INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

EDUCATION

The Perceptions of ROTC Implementation Among Senior High School

Students of International School of Asia and the Pacific Kalinga

An undergraduate Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education of
International School of Asia and the Pacific-Kalinga

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science
in Criminology

By
Adamero, Sexer T.
Aggulon, Jachry M.
Baawa, John Ray M.
Balabag, Cario D.
Estino, Elvis Jake T.
Luis, Charlyn A.
Manzano, Lymwel C.

JULY 2023
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
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VENNIL ALDRINE L. CATANIS, LPT, MST

OIC, SHS Principal
International School of Asia and the Pacific
Tabuk City, Kalinga

Dear Sir:

We, the undersigned students of ISAP-K, are writing to request your support and
permission for a qualitative research study on the perception of mandatory ROTC among
students at our school. This study aims to explore the experiences, attitudes, and beliefs of
students regarding their participation in the ROTC program.

The collected data will be only use for academic research purposes and it will be kept
confidential. We will assure you that the data will be not used for any commercial or
personal gain. We would be grateful if you allow us to collect it ourselves, if possible. We
will make sure that all data collected will be handled with the utmost care and security.

We would be grateful for your support and cooperation in this research endeavor.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

The researchers:

Adamero, Sexer T.
Aggulon, Jachry M.
Baawa, John Ray M.
Balabag, Cario D.
Estino, Elvis Jake T.
Luis, Charlyn A.
Manzano, Lymwel C.

Noted by:
NOEMI D. CAFIRMA
Research Adviser
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION

Letter for the Respondents

Dear respondents:
Greetings of peace and excellence!
We the researchers in the field of Criminology of ISAPK are presently conducting a study entitled
‘’The Perception of ROTC implementation Among Senior High school students of international school
of Asia and the pacific Kalinga”’.

In this regard we are asking for your precious time and effort, to answer all the questions
that are important and helpful for the completion of the study. Rest assured that all data gathered
from you will be kept in the highest level of confidentiality.

Thank you for your cooperation

Respectfully yours,

The researchers:
Adamero, Sexer T.
Aggulon, Jachry M.
Baawa, John Ray M.
Balabag, Cario D.
Estino, Elvis Jake T.
Luis, Charlyn A.
Manzano, Lymwel C.

Noted by: NOEMI D. CAFIRMA RCRIM, MSCRIM

Research Adviser

Received By: SHERYL R. REMEGIO, RCRIM

Program Coordinator
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries
TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET I

ACKNOWLEGEMENT II

DEDICATION III

ABSTRACT IV

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

CHAPTER:

1.THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the study 1-4

Theoretical Framework 4-5

Statement of the Problem 6

Scope and Delimitation 7

Significance of the Study 7

Theoretical Framework 8

Definition of Terms 9

2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RRL 10-14

SYNTHESIS 14-15

3.METHODOLOGY

Research Design 16

Locale of the Study 16-17

Respondents of the Study 17

Sampling design 17

Data Gathering Tool 18

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION

Data Gathering Procedure 18

4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION OF DATA 19-25

5. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY 26

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS 26

CONCLUSIONS 28

RECOMMENDATIONS 28-29

REFFERENCES 29-30
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION

Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled “The Perceptions on ROTC Implementation Among

Senior High School Students of International School of Asia and the

Pacific Kalinga” prepared and submitted by Sexer T. Adamero, Jachry

M. Aggulon, John Ray M. Baawa, Cario D. Balabag, Elvis Jake T.

Estino, Charlyn A. Luis, Lymwel C. Manzano in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Criminology, has been examined and is recommended for oral

examination

DATE:

Noemi D Cafirma, RCRIM, MSCRIM

Adviser

Approved by the Research Evaluation Committee in the Oral

Examination held.

Chairman/woman

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Sheryl R. Remegio, RCRIM

Dean

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Acknowledgement

This study will not be complete without expressing

gratitude to some people whose support and encouragement motivated

through the process of the research. Much respect and gratitude go

to our instructors for their guidance, constructive feedback,

support and encouragement throughout the process of the research.

We also want to thank all the teachers of ISAPK who

shaped our knowledge and helped us to develop our way of thinking.

our warmest gratitude goes to our Parents who provided support. This

research paper would not be possible without them.

The research Leader would like to thank his girlfriend.

Kyna G. Gamongan, for constant support, love and understanding

throughout this journey.

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DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to our parents who

gives their outmost support, and never-ending inspiration throughout

the study. They are the one who provide the resources that needed in

the making of this study. It also dedicated to our teachers who are

behind in making this research possible through guiding the

researchers to complete this study. The researchers would also

like to dedicate this study to the students that may need in help in

battling their mental health issues. Furthermore, this study is also

dedicated to the school who gives opportunity the researchers to

nurture, develop their skills, and cooperation to come up with this

study. We look up and dedicated this whole study to our Almighty God

who gave the strength, knowledge, wisdom, protection, and will to

continue and keep positive to finish this research.

