Unit - II - Standards For Effluent Discharge Regulations-Merged

Standards for Effluent Discharge Regulations
General Notice No.44.of 2003
THE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT 2002
Regulations made by the Minister under sections 39 and 96 of the Environment Protection Act 2002
1. These regulations may be cited as the Environment Protection (Standards for effluent discharge) Regulations
2003.
2. In these regulations -
(b)“effluent” means water sullied or contaminated by any matter, in solution or suspension and derived
from the use of the water in connection with domestic, industrial or other activities;
“HWM” means the High Water Mark at spring tide;
“influent” means water diverted from a river, stream, spring, canal, underground or water supply
network used in connection with any activity listed in the First Column of the First Schedule;
“parameter” means, in relation to an effluent, the characteristics or constituent elements set out in the Second
Column of the First Schedule in respect of the corresponding activity set out in the First Column of the
First Schedule;
“Wastewater system” –
(a) means a sewer, conduit, pump, engine or other appliance used or intended to be used for the
reception, conveyance, removal, treatment and disposal of effluent; and
(b) does not include house sewers;
“waterbody” includes a stream, a river, a canal, a lake, a pond, a reservoir, an estuary, a wetland and
underground water;
“watercourse” means any natural or artificial channel, pipe or conduit, excluding the sewerage system,
carrying, or that may carry, and discharging water directly or indirectly into a water body;
3.No person shall discharge effluent onto land, into a watercourse or into a waterbody unless he ensures that the
parameters of the effluent do not exceed the permissible limits set out in the Second Schedule.
4.Notwithstanding regulation 3 or any other enactment, no person shall discharge or cause to be discharged any
effluent into a waterbody or watercourse used or earmarked to be used for potable water supply.
5.Notwithstanding regulation 3, any person using an influent, the limits concentration or value of the any
parameters of which exceeds the permissible limit for that parameter set out in the Second Schedule, shall
ensure that the concentration or value of the parameters of in the effluent does not exceed those that of the
influent.
6.Any industry existing prior to the promulgation of these regulations and which is within a distance of 200
metres from the HWM shall comply with the permissible limits set out in the Third Schedule.
7.These regulations shall come into operation on 01 September 2003.

Made by the Minister on 05 February 2003
FIRST SCHEDULE
(regulation 2)
List of parameters for each industrial activity
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY PARAMETERS

Textile manufacturing Colour, Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive
Phosphorus, Free Chlorine, TSS, Chloride, Sulphate,
Sulphide, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Nitrate as N,
Detergents, Cadmium, Total Chromium, Cobalt,
Copper,Molybdenum, Sodium, Zinc, Oil & Grease, Total
Pesticides, Total Organic Halides.
Metal Plating & Galvanising Temperature, pH, COD, Free Chlorine, TSS, Chloride,
Sulphate, Sulphide, Nitrate as N, Cyanide, Cadmium,
Total Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Nickel,
Zinc, Oil & Grease, Total Organic Halides.
Slaughtering Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Chloride, Nitrate
as N, TKN, Oil & Grease, Total Coliforms, E. Coli
Canning & Food Processing Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Free Chlorine, TSS,
Chloride, Nitrate as N, TKN, Sodium, Oil & Grease,
Total Coliforms.
Dairy Processing Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Selenium, Oil &
Grease, Detergents, Ammoniacal Nitrogen.
Soft Drink Bottling Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Sodium, Zinc,
Detergents.
Breweries & Distilleries Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Nitrate as N,
Selenium, Zinc, Oil & Grease, Detergents, Ammoniacal
Nitrogen.
Laundry processes Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive Phosphorus,
Free Chlorine, TSS, Nitrate as N, Total Chromium,
Copper, Iron, Lead, Oil & Grease, Total Organic
Halides, Detergents
Edible Oil Refining Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Chloride, Sodium,
Oil & Grease, Total Organic Halides, Phenols,
Detergents.
Paint Manufacturing Colour, Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, TSS, Chloride,
Sulphate, Sulphide, Aluminium, Cadmium, Total
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Mercury,
Molybdenum, Zinc, Oil & Grease, Total Organic
Halides.
Mechanical Workshop pH, COD, BOD5, Oil & Grease, Total Chromium, Lead,
Manganese, Zinc.
Thermal Power Plant Temperature, pH, TSS, Oil & Grease, Total Chromium,
Copper, Iron, Zinc.
Soap & Detergents Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive Phosphorus,
Manufacturing Free Chlorine¸ TSS, Oil & Grease, Total Organic
Halides, Detergents, Ammoniacal Nitrogen.
Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive Phosphorus,
products TSS, Sulphide, Oil & Grease, Phenols and Detergents.
Tanning Colour, Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive
Phosphorus, TSS, Sulphate, Sulphide, Nitrate as
Nitrogen, Cadmium, Total Chromium, Mercury, Oil &
Grease, Total Organic Halides, Total Coliforms, E. Coil
Coli, Ammoniacal Nitrogen.
Manufacture of Chemical Temperature, pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive Phosphorus,
Fertilizers TSS, Sulphate, Oil & Grease, Ammoniacal Nitrogen.
Livestock Breeding pH, COD, BOD5, Reactive Phosphorus, TSS, Nitrate as
Nitrogen, TKN, Total Coliforms, E. Coli, Ammoniacal
Nitrogen.
SECOND SCHEDULE
(regulation 4)
Effluent discharge Standards
Parameter Unit Maximum permissible limit

