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 Carbonate Stages
High
Perm
1. Pre-acid Preflush 12 bbls
or 2 m3
2. Non-Retarded Acid 2 bbl/ft
1 m3/m and/or 3.
3. Retarded Acid 2 bbls/ft
or 1 m3/m

Low
4. Overflush/Spacer 6-12 bbls
Perm or 1-2 m3
5. Diverter Stage 0.5 m3/m
High
Perm

Low
Perm
 rac  rw
r  rac  rw  rwe
' -s
S   ln
w rw
WORMHOLE PENETRATION (rac) VS. SKIN
rac ft Skin (8.75” OH)
0.5 -0.9
1 -1.3
2 -1.9
3 -2.2
4 -2.5
5 -2.7
6 -2.9
7 -3.0
8 -3.1
9 -3.2
10 -3.3
15 -3.7
20 -4.0
 H+
Acid attack
reduces pore
wall thickness

Ever widening H+

pore channels
can collide
Increasing
Temperature
 Acid

Spent
Acid
 mq k Axial _ FlowConvection 
Pe  
φ AD Radial _ FlowRxn 

= porosity
A = area perpendicular to flow (cm2)
k = matrix permeability (md)
q = total injection rate (cm3/s)
m = coefficient introduced for consistency with earlier publications
(1 in a linear geometry, and to 2 in radial flow)
D = the diffusivity of the acid (cm2/s) depends on the type of acid
and its temperature (Sherwood et al., 1975)
 Stimulation Radius Due to Wormholes
 
rac  rw  qk / hDrw  Ac qt - t  / hrw2   1 .1/ d
0.5 -1/ 3

Not on the final exam!


Φ



Overall rate of dissolution  d lk

Da  
Rate of convection Q

k = overall dissolution rate constant

d = diameter of wormhole
l = length of wormhole
Q = flow rate per wormhole

(Fredd and Fogler, AIChE J., 1998)

 StimCADE*
Radial Penetration Plot
Saudi ARAMCO
7100 UTMN-368
WHE = 2
04-09-1998

 7200

Zone 1

Zone Depth (ft)

Zone 3
Zone 5
7300

Seawater
7400
Bottom 28 wt% HCl
Zone # Benzoic Acid Diverter
7
7500
0 5 10

Radial Penetration (ft)

*Mark of Schlumberger


 Radial PenetrationPlot
Saudi ARAMCO
7100 UTMN-368
WHE = 2
04-09-1998

7200
ZoneDepth(ft)

7300

Seawater
7400 Zone 7 28 wt% HCl
Benzoic Acid Diverter

7500
0 5 10 15

Radial Penetration (ft)

 Carbonate Acidizing Conclusions





 Settling
Time

(min)


 Settling Tests with MSR 100
mL Fluid separated
10% Calcite, 20% bentionite, 70% sand
30
25
20 MSR 100
15 MSR 100 (U044)
10 MSR 100 (U044)
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, Hours
With F078

Settling Tests with NASR 200

10% Calcite, 20% bentionite, 70% sand
With F078
mL Fluid Separated

25
20
NARS 200
15
NARS 200 (U044)
10
NARS 200 (U044)
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, hours

Chelant loading reduced 25% vs U042 and F100 can be used







 28% HCl
350 oF

EMULSIFIED
ACID
350 oF



Vertical Prejob Inj. Prejob Inj. Postjob Inj. Postjob Inj. Prejob ll Postjob ll
Well Rate Pressure Rate Pressure (BWPD/psi (BWPD/psi)
(MBWPD) (psig) (MBWPD) (psig) )
1 21.2 1950 12 550 24 65

2 41.7 2750 55.3 2200 20 48

3 27.7 2950 52.8 2100 21 70

4 44.2 2800 44.8 1950 30 72

5 33.6 2900 25.7 1200 20 62

6 33.5 2200 41.6 1815 32 47

Vertical Well Coiled Tubing/Foam Diversion Results: Pre and post-treatment
inj. index (II) of vertical wells acidized using the foam diversion technique
Average II is 120 BWPD/psi
Vertical Prejob Inj. Prejob Inj. Postjob Inj. Postjob Inj. Prejob ll Postjob ll
Well Rate Pressure (psig) Rate Pressure (BWPD/psi) (BWPD/psi)
(MBWPD) (MBWPD) (psig)