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Abstract

In the Philippines, the National Service Training

Program (NSTP) is a law that must be followed. This study explored

the perceptions of senior high school students towards the

implementation of the ROTC. It was conducted at one of the higher

educational institutions in Ozamiz City, situated in Misamis

Occidental in the Northern part of Mindanao, during the school year

2022-2023. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational research

design. Two hundred and fifty-six respondents were included in this

research study; they were chosen at random by the researchers to

participate in the survey using random stratified sampling.

The researchers used adapted research questionnaires.

The statistical tools used were, the mean and standard deviation,

and t-test. The quantitative study results revealed that the

perception of senior high school students towards the implementation

of ROTC was very high in terms of physical capabilities and

psychological capabilities. And only high for the extent of

knowledge and attitude. This only shows that the students tend to

give more importance to the aspect of physical and psychological

capabilities compared to their knowledge and attitude in the

implementation of ROTC.

Moreover, it shows that there is a significant

relationship between physical and psychological capabilities and

attitude. But to the extent of knowledge and attitude, it has been

shown that there is no significant relationship between them. It

signifies that physical and psychological capabilities can impact

the attitude of the students compared to their extent knowledge,

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION

which shows that the students will be more focused or will give more

attention to their academics than ROTC. The researchers recommend

that in terms of administrative support, such as offices, training

grounds, logistics, funding, and registration of grades and

graduates, schools should continuously examine and enhance the ROTC

program as part of their annual program.

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CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the three ROTCs in the Philippines is the Reserve Officers Training

Corps (ROTC). civic education and defense, as well as the National Service Training

Program components program for preparing Filipino college students. Military

ROTC aspirants are mobilizing students through education and training for

national defense readiness. Preparing college students for military service is one of

the specific goals of the project. The Philippines' emergency response forces and

their preparation to do so for prospective by commissioned officers and reservists in

the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

At this time last year, the House of Representatives adopted a measure

requiring grades 11 and 12 to participate in obligatory reserve officers schools

across the country; four zero votes were cast in opposition, and the chamber

adopted House Bill 8961, or a proposed law requiring institutionalization,

development, preparation, administration, and coordination for senior high school

students across the nation. Under the measure, (ROTC), the completion of this

course will be necessary for all students in public and private high schools to

graduate. Those who are not in good physical or mental health or who are on the

school's varsity team are exemted from mandatory ROTC training for students

enrolled in a comparable military program. Those who receive an exemption from

the Department of National Defense or are in the rain will also exempted.

As stated by President Rodrigo Duterte, the program is necessary for the future

of Filipino youth to be able to protect the nation. The younger person, however,

must be introduced to the rules of classical society regardless of whether it would

help. However, the Gabriela Women's Party needs to nurture and develop its

leadership potential. Condemned the bill's adoption for lacking meaningful

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discussion of the proposal. Prior to the passage of the NSTP Law of 2001, ROTC

was being used in schools and lacked a human welfare and literacy component,

making the program a breeding ground for abuse and corruption.

To prevent hazing or the use of violence in ROTC, the cadet's fortitude,

courage, and honesty. This hazing and corruption are the primary justifications for

the adoption of the NSTP Law of 2001 and the ROTC's decision to close schools.

Mark Nelson, a student at the University of Santo Tomas, was harmed and killed in

2001. Chua was the specific incident that led to the adoption of the NSTP Law after

2001. Jepayo (2017) noted that the ROTC program was originally launched in 1992

and was governed by the UP. It became necessary for all colleges and institutions in

1935. However, in 2002, due to the death of a cadet fighting in the UST, it was

completely disbanded. That was horrible. The exposure to ROTC showering

corruption in UST led to the cadets being killed, although a law signed by President

Duterte in 2017 wasn't even passed until the 17th of February. revitalizing the

ROTC.

The measure will admit students in grades XI and XII to ROTC. However,

according to the president, performing ROTC in an ROTC home is unique in the

wake of hazing, and sexual harassment is not tolerated. The Philippine Armed

Forces (AFP) To stop the negative events at ROTC, the pledge must also have

constraints.

Article Il of the Philippine Republic's Constitution of 1987 states that Section

XII state that the state the state acknowledge the crucial role played by children

and young people in the development of the country and must foster and safeguard

their intellectual, moral, spiritual, and physical well-being through human services.

I will cultivate nationalism and patriotism in the next generation. promote their

involvement in public and civic activities. The researcher recognized that this
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problem was relevant to SHS at the time and that the fact that many students lack

knowledge of ROTC is revealed by this study. Readers would be able to read the

information and understand its significance and importance of these programs.

Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the ROTC was a long-standing

government program to prepare youth for military service and to be part of the

Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Reserve Force. This reserve force is expected

to fill the demands of the army in case of war or disaster. ROTC is one of the

chosen courses in the National Service Training Program (NSTP) of the government,

which aims to prepare youth for service in the country. Aside from ROTC, other

courses in the program are the Civil Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Literacy

Training Service (LTS). NSTP is mandatory for all college students, based on the

NSTP Law of 2001. However, students may choose which of the three NSTP courses

they can take. Probably not everyone knows that ROTC, or Reserve Officer Training

Corps is a prominent government program.