Land/ Surface
water
Underground courses
Total coliforms MPN per - <400
100 ml
E. Coli MPN per <1000 <200
100 ml
Free Chlorine mg/l - 0.5
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) l 45 35
Reactive Phosphorus mg/l 10 1
mg/l
Colour - Not objectionable

0
Temperature C 40
pH - 5–9
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 120
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 40
(BOD5)
Chloride mg/l 750
Sulphate mg/l 750
Sulphide mg/l 0.002
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l 1
Nitrate as N mg/l 10
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/l 25
Nitrite as N mg/l 1
Aluminium mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 0.1
Beryllium mg/l 0.1
Boron mg/l 0.75
Cadmium mg/l 0.01
Cobalt mg/l 0.05
Copper mg/l 0.5
Iron mg/l 2.0
Lead mg/l 0.05
Lithium mg/l 2.5
Manganese mg/l 0.2
Mercury mg/l 0.005
Molybdenum mg/l 0.01
Nickel mg/l 0.1
Selenium mg/l 0.02
Sodium mg/l 200
Total Chromium mg/l 0.05
Vanadium mg/l 0.1
Zinc mg/l 2
Oil & Grease mg/l 10

Total Pesticides mg/l 0.025
Total organic halides mg/l 1
Cyanide (as CN -) or Free cyanide mg/l 0.1
Phenols mg/l 0.5
Detergents (as LAS*) mg/l 15
* Linear Alkylate Sulphonate
THIRD SCHEDULE
(regulation 6)
Effluent discharge Standards
Parameter Unit Maximum

permissible limit
Total coliforms MPN per 100 <400

ml
E. Coli MPN per 100 <200

ml
Free Chlorine mg/l 0.5
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/l 35
Reactive Phosphorus mg/l 1
Colour - Not objectionable

0
Temperature C 40
pH - 5–9
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 120
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 40
(BOD5)
Chloride mg/l 1500
Sulphate mg/l 1500
Sulphide mg/l 0.002
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l 1
Nitrate as N mg/l 10
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/l 25
Nitrite as N mg/l 1
Aluminium mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 0.1
Beryllium mg/l 0.1
Boron mg/l 0.75
Cadmium mg/l 0.01
Cobalt mg/l 0.05
Copper mg/l 0.5
Iron mg/l 2.0
Lead mg/l 0.05
Lithium mg/l 2.5
Manganese mg/l 0.2
Mercury mg/l 0.005
Molybdenum mg/l 0.01
Nickel mg/l 0.1
Selenium mg/l 0.02
Sodium mg/l 200
Total Chromium mg/l 0.05
Vanadium mg/l 0.1
Zinc mg/l 2
Oil & Grease mg/l 10

Total Pesticides mg/l 0.025
Total organic halides mg/l 1
Cyanide (as CN -) mg/l 0.1
Phenols mg/l 0.5
Detergents (as LAS*) mg/l 15
* Linear Alkylate Sulphonate

