1.

Dens
ity
Mass
Dens
ity=
Vol
ume
Dens
ityi
ncr
eas
esasonemovesac
ros
saper
iodf
rom l
eftt
ori
ghti
nmet
als
.
I
tdec
reas
esac
ros
saper
iodf
ornon-
met
alsasonemovesf
rom l
eftt
ori
ght
.
I
tinc
reas
esasonemovesdownagr
oup.
2.Mel
ti
ngandboi
l
ingpoi
nts
Boi
l
ingpoi
ntsandmel
ti
ngpoi
ntsi
ncr
eas
eac
ros
saper
iodupt
ogr
oup14.
Fr
om gr
oup15t
her
eisas
uddendr
opandt
henadec
reas
etot
heendoft
he
per
iod.
Melt
ingandboi
l
ingpoi
ntsdec
reas
ewhengoi
ngf
rom t
opt
obot
tom downa
gr
oup.
3.At
omi
cradi
us
Themeandi
stanc
efr
om t
henuc
leust
othebor
deroft
heout
eror
bit
al.
Atomicradi
usdecreas
esingoi
ngfrom l
efttori
ghtacros saperi
od.Thisoccurs
becausethenumberofprot
onsinthenucleusi
ncreasesf r
om l
efttorightmaki
ng
theatt
racti
onofthenucl
eusontheelec
tronsstr
onger .Theextraelec
tronsbei
ng
addedtoat omswithi
ncr
easi
ngatomicnumberar eaddedt ot
hes ameenergy
l
evel.
Theatomi
cradi
usi
ncr
eas
esf
rom t
opt
obot
tom wi
thi
nagr
oupbec
aus
enew
ener
gy
l
evel
sar
eaddedast
heper
iodnumberi
ncr
eas
es

4.I
oni
sat
ionener
gy
Energyneededpermol etoremoveanel ec
tron(s)f
rom anatom inthegas eous
phase.Thetr
endf orf
ir
stionis
ationenergyisthatitinc
reasesfr
om lefttoright
acr
os saperi
od.Theatomicradiusofelement sdecreas
esfrom l
efttor i
ghtac r
oss
aperiod.Astheatomsbec omes mall
er,t
heout erelect
ronsareclosertothe
nucl
eusandhel dmoretightl
y.Itrequi
resmor eenergytoremovet heelectrons.
I
onisati
onener gydec r
easesfr
om toptobottom wit
hinagroup.From topto
bottom wit
hinagr oup,theatomicradi
usincr
easesandthevalenc
eel ectr
onsar
e
furt
herfrom thenucleus.Theval
enceelec
tronsarethushel
dlesstightl
yand
theref
orelessenergyisneededtor emovethem.

1|
Page
 5.El
ect
ronaf
fi
nit
y
 Theener
gyreleasedwhenanel
ect
roni
sat
tac
hedt
oanat
om ormol
ecul
e
tofor
m anegati
veion
 Whengoingf r
om leftt
or i
ghtacrossaper i
od,theamountofener
gy
rel
easedbyanat om accept
inganel ect
rontoform anegat
ivei
oninc
reas
es.
Thi
smeanst hatelementsonther i
ght-handsideofthePer
iodi
cTabl
e
att
rac
telect
ronsmor ereadil
ythant hoseontheleft
.
 Thenoblegasesdonotf
iti
nwitht
hist
rendastheyhavec
ompl
etedout
er
ener
gylevel
s.Theydonotgai
norl
oseelec
trons
.
6.El
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty
 I
tist
het
endenc
yofanat
om i
namol
ecul
etoat
trac
tbondi
ngel
ect
rons
.
 Theelectronegat
ivi
tyscal
ewasdr awnupbyLinusPaul
ing.I
tdoesnot
consis
tofmeas uredval
ues.Paul
i
ngalloc
atedval
uesrangingfr
om t
he
highestvalueof4forfl
uori
neto0,7fortheel
ementcaesium.
 El
ect
ronegat
ivi
tygener
all
yinc
reas
esf
rom l
eftt
ori
ghtac
ros
saper
iod.
Exer
cis
e
Ar
rangethes
eel ement
sinor
derofdec
reas
ing(
highes
ttol
owes
t)
el
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty:
a.
magnes
ium,c
alc
ium,ber
yll
i
um
b.s
ulf
ur,s
il
ic
on,s
odi
um
c
.fl
uor
ine,i
odi
ne,br
omi
ne

SI
MILARI
TIESI
NCHEMI
CALPROPERTI
ESAMONGELEMENTSI
NGROUPS1,2,17
AND18
1.Theel
ement
singr
oup1(
Alkal
imet
als
)
1
 Theyhaveaval
enceel
ect
ronc
onf
igur
ati
onofs i
.
e.,as
ingl
eval
enc
e
el
ectr
oninansorbi
tal
.
 Thi
sel
ect
ronc
aneas
il
yber
emovedbec
aus
ethei
oni
sat
ionener
gyi
slow.
 Thi
smeanst
hatgr
oup1el
ement
sar
ever
yreac
tive.
2.Theel
ement
singr
oup2(
Alkal
i
neear
thmet
als
)

2|
Page
  Theyhavet
woval
enc
eel
ect
ronsi
nanout
ersor
bit
al.
 Theyar
eal
sover
yreac
tiveandf
ormc
ati
onswi
thac
har
geof+2,e.
g.,Mg2+.