For students in secondary and college. It aims to train military discipline

and skills. It is mandatory to take students. There others are not allowed to

undergo such training such as physically handicapped students, or may be

recommended by a doctor who cannot participate. Before the NSTP Law of 2001

was enacted, ROTC was taking over the colleges and had no civilian welfare or

literacy component. Such a program is a nest of abuse and corruption. Hazing, or

the use of violence in ROTC, has become the norm to "test the courage, fortitude,

and integrity" of a cadet. In fact, this hazing and corruption is the main reason why

the NSTP Law of 2001 has been enacted and ROTC has chosen the schools.

The 2001 hazing and killing of University of Santo Tomas student Mark

Welson Chua was the particular incident that resulted in the enactment of the

NSTP Law of 2001. Jepoyo (2017) said in 1992 that ROTC was first implemented
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and subject to the UP, and the year 1935 made it mandatory for all colleges and

universities. But in 2002, it was completely abolished because of the death of a

cadet galling in the UST. It was brutal that the cadets were killed because of

exposure to ROTC training corruption in UST, but it was only on the 17th of

February in 2017 that a law approved by President Duterte was resurrected the

ROTC. The measure will grant Grade XI and Grade XII students to ROTC.

But the president says. ROTC's residence is unique to former ROTC in the

wake of corruption. He said the new ROTC is not worthy of corruption. No hazing

and sexual harassment. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) also pledged to

have restrictions to prevent ROTC's bad happenings.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the theory of Robert Greenleaf on Servant and

leadership theory. It stated that this theory tackles about authoritarian style of
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leadership, access to self-interest and seeks to build community in organization.

This theory is in lined with these concepts that focus on what is Servant leadership

and leadership style is. Under these three concepts it also focuses on its four

branches. It focuses on trusting community, also shares about many ideas in

leadership theory, teach young men to be leader and find solution to improve

performance. These branches serve as the components of an individual who’s

taking this kind of program.

These theories are anchored to Reserve officers’ training corps or ROTC. In

ROTC program it seeks to mobilize them for national defense preparedness, provide

military education, preparation for service in AFP and become potential officers.

This program is one of the components of NSTP that an individual should comply.

These components help them to be more ready in ROTC. Under these it also

tackles about youth having access in military training, participate in regular ROTC

instruction and exposure to high levels of civilian mind. These components help an

individual to have more access in ROTC. In our country, this kind of program will

be mandatory nationwide. It will be implemented in public and private senior high

schools.

Therefore, the theory Servant Leadership and Leadership of Robert Greenleaf

is important in the implementation of ROTC in the Philippines. Overall the theory

depends on the perception of mandatory ROTC to senior high school students on

why is it implemented nationwide.

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Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study will be conducted to determine the attitude of the

SHS students of ISAPK towards supporting the mandatory ROTC.

Specifically, it will answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Year and Strand

2. What must be the physical capabilities of senior high school students who

will undergo the program of Mandatory ROTC?

3. What must be the psychological capabilities of the Senior High School

Students who will undergo the program of Mandatory ROTC?

4. What is the extent of knowledge of Senior High School Student regaining

mandatory ROTC?

5. What is the level of attitude of Senior High School Students towards the

implementation of Mandatory ROTC?

6. Is there a significant correlation between the profile of the students and the

perception in the implementation of Mandatory ROTC program?

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Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The scope the research focus on both grades 11&12, students who are

currently enrolled during the of the S.Y 2023-2024 this study will be conducted on

February 27, 2024 of school year 2023-2024.

Its delimited to the perception of Senior High School students towards the

implementation of the mandatory ROTC.

Significance of the Study

Beyond personal growth, the ROTC program contribute significantly to the

national defense by preparing individuals who can be called upon as reservist in

times of need, providing valuable support during disaster or conflicts. This study

will be deemed beneficial to the following: Students, ROTC Instructors, Parents.

Students

The senior high school students will benefit from the addition and

increased awareness, which will help them get ready for the adoption of the

mandatory ROTC program moreover, this study will serve as a reference for the

future researchers that will give a background or an overview for conducting new

research or any related study.

ROTC Instructors

They can use this data to better understand how their students feel about

requiring senior high school students to participate in ROTC.

Parents

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The parents would benefit from this study because they would understand

what ROTC is.

Theoretical Framework

The notion of servant leadership serves as the foundation for this study.

