International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 17(12): 1171–1177 (2015)

Antioxidant Potential of Lingzhi or Reishi

Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum
(Higher Basidiomycetes) Cultivated on Artocarpus
heterophyllus Sawdust Substrate in India
P. Rani,* Merlin Rajesh Lal, Uma Maheshwari, & Sreeram Krishnan

Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Address all correspondence to: P. Rani, Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, Tamil Nadu,
India; Tel.: +91-422-2572177; Fax: +91-422-2573833; rani@bio.psgtech.ac.in

ABSTRACT: The artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum (MTCC1039) using Artocarpus heterophyllus as saw-
dust substrate was optimized and free radical scavenging activities of the generated fruiting bodies were investigated.
The choice of A. heterophyllus as substrate was due to its easy availability in South India. Sawdust supplemented
with dextrose medium yielded better spawn hyphae and early fruiting body initiation (15 days). The biological yield
obtained was 42.06 ± 2.14 g/packet and the biological efficiency was 8.41 ± 0.48%. Both aqueous and methano-
lic extracts of fruiting body were analyzed for radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extract showed maximum
scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 = 290 µg/ml) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
6-sulphonic acid (IC50 = 580 µg/ml), whereas aqueous extract had better scavenging for ferric reducing antioxidant
power (IC50 = 5 µg/ml). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in methanolic
extract (p < 0.01). A positive correlation existed between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Our results
indicated that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in sawdust medium possess antioxidant property, which can be
exploited for therapeutic application.

KEY WORDS: medicinal mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum, cultivation, dextrose, sawdust, free radical scavenging,
DPPH, ABTS, FRAP

ABBREVIATIONS: ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole;

BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power
assay; RSA, radical scavenging assay; TPTZ, tripyridyltriazine

I. INTRODUCTION found to contain pharmacologically active polysac-

Lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma
lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae,
higher Basidiomycetes), is an utmost important
polypore mushroom renowned for its medicinal
properties. This oriental fungus is widely used as a
remedy for promotion of health and longevity in China
and other Asian countries.1 Both fruiting bodies and
cultured mycelia of G. lucidum are effective in the
treatment of hepatopathy, hypertension, hypergly-
cemia, and neoplasia.2 The fruiting bodies, culture
mycelium, and culture broths derived from a list of
650 species and seven intraspecific taxa from 182
genera of higher hetero- and homobasidiomycetes are
charides.3 Compared to culture broth, fruiting body
extracts contain higher polysaccharide content. It is
also reported that the concentration of polysaccharides
in medicinal mushrooms varies with different stages
of the fruiting body and storage conditions.4,5
Biologically active antitumor and antioxidant
polysaccharides are reported in higher Basidiomycetes
mushrooms.6 Phenolics, triterpens, and polysaccha-
rides in G. lucidum are reported to play a major role
in curtailing oxidative stress. The ability of differ-
ent mushroom species to utilize various substrates
depends on both fungal and substrate association.
There are many artificial fungal cultivation methods
in use, among which the sawdust method possesses

