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU- the spirit of the
laws
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______REFORMATION__________
JOHN WYCLIFFE
- The Bible should be the supreme
authority and not the church. So does
he write civil criticism of the papacy.
- His followers were known as poor
preachers.
JOHN HUSS
- Challenged the pope's authority and
criticized church wealth. Through his
teachings on the supreme authority of
the papacy.
- Followers: hussites.
MARTIN LUTHER
- A German monk and a prominent figure
during the reformation.
- Question how people could be pardoned
for sins and the indulgences where it
was believed to reduce the time of one’s
soul would have been spent in suffering
or punishment before the soul reached
heaven.
- He wrote: 95 theses and put it in the
front of the church that added a spark in
reformation. He urged changes in
church services and said that members
of the clergy should be allowed to marry.
JOHN CALVIN
- FOLLOWERS: Calvinism, huguenots
- Idea of predestination.
- Books: institutes of Christian religion.
Henry viii
- break away from England because the
church refused him to divorce his wife
(COA) and he wanted to marry Anne
Boleyn.
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Other information
reformation__________________
The council of Trent (1545-1563) marked the
formal beginning of the counter-reformation.
Key aspects of counter-reformation.
- Formation of new religious
orders like the Jesuits.
- Establishment of roman
inquisition.
- Council of Trent’s reaffirmation
of catholic doctrines.
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AGE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
- Revolutionary shift in scientific thought
and methodology during 16th and 17th
centuries.
ANDREAS VESALIUS
- Pioneer of modern human anatomy and
author of “De Humani corporis fabrica.”/
Cadaveric dissection.
GIORDANO BRUNO
- He proposed the infinite universe theory
and was condemned for his ideas by the
inquisition.
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Father of Microbiology and credited with
the invention of the microscope and
discovery of microorganisms.
WILLIAM HARVEY
- Discovered circulation of blood in the
body that revolutionized the
understanding of physiology.
ROBERT BOYLE
- Founder of modern chemistry and
physics through his description about
 the relationship of pressure and volume
of gas and constant temperature.
PARACELSUS
- Modern alchemist. Known for his
contribution to medical reform and his
rejection of traditional medical practices.
TYCHO BRAHE
- Known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical
observations.
JOHANNES KEPLER
- Key figure in scientific revolution and
most famous for his planetary motion.
FRANCIS BACON
- Founder of modern empirical science/
baconian method/ inductive+deductive.
GALILEO GALILEI
- Known for his telescopic discoveries
and advocacy of heliocentrism.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- Heliocentric model.
RENE DECARTES
- Father of modern philosophy/ cogito
ergo sum or “I think therefore, I AM”
ISAAC NEWTON
- Formulated the laws of motion and
universal gravitation that laid the
groundwork for classical mechanics and
modern physics.
ROBERT HOOKE
- Best known for his microscopy and his
book micrographia.
BLAISE PASCAL
- Known for his principle in fluid
mechanics and his concept of wager in
philosophy.
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The Global Age: Ages of Navigation
and Discoveries
- The beginning of western expansion.
- Navigators used astrolabe to observe
the position of the sun, moon and stars
to find their latitude.
- Compass. Showed the direction of
magnetic north.
- Trading post and the plantation-
economic base for Portugal overseas
empire.
MAIN MOTIVES FOR EXPLORATION -
- Seek gold, spices. / sugar and silk from
asia.
- 3 G ( glory, god, gold)
MONOPOLY - having an authority to control a
product/trade without having competitors.
CARAVELS- ships/sail that can survive on the
sea/ocean and maritime battles. Usually used
for long voyages.
SILK ROUTE. Historical trade route which
connected Asia with the Mediterranean and
European world
KEY PROPONENTS IN NAVIGATION
PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL
He made no voyages but he was a prominent
figure in contributing to the advancement of
knowledge about the sea that's why English
writers call him "the navigator".
- Tried to begin a new crusade in 1415 by
capturing the muslim city (Ceuta) in
North Africa.
- Camel caravans carries gold dust
across sahara (largest desert in the
world)
BARTHOLOMEU DIAS
- He made the discovery of a sea route
into the Indian ocean known as the
cape of good hope/ cape of good
storm. Founded at the south tip part of
Africa.
VASCO DA GAMA
- Mapping the route between Europe and
India via the southern tip of Africa.
- "We come in search of christians and
spices."
- His voyage led to Portugal establishing
a trade post.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
- Queen Isabella of Spain funded his
voyage. Gave him title as the
"admiral of the ocean sea"
- His caravels/ships: niña and pinta and
the flagship of santa maria.
- He considered the new world as India
(america today) and established the first
European settlers/colonies in
Hispaniola
 (America) but failed.
- Nagkaroon ng slightly disputes Portugal
and Spain that's why to prevent disputes
between Portugal and Spain, pope
Alexander vi established an imaginary
"line of demarcation" in the Atlantic
ocean na nag ddivide sa lupa na pag
aari ng spain and portugal. West part of
Europe is for Spain and the east is for
Portugal, which is lugi sila since nasa
spain ang new world.