This idea, according to the statement, addresses authoritarian leadership styles,

access to self-interest, and attempts to foster a sense of community inside

organizations. The notions that emphasize servant leadership and leadership style

are in line with this theory. Additionally, it concentrates on its four branches under

these three ideas. It focuses on building a trustworthy community, discusses

numerous theories of leadership, teaches young men how to be leaders, and looks

for ways to boost output. These branches act as the constituent parts of a person

enrolled in this kind of program. (Robert Greenleaf 2019)

These theories are based on ROTC, or Reserve Officers' Training Corps. The

purpose of the ROTC program is to train students for duty in the AFP, provide

military education, and organize them for national defense readiness. One of the

NSTP requirements that a person must follow is this program. These elements aid

in their increased readiness for ROTC. Under this, it also discusses how young

people should have access to military training, take part in regular ROTC training,

and be exposed to highly developed civilian thought. These elements enable a

person to participate in ROTC more actively. This kind of program will be required

across the board in our nation. Both public and private senior high schools will use

it. (Robert Greenleaf 2019)

As a result, Robert Greenleaf's philosophy of Servant Leadership and

Leadership is crucial for the implementation of ROTC in the Philippines. In general,

the idea depends on how senior high school students perceive the nationwide

implementation of mandatory ROTC. (Robert Greenleaf 2019)

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Definition of Terms

INTERNATIONAL OF ASIA IN THE PACIFIC OF KALINGA - the location where

the research will be conducted.

Mandatory- a required order or law which is compulsory for the students.

Military Training- a requirement of the ROTC program that a student should

comply.

National Service Training Program- a law that is enacted in 2001. ROTC Program

is one of its components.

Perception- observation of the senior high school students regarding the ROTC

program.

Reserve Officer- a group of officers formed for military education in the program

ROTC.

Reservists- a member or a student (cadet) in a military reserve force.

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps- one of the components of NSTP that will be

implemented nationwide.

Senior High School- public and private school in SHS will be having this kind of

program.

Senior High School Students- the target respondents in conducting the research

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

What is ROTC

ROTC stands for Reserve Officers' Training Corps, which is a military

training program aimed at developing patriotism, discipline, and leadership skills

among students. It is a program that is mandatory for senior high school students

in the Philippines, as part of the National Service Training Program (NSTP). The

program has been a subject of debate, with some supporting its implementation for

its potential benefits, such as inculcating values, preparing students for war, and

strengthening the country's military system. However, there are also concerns

about the program's implementation, including issues with exemptions and the

officers in charge. The perceptions of senior high school students towards ROTC

implementation have been studied, with factors such as physical and psychological

capabilities, level of knowledge, and attitudes influencing their perceptions.

ROTC in the Philippines

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in the Philippines is a

military training program that aims to develop patriotism, discipline, and

leadership skills among students. ROTC is a mandatory program for senior high

school students in the Philippines, as outlined by the National Service Training

Program (NSTP).

The program has been a subject of debate, with some supporting its

implementation for its potential benefits, such as inculcating values, preparing

students for war, and strengthening the country's military system. However, there

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are also concerns about the program's implementation, including issues with

exemptions and the officers in charge. (Changco and Santiago, 2013)

The perceptions of senior high school students towards ROTC

implementation have been studied in various contexts. For example, a study

conducted at one of the higher educational institutions in Ozamiz City, Misamis

Occidental, during the school year 2022-2023, found that students' physical and

psychological capabilities, level of knowledge, and attitudes all influenced their

perceptions of ROTC

Another study conducted at Philippine Pasay Chung Hua Academy in

2018-2019 found that students' perceptions of ROTC were influenced by their

qualitative experiences with the program

In summary, ROTC in the Philippines is a mandatory military training

program for senior high school students that aims to develop patriotism, discipline,

and leadership skills. The perceptions of students towards ROTC implementation

have been studied, with factors such as physical and psychological capabilities,

level of knowledge, and attitudes influencing their perceptions.

ROTC around the world

ROTC, or Reserve Officers' Training Corps, is a group of college and

university-based officer-training programs for training students to become officers

in the military. The program was established in the United States in the early 19th

century, and it has since expanded to other countries with strong historical ties to

the US, such as the Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan. The program is offered

by each branch of the military, including the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marines.

The training a student receives in ROTC provides leadership development, military

skills, and career training. Upon completion, a student is commissioned as an

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officer in the military. The ROTC program has a long history of producing top-

quality leaders, and graduates of the program have served in various conflicts and

wars throughout history.

Advantages of ROTC, in terms on: Psychological, Emotional, Physical

ROTC, or Reserve Officers' Training Corps, has several advantages in

terms of psychological, emotional, and physical development.

In terms of psychological development, ROTC training has been found to

promote higher levels of conventional moral reasoning among college students. The

program also instills a sense of responsibility and creates a strong work ethic,

which can be beneficial in various future career paths.

In terms of emotional development, ROTC provides numerous networking

opportunities that can be advantageous for cadets. Students interact with other

cadets, military officers, and even potential employers during their time in the

program. These connections can help cadets secure internships, job placement,

and future career opportunities.

In terms of physical development, ROTC demands a high level of physical

fitness, which can be challenging for some individuals. However, physical training

has been shown to have positive effects on skeletomuscular pain, with aerobic

physical training, stress management training, relaxation training, and

interventions directed at the work situation all demonstrating positive effects in

reducing pain and psychological health complaints.

Overall, ROTC provides opportunities for psychological, emotional, and physical

development, but it also requires a significant time commitment and may limit

some cadets' options and choices in their future careers.

