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SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Is your body central framework
- Foundation of your body giving it
structure and allowing it for movements.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM CONSIST OF THE
FOLLOWING:
1. Bones – provided the structure for our
bodies
– Is the living tissue that makes up
the body’s skeleton.
– 300 bones for baby
– 206 bones for adults.
2. Tendons –is a fibrous connective tissue
that attach muscle to the bone
– Serve to move the bone or
structure.
– Strain
3. Ligaments–is a fibrous connective tissue
that attaches bone to bone
– Serve to hold structure together
and keep them stable.
– Sprain
4. Cartilage – is a strong, flexible connective
tissue that protect your joints and bones.
– Reduce friction and prevents them
from rubbing together.
TWO MAIN GROUPS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON- Central skeleton that
protects and supports vital Organs. Mainly flat
and irregular bones
1. SKULL – Cranium (head) and The face.
2. HYOID – protect the esophagus and
Facilitates a wide range of movements Involved
in speaking and swallowing.
3. TRUNK – Vertebral column, Sternum (chest
bone) and the ribs
APPENDICULAR SKELETON–Skeleton of the
extremities.
UPPER EXTREMITIES – The upper Extremity or
arm is a functional unit of the Upper body.
1.CLAVICLE – a strut to support the shoulder.
2. SCAPULA - allow for full-functional upper
extremity movement including protraction,
retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation,
and downward rotation.
3.HUMERUS – an attachment to 13 muscles Which
contribute to the movements of the hand And elbow
4. RADIUS AND ULNA – allow rotation of the wrist.
5.CARPALS AND METACARPALS- act as the
bridge between the wrist and fingers, forming the
framework of the hand.
6.PHALANGES- give us the structure needed to
complete tasks like typing, tying your shoes, or
even standing on your tiptoes.
LOWER EXTREMITIES – The lower Extremity
refers to the part of the body from The hip to the
toes.
1.PELVIS – locomotion, as body weight is
transmitted to the lower limbs through the pelvic
girdle. Childbirth, as the human neonate must pass
through the birth canal, which lies within the pelvic
girdle as the baby exits the body. Support of
abdominal organs.
2. FEMUR – Holding the weight of your body when
you stand and move.
3. PATELLA – The main job of the patella is to help
with knee extension and movement, while offering
protection for the knee joint.
4. TIBIA AND FIBULA – The primary function of
the tibia is to accept and distribute weight across
the knee and to the ankle. The fibula is responsible
for maintaining stability and helping the foot to
rotate.
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5. TARSAL AND METATARSALS- help to form the
main arches of the foot, which are essential for
weight-bearing and walking
6.PHALANGES- give us the structure needed to
complete tasks like typing, tying your shoes, or
even standing on your tiptoes.
“ In physical fitness, bones weaken when an
individual lives an inactive or sedentary life.
exercise makes the bone strong by improving
the blood flow to the cells.”
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
– The human body is composed of 650
individual muscles which are attached to the
skeleton, and provide the pulling power for
us to move around.
– when a muscle contracts (bunches up), it gets
shorter and so pulls on the bone it is attached
to. When a muscle relaxes, it goes back to
its normal size.
– Muscles can only pull and cannot push.
– Muscles are composed of thousands of
fibers or cell which serve as structural units.
These are the structural components of skeletal
muscle:
1. Epimysium: A dense layer of connective tissue
that surrounds the entire muscle.
2. Fascicle: A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded
by perimysium.
3. Perimysium: Connective tissue that surrounds
each fascicle.
4. Muscle fiber (cell): Also known as a muscle cell,
it is the basic unit of a muscle.
5. Endomysium: Connective tissue that surrounds
individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.
6. Tendons: Tough, fibrous connective tissue that
connects muscles to bones, allowing for movement.
the characteristics of muscles:
1. Excitable: Muscles are able to respond to
stimuli, such as signals from nerves,
allowing them to contract in response to
external or internal cues.
2. Contractile: Muscles have the ability to
shorten (contract) when stimulated,
resulting in movement of body parts.
3. Extensible: Muscles can be stretched or
extended without being damaged, allowing
for flexibility and range of motion.
4. Elastic: Muscles have the ability to return to
their original shape after being stretched,
thanks to elastic fibers within the muscle
tissue. This property helps maintain muscle
tone and posture.
THE SKELETAL MUSCLES PERFORM AT
LEAST FOUR DISTINCT FUNCTIONS
1.They give specific shape to the different
parts of the body
2. They provide movement for the body
3. They serve for postural support
4.They produce heat during periods of cold
stress
THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
- SKELETAL MUSCLES (STRIATED OR
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES)
 Skeletal muscles comprise 30 to
40% of your total body mass
 They’re the muscles that connect to
your bones and allow you to perform
a wide range of movements and
functions.
 Skeletal muscles are voluntary,
meaning you control how and when
they work
- CARDIAC MUSCLES (HEART MUSCLES)
 Cardiac muscle is your heart itself
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 Cardiac muscles are only in your  ARTERY