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1172
a distinct advantage. The sawdust of tree species
like Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyl-
lus, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis,
Albizia procera, Borasus flabellifer, and Albizia
richardiana have been widely used as substrates for
G. lucidum cultivation.6 Artocarpus heterophyllus
(jackfruit) can be utilized as sawdust substrate due
to its wide cultivation in tropical Asia.
Mushrooms readily accumulate many bioactive
metabolites.7 The phenolic compounds contribute
directly to the antioxidative action,8 and it was also
reported that in some common edible mushrooms,
the total phenolic compounds were directly associ-
ated with antioxidant activity and also participated
in stabilizing lipid peroxides.9,10
The objective of the present study was to
optimize the growth conditions for generation of
G. lucidum fruiting bodies using A. heterophyllus
sawdust substrate and to validate its antioxidant
properties using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Mushroom Material
G. lucidum (MTCC 1039) obtained from the
Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank
(MTCC; Chandigarh, India) was used in this study.
The vegetative phase of G. lucidum was grown using
malt extract medium consisting of 1 g peptone, 20
g malt extract, and 20 g nutrient broth (Himedia,
Mumbai, India), pH 5.0. The stock culture was also
maintained on the same 1 liter of the medium. To
study the effect of carbon source such as dextrose,
fructose, maltose, sucrose, and lactose on the myce-
lial growth, an equal quantity (20 g/l) was provided
independently in the medium. The fungal biomass
was collected after 14 days and dried at 60°C for 6
h and the dry weight was determined.
B. Spawn Preparation
The substrate for spawn production was prepared by
using corn seeds. Fresh corn (1 kg) was cooked and
Rani et al.
TABLE 1: Media Composition (in Grams) for Spawn
Production (1 kg) in Six Groups*
Group Dextrose CaCO3 Sawdust
1 15 – 10
2 15 – –
3 15 15 10
4 15 15 –
5 – 15 10
6 – 15 –
*Composition is for per bag cultivation.
spread in clean filter tissue, dried, and then mixed
with different combinations of calcium carbonate,
dextrose, and sawdust as shown in Table 1. The
mixtures were then packed in bags, sterilized, and
inoculated with mycelium of G. lucidum grown in
malt extract agar. The bags were incubated verti-
cally at 27°C for 40 days in complete darkness. The
quality of developed spawn was analyzed visually
for mycelial growth.
C. Production of G. lucidum
Fruiting Bodies
For generation of fruiting bodies, the bags were
filled with sawdust medium containing 1 kg sawdust
obtained from hardwood of A. heterophyllus, 15 g
rice bran, and 20 g dextrose. The moisture content
was maintained at 60% and the bags were sterilized
and cooled. The bags were then spawned at 25–30°C
with the grain spawn developed on calcium carbon-
ate, dextrose, and sawdust containing medium. After
primordial formation, a cut of size 1 × 1 cm2 was
made in the middle of the bags and it was incubated
in more than 800 lux light at 27°C with 85% humid-
ity. Proper aeration was maintained and water was
sprayed four to five times a day. The fruiting bodies
were harvested, dried, and the biological yield (in
grams/packet) was calculated. The biological effi-
ciency was calculated using the formula:
Biological efficiency (%) = [Total biological
yield (g)/Total dry substrate used (g)] × 100.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
Antioxidant Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Cultivated on Artocarpus heterophyllus
D. Extraction of Dried G. lucidum
G. lucidum fruiting bodies were dried at room tem-
perature and 100 g was taken and chopped well.
Extraction of antioxidant metabolites from sample
was done with 100% (v/v) methanol and water as
solvents independently for 10 h in a soxhlet appa-
ratus. The extracts were dried using a vacuum flash
evaporator and stored in an amber bottle for further
use. The obtained crude extract was resuspended in
respective solvents to obtain a final concentration
of 0.2–1.0 mg/ml for DPPH, 1.0 mg/ml for ABTS
assays, and 5–30 µg/ml for FRAP assay.
E. Measurement of Total Phenolic
Content
The fungal phenolic content was determined using
the Folin-Ciocalteu method.11 One milliliter of the
extract was added to 10 ml of the deionized water
and 0.5 ml of Folin’s reagent (2.0 N) and 3.0 ml of
NA2CO3 (200 mg/ml), and mixed well. The mixture
was vortexed and allowed to stand at room tem-
perature for 15 min. The absorbance of the sample
was measured at 725 nm using a UV-visible spec-
trophotometer. Gallic acid was used as a reference
standard and the phenolic content was calculated as
equivalents of gallic acid/g dry weight.
F. Measurement of Total
Antioxidant Property
The total antioxidant capacity of the extracts was
estimated by the phosphomolybdate method. The
assay is based on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V)
by the extract and subsequent formation of green
phosphate-Mo (V) complex at acidic pH 5.0. An
aliquot of 1.0 ml extract was combined with 1.0
ml of reagent solution (0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM
sodium phosphate, and 4 mM ammonium molyb-
date). The tubes containing the reaction solution
were incubated at 95°C for 90 min. After the sam-
ples had cooled to room temperature, the absorbance
of the solution was measured at 695 nm against sol-
vent blank in a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The