Disadvantage of ROTC in terms of Psychological, Emotional, Physical

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The disadvantages of ROTC in terms of psychological, emotional, and

physical aspects are as follows:

Psychological: The intense mental and emotional demands of ROTC

training can be taxing for some individuals, leading to increased psycho-emotional

strain, anxiety, and observed adaptation in cadets. While the program promotes

leadership and moral development, it may also subject students to high levels of

stress and pressure, which can be challenging for their mental well-being.

Emotional: The possibility of deployment and the obligation to serve in the

military after graduation can be emotionally challenging for some students, as it

may limit their career options and personal choices. The program's rigorous

demands and the exposure to violence and harsh realities can also impact

students' emotional well-being.

Physical: ROTC requires a high level of physical fitness, which can be

challenging for individuals who struggle with physical activities. The training can

lead to increased physical strain and may pose challenges to students' physical

health and well-being.

In summary, while ROTC offers various benefits, including leadership development

and financial assistance, it also presents challenges in terms of psychological,

emotional, and physical demands, which can impact students' well-being and

future career choices.

How ROTC can aid during calamities

ROTC, or Reserve Officers' Training Corps, can aid during calamities in

several ways., ROTC provides intensive training in teamwork, leadership, and

critical thinking, which can help individuals respond effectively during emergencies

and take charge to address immediate needs until help arrives., ROTC reservists

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can be mobilized to augment regular military units during rescue and relief

operations, serving as a ready reserve and force multipliers in disaster-affected

areas., basic ROTC training enhances students' skills in needs assessment, search,

rescue, and relief, preparing them to respond to disasters and contribute to early

recovery efforts. Finally, by educating individuals on emergency response, ROTC

can help alleviate panic, reduce injuries, and potentially save lives during national

disasters and emergencies. ROTC plays a significant role in disaster preparedness

and response, equipping individuals with the skills and training needed to

effectively respond to calamities and other emergencies.

SYNTHESIS

The researchers are able to better understand how senior high school

students view the mandatory ROTC program thanks to the linked literature and

studies that have been given. The researchers came to the conclusion that the

studies listed can be combined to create a meaningful reading by carefully studying

the conceptual framework, problems that were explicitly expressed, conclusions,

literature, and studies that were presented. The researchers' conceptualization of

the current investigation was aided by the literature and studies mentioned earlier.

The researchers' own study benefited greatly from the findings and suggestions of

the authors and writers cited in this paper. According to the history of ROTC in the

nation, the program was developed with the intention of improving students' civic

engagement and enhancing their capacity for protection. The objectives of ROTC

are entirely nationalistic in character, despite issues that have arisen during their

execution in the past and in the present. The objectives of ROTC in other nations,

however, focus more on helping students understand military theory and abilities

as well as increasing public awareness of defense and national security. In

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contrast, they are more militaristic in nature and pay less attention to how ROTC

might help students develop their leadership and sense of self. It is possible to

comprehend the feelings of the pupils who take part in this type of program by

looking at how they perceive the activities that they carried out there. It also

addresses how each student acts and displays their leadership training during the

course of this kind of program. The research can also be used to develop ROTC in

the Philippines for a better and more thorough application that can reduce the

abuse that results from the program's faulty implementation.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will utilize a descriptive- correlational method. Descriptive

research is research design to provide a snapshot of the current situation.

Correlational research is research designed to discover relationships among

variables and to allow prediction of future events from present knowledge. (stangor

and wanlinga,2020) the descriptive part of the study determines the student’s

profiles and identify their perception on mandatory ROTC.

The descriptive-correlational method will be use to describe whether or not

there is a significant relationship between. The independent and dependent

variables. The researchers will be use this. Method to obtain firsthand data from

respondents to formulate rational conclusions and recommendation for this study.

Furthermore, this method is advantageous for researches because of its flexibility,

providing excellent results.

LOCALE OF STUDY

This study will be conducted in Bulanao Norte, Tabuk City, Kalinga at the

International School of and the Pacific Kalinga (ISAPK).

ISAP-K was founded in 2011 by the visionary father eagle Dr. Ronald P.

Guzman with its vision and mission of The International School of Asia and the

Pacific is a unique institution that utilizes multidisciplinary and integrated

academic approaches to produce skilled, values-oriented professionals. The

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International School of Asia and the Pacific focuses on holistic development of

individuals, fostering social responsibility, virtuousness, and versatility, while

responding to societal demands for global productivity and sustainability. offering

various health and allied courses and non-medical courses. It is a non-stock, non-

profit and non-sectarian educational institution.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

After the sample distribution was determined, the data required for this

study were collected through a survey conducted among selected SHS students

both grade 11 and 12 who are currently enrolled during the second semester of the

school year 2023-2024, with the total member of 57 Using slovin’s formula the

researchers calculated the sample size form.

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DATA GATHERING TOOL

A descriptive survey questionnaire was employed to asses the profile of the

respondents and ascertain their extent of knowledge toward the mandatory ROTC

program. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts. The first demographic profile

or respondents. Part 2 is survey questionnaires.