7 5.0 1300 67.8 1240 4 119

8 26.2 1550 42.4 1220 26 112

9 10.0 2400 59.0 1100 5 139

10 0.0 38.5 934 65

11 5.0 2000 73.0 1200 3 165

m

0 2 4 6
pH
Comparision of Lab and StimCADE Results Using SDA
50
2% KCl
15% SDA 15%
40 HCl HCl
Permeability (md)
30

20

10

0
10 * 20 30 40 50

Acid Placement: Rate vs.Volume by Layer

0.6
1 2 3 2

0.5

--- Treatment Fluids ---

0.4
1 - KCl BRINE
2 - MSR100
Rate bbl/min

3 - DIV SLUG SDA

0.3

Layer Number
[1]
0.2
[2]

0.1

0.0
0 100
Volume bbl
 D

2000
4000
6000
8000
10000

0
11:16:31
11:28:11

lines
Purge
11:38:52
11:49:33
12:01:13 Test lnes
12:12:53
12:24:33
12:36:13 N2 prepad
12:47:53
12:59:33

Pwh psi
13:10:13
13:21:13
13:32:53
D

13:44:33

Pann psi
13:56:13
D

14:07:53
14:19:33
D

14:31:13
Q bbl/min
14:42:53
E13 - Stimulation 24-07-99

14:54:33
D

15:06:13
15:17:53
15:29:33
15:41:13
QN2x100 m3/min
D

15:52:53
16:04:33
16:16:13
16:27:53
with N2 only
Dsplacement

16:39:33
16:51:13
0
1
2
3
4
5



 2500

2000 Pre-treatment (BWPD)

Post-treatment (BWPD)
Injection (BWPD)

1500

1000

500

0 Zone A B Zone A B Zone A B

1
Zone 2 A 3
B 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CT Placement CT Placement Bullhead using CT Placement with Mud &
with no diversion with foam diversion Gelled Acid Silt Removal Acid and
Well #1 Well #2 with no diversion Temporarily X-Linked
Well #3 Acid Diversion
Well #4
PLT Injection Profile - Before / After Treatment

In je c tio n (B W P D )
0
4000
8 4 0 0 ft

Zone B e fo re A fte r
B

Zone
A 2

Zone
A 1

8 4 8 0 ft
 Gelling
agents

Iron control

FLA
 15% Hydrochloride acid 20% Hydrochloride acid

300
300
Viscosity (cP) @ 170 S-1
Viscosity (cP) @170 S-1

250
250
200 200
150 150
100 100

50 50

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 5 10 15 20 25
% spent hydrochloride acid % spent hydrochloride acid
spent
+
acid

+
+

+







 56 1.97

100
4.27
65

12.5 -0.56

100 -0.37

9.4 -0.6

0 0.21

100
0.13
0












 Pre-VDA Post VDA
Zone 1 142 348
Zone 2 67 1172
Zone 3 173 274
Zone 4 230 286
Zone 5 0 ~35
Total Oil 612 2080


1754

Production (BPD)
333 1800
350
Pre Pre
300 1500
FWHP (psi)

Post Post
250 190
215 1200
200 900 732 793
150
600
100
50 300
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
well 12 well 11 well 15 well 12 well 11
 

Production (bopd)
5000 10000 9029
3930
FWHP (psi)

Pre Post Pre

4000 2914 8000
2260 Post 5242
3000 1880 6000
2000 2760 3140
4000
1000 2000
0 0
w ell 14 w ell 17 w ell 14 w ell 17



 Post Stimulation Production Expected Rates VS
Achieved Rates
2500
Expected Production

Production Rate BOPD

2000 Achieved Production

1500

1000

500

0 KA-147

KA-131

KA-162

KA-145

KA-136

KA-110

KA-113

KA-105

KA-117
Well Name






 7000.0 40.0

6500.0

Oil Rate (BBL/D)

6000.0 30.0

% Water Cut
 5500.0
5000.0 20.0

4500.0
 4000.0 Oil Rate sbbl/d 10.0

Water
Water Cut %
3500.0

3000.0 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Horizontal Wells


 












vda1B and 9F.exe
 Naturally fractured formations: fissures
 Formations with very high permeability
contrast
 Trouble maintaining treatment pressure!
 Uncontrolled injection profile due to
severe thief zones
 Fibers dissolution in spent 20% HCl Acid with 8 gpt
A270, 10 gpt A201, 5% J557 at 100 C

100 100
 90 90

% Fibers Dissolved
80
70
 60
50 50
 40
30
20
10
18
100 °C, spent acid
6
0 0
 0 1 2 3 4 5

Days

stimulation fluid + fibers

stimulation fluid



Dissolution and decomposition (brittleness) times for J595 fibers
in different environment (static bottle tests)
 Core size used
for slot flow test.