heart. They help your heart pump  VEINS
Blood throughout your body.
 They’re involuntary muscles that
your autonomic nervous system HEART
controls. That means they work
without you having to think about it. • The heart is a fist-sized organ that
pumps blood throughout your body.
- SMOOTH MUSCLES (UNSTRIATED OR It’s the primary organ of your
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES) circulatory system.
• Your heart contains four main
 Much of the internal organs are sections (chambers) made of muscle
and powered by electrical impulses.
made up of this muscle tissue.
Your brain and nervous system
Smooth muscles are Involuntary,
direct your heart’s function.
too. So, your autonomic nervous
• Your heart is slightly on the left side
system controls them as well.
of your body. It sits between your
 It is in the stomach and intestines,
right and left lungs. The left lung is
where it helps with digestion and
slightly smaller to make room for the
nutrient collection.
heart in your left chest.
 It exists throughout the urinary
• Everyone’s heart is a slightly
system, where it functions to help rid
different size. Generally, adult hearts
the body of toxins and works in
are about the same size as two
electrolyte balance.
clenched fists, and children’s hearts
 Without these vital functions, the
are about the same size as one
body would not be able to maintain
clenched fist.
even its most basic functions.
• On average, an adult’s heart weighs
about 10 ounces. Your heart may
weigh a little more or a little less,
depending on your body size.
THE CIRCULATORY & CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
HEART FUNCTIONS
 The main function of the circulatory system
is to transport nutrients needed by all the Your heart’s main function is to move blood
parts of the body and bring wastes from the throughout your body. Your heart also:
multitude of cells that make up the
• Controls the rhythm and speed of
organism
your heart rate.
 The circulatory system delivers oxygen and • Maintains your blood pressure.
nutrients to cells and takes away wastes.

HOW DOES YOUR HEART WORK WITH OTHER

THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY ORGANS?
AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Nervous system: Your nervous
 HEART system helps control your heart rate.
 BLOOD It sends signals that tell your heart to
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beat slower during rest and faster
during stress.
• Endocrine system: Your endocrine
system sends out hormones. These
hormones tell your blood vessels to
constrict or relax
BLOOD
• Blood is a constantly circulating fluid
providing the body with nutrition,
oxygen, and waste removal.
• Blood is mostly liquid, with
numerous cells and proteins
suspended in it, making blood
“thicker” than pure water.
• The average person has about 5
liters (more than a gallon) of blood.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
• CENTRIFUGE
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
• RED BLOOD CELL
(ERYTHROCITES) – Red blood
cells represent 40%-45% of your
blood volume. Which also carry
oxygen to the tissues
• WHITE BLOOD CELL
(LEUKOCITES) only account for
about 1% of your blood, they are
very important. White blood cells are
essential for good health and
protection against illness and
disease. They flow through the
bloodstream and attack foreign
bodies, like viruses and bacteria.
• PLATELET- Platelets control
bleeding. Wherever a wound occurs,
the blood vessel will send out a
signal.
• PLASMA – Plasma is the liquid portion
of your blood. Plasma is yellowish in
color and is made up mostly of water,
but it also contains proteins, sugars,
hormones and salts.
•ARTERIES-Carry oxygen-rich blood
from your heart to your body's tissues.
They play a crucial role in distributing
oxygen, nutrients and hormones
throughout your body.
WHAT DO ARTERES DO?
• Your arteries carry blood that has
oxygen and nutrients in it. Your heart
pumps oxygen-rich blood into the
biggest artery in your body - your aorta.
This branches off into parts that feed
smaller and smaller arteries, eventually
reaching your entire body.
HOW DO ARTERIES HELP WITH
OTHER ORGANS?
• Your arteries supply all of your organs
with blood. Your blood contains oxygen
and nutrients, which every organ in your
body needs to function.
•VEINS–Veins are blood vessels that
carry oxygen- poor blood to your heart.
Veins are blood vessels located
throughout your body that collect
oxygen-poor blood and return it to your
heart.
WHAT COLOR ARE VEINS?
Many people think veins are blue
because they look blue through our skin.
But that's just a trick that our eyes play
on us. Your veins are actually full of
dark red blood darker than the blood
in your arteries, which is cherry red.
The blood in your veins is darker
because it lacks oxygen.
• CAPILLARIES- Capillaries connect
the arterial system which includes the
blood vessels that carry blood away
from your heart to your venous system.
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Your venous system includes the blood
vessels that carry blood back to your
heart. Capillaries complete the
circulatory system by connecting
arteries to veins
intentions, and messages us space for self-
improvement. Nd improvement
POSTURE–The way a person holds their body,
whether sitting, standing, or lying down, is also
considered a form of body movement.

FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS– Body

movements are often categorized into fine motor
skills “small”, and gross motor skills “larger
movements”

MOVEMENT- CHANGE IN POSITION OR

POSTURE

- It involves the coordinated activity of

muscles, bones, joints, and other body parts

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES of
MOVEMENTS
CHANGE IN POSITION OR POSTURE

Body movements can be intentional or involuntary,

and they play a crucial role in various aspects of
human life, including communication, expression,
and daily activities.
FLEXION
- -Decrease the angle of the joints (bend)
- Brings two bones closer together

EXTENSION
KEY ASPECTS of BODY MOVEMENTS
- Increase the angle of the joints (extend)
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS–These are intentional
movements that a person consciously initiates and
controls. SUPINATION
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS– These are - Palm face forward
movements that occur without conscious control. - Lying facing upward
They can be reflexive actions, such as the
involuntary jerk when startled, or automatic PRONATION
processes like breathing and heartbeat. - Palm facing downward
GESTURES–Gestures, facial expressions, and - Lying facing downward
body language contribute to conveying emotions,

OPPOSITION
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- brings the thumb and little finger for
another digit) together, allowing them to
touch or meet across the palm
REPOSITION
- It involves moving the thumb and little
finger (or another digit) away from each
other, returning them to their original
position.
ABDUCTION
- movement of a body part away from the
body’s midline or the center of the body.
ADDUCTION
- It involves the movement of a body part
toward the body’s midline or the center
of the body.
CIRCUMDUCTION
- Involves a circular or conical motion,
usually combining multiple movements.
ROTATION
- involves the turning or pivoting of a
body part around its axis.
ELEVATIONS
- Movement of a body part in a superior
or upward direction. It involves raising
or lifting a structure,
DEPRESSION
- Movement of a body part in an inferior
or downward direction
NUTRITION
• The process of taking food contain nutrient
• It encompasses the processes of obtaining.
Assimilating, and utilizing nutrients from food to
support growth, development, and maintenance of
health in individuals and populations.
NUTRIENTS
• Nutrients are essential substances found in food
that the body requires for various physiological
functions, including growth, maintenance, and
energy production.
These include carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, and minerals, each playing specific roles
in supporting overall health and well-being.
CARBOHYDRATES
• Main source of energy
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES –
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES –
SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
- Also known as simple sugar
- They are quickly digested and
absorbed by the body, leading to a
rapid increase in blood sugar levels.
- Common examples of simple
carbohydrates include glucose, fructose
(found in fruits). Sucrose (table sugar),
and lactose (found in milk)
- Due to their quick digestion, simple
carbohydrates can provide a rapid
source of energy. But their consumption
should be moderated
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
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- Complex carbohydrates are found in 1. Eyesight

foods like whole grains, legumes,
- Vitamin A (Retinol)
vegetables, and fruits.
- Unlike simple carbohydrates, they are - Night blindness
digested more slowly, leading to a 2. Bone health
gradual release of glucose into the
bloodstream. - Vitamin D (Calciferol)
- This gradual energy release helps - Rickets
provide sustained energy levels and
3. Antioxidant
promotes a more stable blood sugar
response. - Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

PROTEIN 4. Blood clotting

- For building muscles - Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

- For repairing tissues - Excessive bleeding
5. Immune system

FOOD EXAMPLES - Vitamin C

Dietary sources of protein include meat, poultry, 6. Energy metabolism

fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, and - Vitamin B1-B6
seeds.
7. Amino acid assistance
FATS
- Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
- Second source of energy 8. Red blood cell formation
- Stored energy
- Fuel source - Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
9. DNA
- Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
FOOD EXAMPLES

It’s advisable to prioritize healthy fats, such as

those found in avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil. MINERALS
VITAMINS Minerals are inorganic elements that are essential
for various physiological functions in the human
- Supplements that regulates body
body.
processes and system
TYPES OF MINRALS
TYPES OF VITAMINS
MACRO MINERALS -These are needed by the
FAT SOLUBLE- Easily absorve in fat (ADEK)
body in larger amounts
Because fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body,
excessive intake can lead to toxicity. MICRO MINERALS – These are required in smaller
amounts
WATER SOLUBLE-Washed out and not easily
stored (C. B complex), so they need to be MACRO MINERALS
consumed regularly through a balanced diet
SOSIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM – Balance
Excessive intake are usually excreted in urine
fluids in the body
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CALCIUM-Builds and protect bones and teeth

PHOSPHORUS – Helps build and protect bones

and teeth

MAGNESIUM – Nerve transmission, muscle

Contraction

SULFUR-Protein production

MICRO MINERALS

IRON – Helps RBC carry oxygen to all parts of the

Body ZINC-Wound healing, growth, immune

system function

IODINE-Prevent goiter and a congenital thyroid

SELENIUM – Acts as an anti-oxidant

COPPER – Assists with metabolizing fuels

MANGANESE – Help form bones FLOURIDE –

Keep dental cavities from starting

CHRONIUM-Helps maintain blood glucose level

FOOD GROUPS

GO FOODS-Energy giving foods (Carbohydrates)

GROW FOODS – Help to build muscles (Protein

and Dairy products) GLOW FOODS – Protect us
from illness, Keeps our Hair, skin, and nails healthy
(Fruits and Vegetables)