The 4-point Likert scale was used to rate the items indicating (SA) strongly agree is

4, Agree (A) is 3, Disagree (D) is 2, Strongly dis agree (SD) is 1, respectively.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In the first phase, the researchers will use survey questionnaires to gather

information about the physical and psychological capabilities, extent of knowledge,

and attitudes regarding the implementation of mandatory ROTC for senior high

school students. To accomplish this, the researchers will visit students

International School of Asia and the Pacific-Kalinga. In the second phase, the

researchers will draft letters to specialists for the validation or review of the

carefully created research questionnaire as well as a letter requesting permission to

perform the research in which they outline the purpose, justification, and

methodology of the study.

The questionnaire for the student responders is affixed to the letters of

intent. Since this will be their free time, the researchers' third phase will involve

distributing the survey to senior high school students at International School of

Asia and the Pacific-Kalinga after classes on September 23 and 25, and they will

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request permission from the officer in charge to do so. They will also request

permission from the office in charge to allow the researchers and the student

respondents to stay in to prevent disruption. For the survey to be conducted

quickly, effectively, and efficiently. The survey will only be used for around 10

minutes, and the researchers will divide the gathering into halves to distribute the

questionnaire to each one.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data and their corresponding analysis and interpretation.

I. Demographic Information

A. Distribution of the respondents by age

The researcher enquired on the age of the respondents and the findings are

presented on the Table 1.

Table 1. Profile of the Respondents in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage

17 years old 34 59.64%

18-21 years old 22 38.59%

21-25 years old 1 1.75%

Total 57 100%

From the findings, the study established that the majority (59.64 %) of the
respondents were 17 years of age, 38.59 % were aged 18-21, 1.75% were aged 21-
25.

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B. Distribution of respondents by gender

The researcher enquired on the gender of the respondents and the findings
are presented on the Table 2.

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 24 42.10%

Female 33 57.90%

Total 57 100%

About the gender of the respondents, it is evident that the majority are Female
shown by 57.90 % while Male were 42.10%.

C. Distribution of respondents by Strand

The researcher probe on the gender of the respondents and the findings are

presented on the Table 3.

Table 3. Profile of the Respondents in terms of Strand

STRAND FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

STEM 11 11 19.30%

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HUMSS 11 24 42.1%

HUMSS 12 22 38.60%

TOTAL 57 100%

It has been observed in Table 3 that the greatest number of respondents belong to

the group of HUMSS 11 with a percentage of 42.1%.

II. Perception in Implementation of Mandatory ROTC to Senior High School

Students

Table 4. Physical Capabilities

Indicators Mean Verbal Interpretation Indicators Indicators

Mean Verbal Mean Verbal
Interpretatio Interpretation
n

1. Students must have different combat style 3.26 Strongly Agree

in training

2. Students must pass the laboratory 3.21 Agree

examination

3. Students must have healthy body 3.56 Strongly Agree

4. Students vital statistics must be examined 3.35 Strongly Agree

5. Students must be ready in training 3.43 Strongly Agree

6. Students must have durable resistance 3.40 Strongly Agree

7. Students must be ready with physical 3.47 Strongly Agree

changes after the training

8. Students must be ready with body clock 3.43 Strongly Agree

changes

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9. Students must follow exercise routines 3.50 Strongly Agree

10. Students must ready their body in training Strongly Agree

even its rain or shine
3.31

Total Weighted Mean 3.39 Strongly Agree

Legend: 3.25-4.00 Strongly Agree; 2.50-3.24 Agree; 1.75-2.49 Dis Agree; 1.00-1.74 Strongly
Dis Agree.

Table 4 presents the Physical Capabilities. It has been observed that the
highest mean is 3.56 with an indicator of “Students must have healthy body” with
a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. The indicator number 2 “2. Students
must pass the laboratory examination.” got the lowest mean with 3.21 and a verbal
interpretation of Agree. The total weighted mean of Physical Capabilities is 3.39
resulting a Strongly Agree in verbal interpretation.

This is supported by Luke Pereira (2019) in his study wherein the research
has shown that there is a significant effect of having a healthy body in engaging in
a military course. While contrary to indicator Number 2.

Table 5. Psychological Capabilities

Indicators Indicators
Mean Verbal Mean Verbal
Indicators Mean Verbal Interpretation
Interpretation Interpretation
11. Students must have a healthy mind set 3.95 Strongly Agree

12. Students must obey orders 3.36 Strongly Agree

13. Students must have self-discipline 3.27 Strongly Agree

14. Students must have patience 3.41 Strongly Agree

15. Students must not be short-tempered 3.25 Strongly Agree

16. Students must be friendly 3.46 Strongly Agree

17. Students must have communication with 3.46 Strongly Agree

others

18. Students must be open-minded 3.95 Strongly Agree

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19. Students must have no mental issues 3.44 Strongly Agree

20. Students must think positively 3.55 Strongly Agree

Total Weighted Mean 3.51 Strongly Agree

Legend: 3.25-4.00 Strongly Agree; 2.50-3.24 Agree; 1.75-2.49 Dis Agree; 1.00-1.74 Strongly
Dis Agree.