antioxidant capacity of the extract was expressed as
Volume 17, Number 12, 2015
1173
equivalents of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT)/g
dry weight.
G. Radical Scavenging Assays
1. DPPH
The DPPH scavenging activity of mushroom was
estimated according to the procedure described
by Shirwaikar et al.12 First, an aliquot of 1.0 ml
of the sample extracted at different concentration
was added to the test tubes with 0.5 ml of 0.1 mM
DPPH radical in 1.5 ml of methanol. The mixture
was shaken vigorously and left to stand for 20 min
in the dark at room temperature. The absorbance of
the reaction mixture was determined at 517 nm in a
UV-visible spectrophotometer. BHT (0.2–1.0 mg/
ml) was used as reference standard.
2. ABTS
The ABTS radical scavenging assay was estimated
according to the method of Shirwaikar et al.12 ABTS
cationic solution was prepared by mixing 1 ml of
100 mM potassium dichromate and 25 ml of 10 mM
ABTS and was kept overnight in the dark at room
temperature. Five-hundred microliters of ABTS
radical cationic solution was added to 2.0 ml of the
crude extract of varying concentration. The mixtures
were left undisturbed for 15 min and the absorbance
was recorded at 734 nm. BHT (0.2–1.0 mg/ml) was
used as a reference standard.
3. FRAP
The ferric reducing ability of the extracts was
determined by measuring the blue colored Fe (II)-
triazine compound formed from oxidized Fe (III)
by the action of electron donating antioxidants.13
The FRAP reagent was prepared with 2.5 ml of 10
mM TPTZ, 2.5 ml of 20 mM FeCl3 in 25 ml of 0.3
M acetate buffer; 1.0 ml of suitably diluted extracts
were mixed with 500 µl of FRAP reagent and incu-
bated at 37°C for 30 min. The absorbance of the
mixtures was measured at 595 nm. BHT (5–30 µg/
ml) was used as a reference standard.
1174
FIG. 1: Effect of carbon sources on mycelial biomass
yield. Medium was supplemented with different carbon
sources at the concentration of 20 g/l.
H. Statistical Analysis
All the experiments were performed in triplicate
and the results were expressed as means ± stan-
dard deviations. The results were analyzed using the
Student’s t-test and correlation analysis was done
using SPSS 10.0. software.14
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Effect of Carbon Source on
Mycelia Growth
In the present study, to evaluate the effect of differ-
ent carbon sources, G. lucidum was cultured on malt
extract medium with different carbon sources. The
fungal biomass was collected after 14 days and the
dry weight was determined. The mycelial growth
was maximum in dextrose-containing medium,
compared to media containing fructose and maltose.
Dextrose produced maximum amount of biomass
followed by sucrose, lactose, fructose, and maltose,
as shown in Fig. 1. Dextrose has been widely used
as a carbon source for the cultivation of mushrooms
and there are reports that cellulose and glucose are
good carbon sources for the biomass production of
G. lucidum.15
B. Quality of Spawn
Spawn grains are reported to be very effective
in introducing pure fungal cultures into different
growth substrates as well as to increase mushroom
yield.16 In the present study, corn was used for spawn
Rani et al.
production with various combinations of additives,
namely, CaCO3, dextrose, and sawdust, as shown in
Table 1. After 40 days of incubation, the quality of
spawn was analyzed based on density of the myce-
lial growth. Among the different combinations of
medium used in the study, spawn developed in the
medium containing calcium carbonate, dextrose,
and sawdust was found to possess better quality than
the other combinations. The comparative quality of
spawn in different medium is as follows: calcium
carbonate + dextrose + sawdust > calcium carbonate
+ dextrose = dextrose + sawdust > calcium carbon-
ate + dextrose > calcium carbonate. Reports also
show that this formulation was successful even
in scale-up operations by mushroom growers in
the United States and Canada.17 Wheat and corn
spawns were reported to be similar in characteris-
tics and both induced the longest stipe lengths and
heaviest carpophore net weights for Psathyerella
atrumbonata.18
C. Generation of Fruiting Bodies
G. lucidum spawn was inoculated on the sawdust
medium supplemented with rice bran and dextrose. At
the end of the vegetative spawn run, whitish mature
mycelia started to form dense growth and gradually
developed into primordia and rose above the surface
of the medium as whitish rounded mounds.
The formation of fruiting bodies was initiated
on the 11th day and subsequently matured caps were
harvested. After the first harvest, the bags were incu-
bated again and the fruiting bodies produced were
harvested. For the A. heterophyllus sawdust-supple-
mented medium, the biological yield obtained was
42.06 ± 2.14 g/packet and the biological efficiency
was 8.41 ± 0.48%. The biological efficiency varied
widely depending on the kinds of sawdust used,
bran, and their combinations.19 Biological efficien-
cies of G. lucidum grown on the sawdust of different
tree species was reported as follows: M. indica
(10.25%), Tectona grandis (7.00%), Albiza proc-
era (9.63%), and mixed sawdust (11.00%).20 The
results of the present study indicated that sawdust
of A. heterophyllus could also be used as an effec-
tive substrate for the growth of G. lucidum based on
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
Antioxidant Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Cultivated on Artocarpus heterophyllus 1175