But soon revised as "treaty of tordesillas"
since may poot ng portugal sa unang treaty na
mas pabor sa spain monarchs. Sa "treaty of
tordesillas" napunta sa portugal ang brazil and
the rest ng america is sa Spain.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI
- discovered that the new world was not a
part of asia but rather a new continent
that is why the map maker labeled the
new continent with the name of
Vespucci from latin (America)
JUAN PONCE DE LEON
- Known for searching the "fountain of
youth" , a magical water capable of
reversing the aging process and curing
sickness.
- His discovery of Florida.
VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA
- A settler in Hispaniola (Haiti and
Dominican rep. today) went to look for
gold and soon established a settlement
known today as panama.
- Crossed the narrow isthmus of panama
and became the first European to see
the Pacific ocean/"the great south
sea"
FERDINAND MAGELLAN
- Successfully circumnavigated the globe.
- Magellan strait/ strait of magellan.
Located in the tip of South America It.
The most important natural passage
between the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans.
- ANTONIO PIGAFETTA- His literary
work represents a bridge that brought
knowledge of the Philippines to Europe.
He served as Magellan's assistant until
Magellan's death in the Philippine
Islands, and kept an accurate journal.
- March 17, 1521, Magellan and his crew
first came into contact with inhabitants
of the Homonhon Island.
- Only the Victoria ships out of 5 ships
return to spain. Ships: Trinidad,
Santiago, Victoria, Concepción, and San
Antonio.
HERNANDO CORTEZ
- A conquistador who overthrew the
aztecs empire and won Mexico for the
crown of spain.
HENRY HUDSON
- explored what is now known as the
Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson
Strait.
ABEL TASMAN
- the first European to discover Tasmania
and confirm Australia as an island
continent.
HERNANDO DE SOTO
- the first European to discover the
Mississippi River.
JAZQUES CARTIER
- Discovery of st. lawrence
FRANCISCO PIZZARO
- Conquering the Incas and executing
their leader Atahuapia.
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COLONIAL AMERICA UNDER BRITISH
PARLIAMENT.
- Government: parliamentary colonies
have their representatives or
assemblies. / constitutional monarchy.
Led by the prime minister but the 13
- 13 colonies had more freedom than the
British subjects in UK dahil sa location.
And because of having their own
assemblies the British assume that they
can govern themselves and only
intervene if necessary.
- 13 colonies under the British parliament.
- Reasons for establishing colony:
seeking wealth.
Expansion of territory/economy.
Religion.
- Reasons for failed colony:
Starvation, diseases, hardships,
battles with the natives.
Reasons for revolution of this thirteen
colonies also known as "British subjects.
Because of the 7 years of wars against france.
Even if the British have won it cost them so
much debt that they seek other ways to still
sustain their military powers and subjects. They
provide laws that increase taxes of the 13
colonies that soon will revolt and gain their
independence
● The British laws imposed on the
thirteen colonies
- Navigation Act 1660-1663 - This act
was for the limitation of trade of the
thirteen colonies to the other European
countries other than British England. So
basically it gives colonies trade
restrictions.
- Proclamation act of 1763
This act prohibited the colonies from
moving and expanding their settlements
on the newly acquired territory after the
war with France allowing the British to
still control them easily.
- Sugar act increases tax on everyday
goods.
- Quartering act
Requiring colonies to house British
soldiers para mabawasan ang pondo na
nilalaan ng british sa mga soldiers
- Stamp acts lahat ng newspaper,
documents is may dagdag na tax.
- Townshend acts
Increase tax on imported goods.
- Tea act - British granting east india
company to sell tea in america. Colonies
see this as a threat. Nagpanggap silng
natives or indian then tinapon nila ang
tea sa boston port known as "boston tea
party"
- Intolerable coercive acts dagdag
batas na ipinasa ng British Parliament
para parusahan ang colonies dahil na
din sa boston tea party.
- Boston port act hindi
magagamit ang port if di
nababayaran ng Massachusetts
colonies ang mga sinayang na
luxury goods or tea.
- Massachusetts government
act dagdag na government
officials na galing sa English
parliament para mas makontrol
ang colonies and humina ang
representatives or mga
assembly.
- Administration of justice act
batas na kung saan if nagkasala
ang isang British officials sa
British government siya ittrial.
Colonies saw it as an unfairly
act also known as (murder act)
- Quartering act same lng sa
unang batas na pagpapatuloy
sa mga british soldiers sa mga
bahay ng colonies na mas
lalong nagpapahirap sa kanila.
- Quebec act - limitation for the
colonies expansion of their
settlement.
Important People During American
Revolution
THOMAS PAINE
THOMAS JEFFERSON
SAMUEL ADAMS
JOHN ADAMS
JOHN HANCOCK
GEORGE WASHINGTON
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Other;
Feudalism was a social and political system in
medieval Europe where land was granted by a
lord in exchange for loyalty and military service.
Mercantilism was an economic system during
the Age of Exploration and Navigation where
nations sought to increase their wealth and
power by accumulating precious metals and
controlling trade. Exporting more than importing.
Scholasticism was a philosophical and
theological system in medieval Europe that
sought to reconcile faith and reason, often
through the interpretation of religious texts.
Manorialism was an economic system centered
around the manor, an estate controlled by a lord,
and the labor of peasants who worked the land.