Table 5 presents the Psychological Capabilities. It has been observed that

the highest mean is 3.95 with an indicator of “Students must have a healthy mind
set” with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

The indicator number 13 “Students must have self-discipline” got the lowest
mean with 3.27 and a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. The total weighted
mean of Psychological Capabilities is 3.51 resulting a Strongly Agree in verbal
interpretation.

This is supported by Ammon Sean Campbell (2018) in his study has shown
how leaders and participants should socialize with each other and also to develop a
leader identity. Also, to understand the participating cadets’ perspectives and the
leader development experience

Table 7. Extent Knowledge

Indicators Mean Verbal Interpretation Indicators Indicators

Mean Verbal Mean Verbal
Interpretatio Interpretation
n
21.Students are required to have extensive 3.24 Agree
training

22. Students think it is only a waste of time 3.19 Agree

23. Students think it will only teach them to be 3.56 Strongly Agree
a patriot

24. Students think that it is only about hazing 3.33 Strongly Agree

25. Students experiencing severe illness 3.43 Strongly Agree

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26. Students think that it is only about 3.58 Strongly Agree

discipline

27. Students will train to utilize for national 3.45 Strongly Agree
defense

28. Students who failed will be out of the 3.42 Strongly Agree
program

29. Students experiencing hazing and abuse in 3.49 Strongly Agree

the program

30. Students in training will turn them into a 3.29 Strongly Agree
cadet

Total Weighted Mean 3.38 Strongly Agree

Legend: 3.25-4.00 Strongly Agree; 2.50-3.24 Agree; 1.75-2.49 Dis Agree; 1.00-1.74 Strongly
Dis Agree.

Table 7 presents the Extent Knowledge. It has been observed that the highest mean
is 3.58 with an indicator of “Students think that it is only about discipline” with a
verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

The indicator number 22 “Students think it is only a waste of time” got the
lowest mean with 3.19 and a verbal interpretation of Agree. The total weighted
mean of Psychological Capabilities is 3.38 resulting a Strongly Agree in verbal
interpretation.

This is supported by Manuel Manaligod (2019) in his study has shown how
Reserve Officers have the requirements to utilize for national defense. Also, it is for
enhancing the country’s national security.

Table 8. Attitude

Indicators Mean Verbal Interpretation Indicators Indicators

Mean Verbal Mean Verbal

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Interpretatio Interpretation
n
31. Students give more attention to ROTC 3.15 Agree
compared to their academics

32. ROTC is a tiring and hard for the student 3.25 Strongly Agree
to passed

33. Students are afraid of the violent cases in 3.16 Agree

ROTC

program

34. ROTC demands a lot of time especially 3.32 Strongly Agree

weekends

35. Students demands to have the right to 3.46 Strongly Agree

make choices

36. Students felt humiliated in front of many 3.15 Agree

students by their superiors

37. Students facing financially challenge 3.23 Agree

38. Students don’t want to attend ROTC 3.16 Agree

program to focus on their studies

39. Students feel bored when they hear ROTC 3.07 Agree
program

40. Students just want to sleep instead of 2.93 Agree

attending ROTC

Total Weighted Mean 3.19 Agree

Legend: 3.25-4.00 Strongly Agree; 2.50-3.24 Agree; 1.75-2.49 Dis Agree; 1.00-1.74 Strongly
Dis Agree.

Table 8 presents the Attitude. It has been observed that the highest mean is
3.46 with an indicator of “Students demands to have the right to make choices”
with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

The indicator number 40 “Students just want to sleep instead of attending

ROTC” got the lowest mean with 2.93 and a verbal interpretation of Agree. The total
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weighted mean of Psychological Capabilities is 3.19 resulting an Agree in verbal

interpretation.

This is supported by Josefina Jayme (2021) in her study has shown how
ROTC students were found to differ from their classmates in military background,
academic aptitude, personal values, attributes sought in job, political position,
bureaucratic tendencies, attitude and other socio-psychological characteristics.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This Chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion, and

recommendation based on the interpretation of data gathered and supported by the
research instrument and statistical treatment

Summary

This study conducted to determine the Perception in Implementation of

Mandatory ROTC among Senior High School Students of International School of
Asia and the Pacific Kalinga. Specifically, it had two major purposes such as: 1)
Profile of the Respondents in terms of Age, Gender and Strand. The Physical and
Psychological Capabilities of the students and also their Extent Knowledge and
Attitude regarding the ROTC Program. The study made use quantitative research
method wherein 57 Grade 11 and 12 students served as the respondents to answer
the researcher made questionnaire.

Summary of Findings

Based on the sequence of the statement of the problem, the summary of the
findings are as follows:

1. Profile of the Respondents.

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1.1 Age Based on the data collected, the greatest number of the
students belong to an age bracket of 17 years old with a percentage of 59.64
%.

1.2 Gender The largest group of respondents are Female with a

percentage of 57.90%.