biological efficiency when compared with sawdust

obtained from other tree species.

D. Free Radical Scavenging Potential of

Fruiting Bodies Extracts

The fruiting body of G. lucidum was extracted with

methanol and aqueous solvents independently. The
solubles present in the methanolic and aqueous extracts
were 3.375 and 6.825 g per 100 g dry weight, respec-
tively. The extracts were assessed for their antioxidant
potential using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays.

1. DPPH and ABTS Assays

In the present study, the methanolic extract of G.

lucidum showed better DPPH scavenging activity
(IC50 = 290 μg/ml) compared to the aqueous extract
(IC50 = 2389 μg/ml) (Fig. 2A). This could be due
to the presence of an increased amount of pheno-
lic and triterpenoic compounds in the methanolic
extract. Similar results have also been reported
elsewhere.21–23
In ABTS assay, direct generation of ABTS
radical monocation (ABTS*+) without the involve-
ment of any intermediary radical was analyzed.
The radical cation was formed prior to addition
of the antioxidant test system, rather than the con-
tinual generation of the radical in the presence of
antioxidant. Radical scavenging activity of extract
was evaluated by monitoring decolorization. This
method is commonly used to screen both lipo-
philic and hydrophilic antioxidants. In the present
study, the ABTS scavenging activity (Fig. 2B) of
methanolic extract (IC50 = 580 μg/ml) was higher
when compared to aqueous extract (IC50 = 1419 μg/
ml). The reduced scavenging activity of aqueous
extracts observed in the present study could be due
to changes in the phenolic and triterpenoic antioxi-
dants induced by the hydrogen bonding nature of
polar solvents as reported by Pedrielle et al.24
FIG. 2: Antioxidant capacity assays of aqueous and
2. FRAP Assay
methanolic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bod-
ies: (A) DPPH scavenging activity. (B) ABTS radical
The ferric reducing activity (Fig. 2C) of mushroom scavenging activity. (C) ferric reducing antioxidant power
extracts was also monitored. Aqueous extracts assay (FRAP).

Volume 17, Number 12, 2015

1176 Rani et al.

TABLE 2: Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Ganoderma lucidum

Extract Phenolic Compounds Antioxidants

(mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) (mg BHT equivalent/g dry weight)

Methanolic extract (n = 3) 39.05 ± 0.65 95.89 ± 0.14

Aqueous extract (n = 3) 32.62 ± 0.61 a 85.90 ± 0.21 a

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

a
Significant at p < 0.01 (t-test)

showed better scavenging effect (IC50 = 5 μg/ml)
than the methanolic extracts (IC50 = 16.8 μg/ml).
FRAP scavenging activity of aqueous extract prob-
ably could be contributed by the polysaccharides
present in the extract. Isolated polysaccharides from
G. lucidum were also shown to augment the super-
oxide dismutase activity in mice contributing to the
prevention of radiation damage.25
The results of the present study also empha-
size that both methanolic and aqueous extracts of
G. lucidum fruiting body cultivated on sawdust
medium have potent antioxidant activity as evi-
denced from the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays.
This study provides new insights about the cultiva-
tion methods that could enhance the yield of fruiting
bodies, which are a rich source of antioxidants.

3. Phenolic Content and IV. CONCLUSIONS

Antioxidant Capacity
Phenolics are known to contribute largely to
antioxidant potential. In the present study, the
concentration of phenolic compounds (Table 2)
was significantly greater in the methanolic extract
(p < 0.01) when compared to aqueous extracts
of G. lucidum. The total antioxidant content was
also higher in the methanolic extract (p < 0.01)
compared to the aqueous extract, suggesting that
phenolics could be the major antioxidants in G.
lucidum. Our results are in accordance with Rawat
et al.,26 who also reported that the phenolic content
in G. lucidum was higher in the methanolic extracts.
Polyphenols present in the methanolic extracts
could contribute to the increased antioxidant
capacity. Goli et al.27 also reported that the con-
centration of phenolics in the extract was dependent
on the type of solvent used. Positive correlation
was also observed between phenolic content
and antioxidant capacity in methanolic extract
(r = 0.98, p < 0.01) and aqueous extract (r = 0.97,
p < 0.01). Apart from phenolics, other phytochemi-
cals can also contribute to the antioxidant property.23
Studies have found that triterpenes and polysaccha-
rides are the other major physiological constituents
contributing to the antioxidant capacity.1,28
The results of the present study revealed that dex-
trose could be used as a good carbon source for the
mycelial growth of G. lucidum on A. heterophyllus
sawdust medium. Dextrose supplementation pro-
duced good quality spawn and better generation of
fruiting bodies with biological efficiency of 8.41 ±
0.4%. The aqueous and methanolic methanolic
extracts of fruiting bodies exhibited a potent free
radical scavenging activity as shown by ABTS and
FRAP assays. This could be contributed by both
phenolic compounds and polysaccharides present
in the extracts. Positive correlation was observed
between the phenolic content and antioxidant capac-
ity. Thus, G. lucidum could be cultivated at a large
scale using jack tree sawdust as substrate and the
generated fruiting bodies could be exploited for
therapeutic application due to their high free radi-
cal scavenging activity.
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