Chapter 6:

The environment and

change over time Lesson 1 :
Fossil evidence of
evolution

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 1 2 3 4

Define fossils Understand

Objectives: Identify and
describe the the
Mention how
mold a casts
mineralizatio fossils are formed
way fossils
are formed n process

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This how earth looked like 66 Million
years ago

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What is the evidence of the
presence of dinosaurs ?

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The evidence is fossils

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• Dead plants and animals are
usually eaten by other animals
or decomposed by bacteria
before they become fossils

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some dead organisms that
get buried quickly by
sediment stand a chances
of getting preserved as
fossils

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What is a fossil?

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•Fossils are the
remains or evidence
of once living
organisms

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The fossil
record

• Is a record of all the

fossils ever discovered
on earth. It contains
millions of fossils that
represents many
thousand of species
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• Mot of those species are no
longer alive on earth

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The fossil record provides evidence
that species changed over time

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Fossils help scientists picture what species
looked like

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Scientist think that the giant bird titanus look
like this

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The fossil record is enormous but
its not complete

Scientists think it represent a small fractions of all

Organisms that have ever lived on Earth

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 Fossil Formation
If you ever seen vultures eating other animals , you know they leave
little soft tissue left

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The remaining soft tissue bacteria
will break it down

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Hard parts like bones ,shells and teeth
remain in most instances but they break
down over time and can be fossils

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• The soft parts such
as skin muscles or
leaves can also
become fossils
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 Fossils can form by one of
the following ways

• 1-Minerlizaition
• 2- Carbonization
• 3- Molds and casts
• 4- Trace fossils
• 5- Original material
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 Mineralization

• After an organism dies ,its body

could be buried under mud , sand
or other sediments in a stream or
a river . If the minerals in the
water replace the organisms
original material and harden into
rock a fossil form this process is
called mineralization

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Most mineralized fossils are

shells

bones
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wood can also become a mineralized
fossil

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 Carbonization
• A dead organism is compressed over time and pressure
drives off the organisms liquids and gasses causes the
entire organism to decay, leaving only a carbon outline
behind. The carbon outline, or film of the organism remains ,

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Mold and casts
• Sometimes when an organism dies , its shell or bone might make an
impression in mud or sand

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 • The impressions of an
organism in a rock is
called a mold

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• A cast is a fossil copy of an
organism, in a rock

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• Sediments can
later fill in the
mold and
harden to form
a cast

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A single organism can form both a mold and a
cast

Mold and cast show only external features

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Trace fossils
• Evidence of an
organism’s movement
or behavior not just its
physical structure can
be preserved in rock

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Trace fossil
Trace
is the preserved fossil
evidence of the activity of
an organism

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• An organism might walk across mud ,the tracks can
fossilize be filled with sediments and harden

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Original material

• In rare case the original tissue

of an organism can be
preserved
• Like a mammoth frozen in ice

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• Another example
is saber toothed
cat preserved in
tar pits

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Ancient humans were
found in bogs

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Most of these fossils are younger than 10.000
years old

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• Insects incased in amber
is millions of years old

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• Scientists also have found
original tissue preserved in
the bone of a a dinosaur that
live 70 millions years ago

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