1.3 Strand Majority of the respondents are from the HUMSS 11with a
percentage of 42.1 %.

1. What must be the physical capabilities of Senior High School students who will
undergo the program of Mandatory ROTC?

One of the factors that is found in Physical Capabilities of the students

based on the collected data in the survey are the bodies of the student. It has been
observed that the highest mean in Physical Capabilities is 3.56 with an indicator of
“Students must have healthy body.” with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

That is supported by Luke Pereira (2019) in his study wherein the research
has shown that there is a significant effect of having a healthy body in engaging in
a military course. There are also have durable resistance, follow exercise routines,
ready with body clock changes of the students supported by the computed mean
presented which has a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

2. What must be psychological capabilities of the Senior High School students who
will undergo the program of Mandatory ROTC?

One of the factors that is found in Psychological Capabilities of the students

based on the collected data in the survey is the positive thinking of the student. It
has been observed that the highest mean in Psychological Capabilities is 3.95 with
an indicator of “Students must have a healthy mind set.” And “Students must be
open-minded” with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

That is supported by Ammon Sean Campbell (2020) in his study has shown
how leaders and participants should socialized with each other and also to develop
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a leader identity. There are also have to be open-minded, be friendly, have patience
and have self-discipline of students supported by the computed mean presented
which has a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

3. What are the extent knowledge of Senior High School students regarding
Mandatory ROTC?

One of the factors that is found in Extent Knowledge of the students based
on the collected data in the survey is the knowledge of the student. It has been
observed that the highest mean in Extent Knowledge is 3.58 with an indicator of
“Students think that it is only about discipline.” with a verbal interpretation of
Strongly Agree.

That is supported by Manuel Manaligod (2020) in his study has shown how
Reserve Officers have the requirements to utilize for national defense. Also, it is for
enhancing the country’s national security.

4. What are the attitude of Senior High School students in Makati High School
towards the program Implementation of Mandatory ROTC?

One of the factors that is found in Attitude of the students based on the
collected data in the survey is the behavior of the student. It has been observed
that the highest mean in Attitude is 3.46 with an indicator of “Students demands
to have the right to make choices” with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree.

That is supported by Josefina Jayme (2018) in her study has shown how
ROTC students were found to differ from their classmates in military background,
academic aptitude, personal values, attributes sought in job, political position,
bureaucratic tendencies, attitude and other socio-psychological characteristics.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, it can be inferred that the Perception in

Implementation of Mandatory ROTC among Senior High School Students of
International School of Asia and the Pacific Kalinga has a direct impact. It was
confirmed that the Physical and Psychological Capabilities, Extent Knowledge and
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Attitude helped the researchers to know the perception of the students regarding
the Mandatory ROTC Program.

Recommendations

Since the Perception in Implementation of Mandatory ROTC to Senior High

School Students is determined, it is recommended that:

1) The Physical Education Teachers, MAPEH Department and CAT Officers

of International School of Asia and the Pacific Kalinga should conduct seminars for
the students’ knowledge about Mandatory ROTC Program that could meet both
academic credit standards and training requirements.

2) Together with the Guidance Counselors, Subject teachers and Advisers of

every student should help and participate regarding the Implementation of the
Mandatory ROTC it is also to help the students develop a sense of patriotism and
nationalism among the people.

3) The whole school institution should develop rules and regulations on

Mandatory ROTC Program.

References

Abad, T. (2019, May 26). ROTC Bill approved on final reading. Retrieved
from

http://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=11494&key=rotc

Card, Josefina. (2016, March 3). Differences in the demographic and

sociopsychological profile of ROTC vs Non-ROTC students Retrieved from

https://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/bitstream/handle/mtsu/4565/
Buntin_mtsu_0170N_10448.p

df?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Cudis, C. (2019, February 11). Why mandatory ROTC is needed again.

Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1061593

Funk, Robert. ( 2015, July 18). Developing Leaders through High School
Junior

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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
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ROTC: Integrating Theory and Practice. Retrieved from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107179190200800404

Garcia, S. (2018, September 23). The Pros and Cons of ROTC Programs:

Advice for Prospective Students. Retrieved from

http://studentcaffe.com/enrich/rotc/pros-and-cons

Manaligod, M. (2014, November 13). The ROTC Scholarship Program:

Towards

an Enhanced National Security. Retrieved from

http://www.ndcp.edu.ph/index.php/library/thesis-1614/

Patag, K. (2019, May 20). House OKs bill making ROTC mandatory for Grade

11, 12 students. Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/20/1919445/house-oks-
bill-making-rotcmandatory-grade-11-12-students

Pereira, Luke (2015, November 23). The History and Impact of Army ROTC at

Suny College at Brookport. Retrieved from

https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1022&context=student

_archpapers

Sevilla, G. (2019, June 14). BusinessMirror Editorial. Retrieved from

https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/06/14/mandatory-rotc-2/

Sonmez, T. (2014, December 5). Bidding for Army Career Specialties:

Improving

the ROTC Branching Mechanism. Retrieved from

http://www.tayfunsonmez.net/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/Sonmez-
JPE2013.pdf

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