3.El
ement
singr
oup17(
Hal
ogens
)
 Theyhaves
evenval
enceel
ectr
onsandneedt
ogai
njus
toneel
ect
ront
o
haveacomplet
eout
ermostenergyl
evel
.
 Thi
smakest
hem ver
yreac
tive.
 Theyf
orm ani
onswi
thac
har
geof−1,e.
g.,F−.
4.Theel
ement
singr
oup18(
Nobl
egas
es)
 Theyal
lhavec
ompl
eteout
erener
gyl
evel
s.
 Theywillnotgai
norl
oseel
ect
ronsandc
ompoundsoft
hes
eel
ement
sar
e
vi
rtual
l
yunknown.
 Theyar
eext
remel
yunr
eac
tive.
 Al
lel
ement
str
ytoat
tai
ntheval
enc
econf
igur
ati
onofnobl
egas
es.
 Af
ullout
erener
gyl
eveli
saver
yst
abl
ear
rangementofel
ect
rons
.
Exer
cis
e
Bylooki
ngatfol
l
owingelectr
onconfi
gur
ati
onsofel
ement
s,pr
edi
ctwhi
chel
ement
hasthel
owestfi
rsti
oni
zati
onenergy.
2 2
A.1s 2s2p6
2 2
B.1s 2s 2p4
2 2
2p63s
2
C.1s 2s
2 2
2p63s
1
D.1s 2s

3|
Page
HOMEWORK:REVI
SIONEXERCI
SE
1.Whic
hgr
oupofel
ement
swoul
dgener
all
yhavet
hel
owes
tfi
rsti
oni
zat
ion
ener
gy?
A.al
kal
imet
als
B.nobl
egas
es
C.al
kal
i
neear
thmet
als
D.hal
ogens (
2)
2.Whi
cht
wopar
ti
cl
esar
efor
medwhenanat
om i
sioni
sed?
A.ani
onandapr
oton
B.c
ati
onandapr
oton
C.c
ati
onandanel
ect
ron
D.ani
onandanel
ect
ron (
2)

LONGQUESTI
ONS
−1
3.Gall
i
um (Ga)hasafi
rsti
oni
sati
onener
gyof579kJ
.mol ,andc
alc
ium hasaf
ir
st
−1
i
onisat
ionenergyof590kJ.
mol .
3.1Accor
dingt
otheseval
ues
,whi
choft
hes
etwoel
ement
sist
hemor
ereac
tive?
Just
if
yyouranswer
. (
4)
3.
2Thes
etwoel
ement
sar
eint
hes
ameper
iod.Whati
sthet
rendf
ori
oni
sat
ion
ener
giesac
ros
saper
iod? (
2)
3.
3Dot
hes
eel
ement
sfi
tinwi
tht
het
rend? (
1)

4|
Page
4.Gi
vedef
ini
ti
onsf
or:
3.
4at
omi
cradi
us. (
2)
3.
5el
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty. (
3)
5.El
ementQhas12pr
otons
.El
ementAi
sint
heper
iodbel
owQ.
5.
1Ident
if
yel
ementA. (
1)
5.2Whichoft
hes
etwoel
ement
shast
hegr
eat
erat
omi
cradi
us?J
ust
if
yyour
answer
.
(3)
5.
3Writ
edownawor dequat
ionf
orthereac
tionbet
weenel
ementAandc
hlor
ine.
Uset
hec hemi
calnameforel
ementAinyouranswer
. (3)
5.
4Wri
tedownt
hec
hemi
calf
ormul
afort
hes
ubs
tanc
efor
medi
nther
eac
tioni
n
5.
3. (2)

6.Thef
oll
owi
ngques
tionsr
efert
othenobl
egas
es.
6.1I
nwhatgr
oupoft
hePer
iodi
cTabl
ear
ethenobl
egas
esf
ound?
(1)
6.2Wr
it
edownt
hegener
alval
enc
eel
ect
ronc
onf
igur
ati
onf
ornobl
egas
es.
(2)
6.
3Byr
efer
ri
ngt
othei
rel
ect
ronc
onf
igur
ati
on,expl
ainwhyt
henobl
egas
esar
e
ext
remel
yunr
eac
tive. (
4)
7.Magnes
ium met
alr
eac
tsr
eadi
l
ywi
thoxygenwheni
tisbur
nedi
nai
r.
7.
1Wr
it
edownawor
dequat
ionf
ort
her
eac
tionofmagnes
ium wi
thoxygen. (
3)
7.
2Wr
it
edownt
hec
hemi
calf
ormul
afort
hes
ubs
tanc
efor
medi
n7.
1. (
2)
7.
3Wr
it
edownt
heval
enc
eel
ect
ronc
onf
igur
ati
onofmagnes
ium. (
2)
7.
4Wr
it
edownt
heval
enc
eel
ect
ronc
onf
igur
ati
onofoxygen. (
2)
7.5Wr i
tedownt
hes
ymbolf
ort
hec
ati
onf
ormedwhenmagnes
ium l
osesi
ts
valenc
e
el
ect
rons
. (
1)
7.
6Wr i
tedownt
hes
ymbolf
ort
heani
onf
ormedwhenoxygenac
cept
stwo
el
ect
rons
i
ntoi
tsval
enc
eshel
l
. (
1)

5|
Page