Flow reduced from 50 to 3.9 mL/min.

 Degradable Diversion Mechanism
Fiber Dissolution Example Static Bottle Test
Fiber dissolved, %

Time, unitless
 


69
11/17/2013
 Comsol-Multiphysic 3D simulation

S fiber _ tunnel
2htunnel h kh
 2 S fiber _ tunnel  7.3
rperf kc For a rock
with permeability of
htunnel = length of the perforation tunnel 100 mD
kh = horizontal permeability
kc = permeability of the cake
h = distance
70 between two perforations
11/17/2013
rperf = radius of perforations
 Skin Effect of the Fiber Cake
 The greater the reservoir permeability, the greater the
injectivity reduction.
 The table below illustrates the skin factor from the fiber
cake (Kc = 2 D) as a function of the reservoir permeability.

K (mD) Sfiber_tunnel Sfiber perforation STotal Fiber

tip
0.1 0.007 0.07 0.077
1 0.07 0.4 0.47
10 0.74 2.56 3.3
100 7.4 12 19.4
1,000 74 29 103
10,000 743 40 783


72
15% HCl with J595 20% HCl withJ595
 On-the-fly mixing Batch Mixing

Fiber Feeder

+
POD Blender (SBT 612 shown)
CBS 954 equipped with
multi-level paddles

• Preferred method for fiber delivery •Strictly follow guidelines

• Greater flexibility -Low fluid volumes (~80bbl
-Fluid volumes tank)
-Fiber concentrations -Multilevel paddles preferred
• Good fluid quality • Single fiber concentration
• More careful control to
74 ensure good fluid quality
MaxCO3 Acid Base Fluid: VDA
VDA15
• Preparation of good VDA is critical Good
BAD

• Proper VDA should be

-Clear (J557 may be yellow or red)
-Homogenous Batch 1:
good
Batch 2:
Foamy, slight gel,

-Non-foamed
non-homogeneous

Temperature (deg F)

VDA Stability Time (hrs)

68 88 108 128

• Fibers will not mix in improperly made VDA

80
70
60 VDA15
50
40

•VDA stability is temperature dependent

30
20
10
0
20 30 40 50
Temperature (deg C)

NAM CLS data, unpublished

76
MaxCO3 Acid Fluid Requirements
Fluid Composition
It is prepared with VDA plus degradable fibers (J595)

+
J595 Fibers MaxCO3 Acid15% HCL, 100 ppt
J595

77
 Damaged zone

Face
dissolution

Conical
wormhole

Dominant Increasing
IncreasingTemperature
Injection
wormhole (faster reaction)
(higher rate)

Ramified
wormholes

Uniform
dissolution

Pore volumes to breakthrough

100 0.25 M DTPA, pH=4.3

0.25 M EDTA, pH=13
Water/Plaster
(Daccord et al., 1989)
0.25 M EDTA, pH=4
0.25 M CDTA, pH=4.4
10 0.5 M HAc
0.5 M HCl

0 1 2
10 10 10
1/Damköhler number
(Fredd and Fogler, AIChE J., 1998)
 

6
5
Skin [dimensionless]

4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Volume injected [bbl]
(Fredd, SPE 59537, 2000)
 Injection Well #1: Detailed Skin Evolution versus
0 Volume for Various Values of Wormhole Efficiency
Simulation@WHE = 10
-0.5 Simulation@WHE = 2
Simulation@WHE = 1
-1
Simulation@WHE = 0.5
Total Skin

-1.5 Simulation@WHE = 0.1

Actual Data
-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Treating Fluid Volume (gal)
 Injection Well #1: Actual and Simulated Surface Pressure
@ Pre-Treatment Rate of 3000 BWPD
4000

3500

Simulation @ Skin = 100

Surface Pressure (psi)

3000 Simulation @ Skin = 30.5

Simulation @ Skin = 26.5
2500 Simulation @ Skin = 0
Actual Pressure of 1930 psi
2000

1500

1000

500

0
250 350 450 550 650
Injection Time (minutes)
 Injection Well #1: Actual and Simulated Surface Pressure
@ Post-Treatment Rate of 17,500 BWPD
4000

3500
Simulation @ Skin = -2.9
Surface Pressure (psi)

3000
Actual Pressure of 1800 psi
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
250 350 450 550 650 750 850
Injection Time (minutes)