SUB CODE:18CEO405T - WATER POLLUTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT
UNIT – II - Characteristics of Water and Wastewater

S1 – SLO -1 - Characteristics of water and wastewater
Introduction :
Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water ( we should reall call our planet "Ocean" instead
of "Earth"). Although water is seemingl abundant, the real issue is the amount of fresh water available
97.5% o all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh water Nearl 70% of that fresh
water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctic and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as
soil moisture, or lie in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to huma use.
Only ~1% of the world's fresh water is accessible for direct human uses This is the water found in
lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those undergroun sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an
affordable cost. Onl this amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefor available on
a sustainable basis.
• Water that may be considered absolutely pure is not to be found in nature.
• Even rainwater which is in fact, distilled water, collect impurities such as dust, gases, bacteria, etc.
during its passage through the atmosphere.
• The portion of rainwater which flows over the surface and called run-off picks up organic and
suspended matter, whereas the portion percolating through the ground has got mineralogical,
organic and inorganic matter which it gathers while traversing through the underground strata before
reaching the water table.
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SUB CODE:18CEO405T - WATER POLLUTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Introduction: Water quality is determined by physical, chemical and

microbiological properties of water. These water quality characteristics
throughout the world are characterized with wide variability. Therefore the
quality of natural water sources used for different purposes should be
established in terms of the specific water-quality parameters that most affect the
possible use of water. That is why the aim of this chapter is to provide an
overview of water quality characteristics - Physical, Chemical,
Microbiological, and Biological characteristics.
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Sources of water pollution
• Bathing of persons suffering from skin diseases & washing clothes
• Bathing cattles
• Throwing dead animals in the river
• Discharges from industries like tannery, chemical, dying, paper
• Use of chemical manure for the growth of crops
• Discharge from nuclear power plant & research centre
• Discharge of sewage of a town or city into the river
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Impurities in water may be classified as follows
▪ (a) Physical impurities
▪ (b) Chemical impurities
▪ (c) Bacteriological impurities
Physical Impurities:
➢ They are due to the presence of inorganic substances like clay, pebbles, sand silt, algae,
fungi, bacteria etc. in water as finely divided compounds.
➢ Lighter substances float, heavier substances settle and of equal specific gravity mix with
water.
➢ They impart colour, odour and taste ,Turbidity, Temperature , Specific Conductivity to
water. They are not serious and can be easily detected and removed.
➢ They may be in suspended, dissolved and colloidal forms.
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S1 – SLO -2 - Physical characteristics- Colour, odour, Turbidity,
Temperature, Specific conductivity
Physical Characteristics of Water Physical characteristics of water (temperature, colour, taste,
odour and etc.) are determined by senses of touch, sight, smell and taste. For example
temperature by touch, colour, floating debris, turbidity and suspended solids by sight, and taste
and odour by smell.
Temperature The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and
characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension,
specific conductivity, salinity and solubility of dissolved gases and etc. Chemical and biological
reaction rates increase with increasing temperature. Reaction rates usually assumed to double
for an increase in temperature of 10 °C. The temperature of water in streams and rivers
throughout the world varies from 0 to 35 °C.
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S1 – SLO -2 - Physical characteristics- Colour, odour, Turbidity, Temperature,
Specific conductivity
Colour Colour in water is primarily a concern of water
quality for aesthetic reason. Coloured water give the
appearance of being unfit to drink, even though the water
may be perfectly safe for public use. On the other hand,
colour can indicate the presence of organic substances, such
as algae or humic compounds. More recently, colour has
been used as a quantitative assessment of the presence of
potentially hazardous or toxic organic materials in water.
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NESLER’S TUBE TINTOMETER

• Dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation or some inorganic materials may impart
colour to the water. Excessive growth of Algea.
• It can be measured by comparing the colour of water sample with other standard glass tubes
containing solutions(PLATINUM COBALT) of different standard colour
intensities.(NESLER’S TUBE)
• The IS value for treated water is 20 cobalt units,Preferably <10 cu.
• TINTOMETER -2 Eye pieces One Standard colour solution another water sample.
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Colour, Hazen Units
Desirable : 5 Hazen units. , Permissible : 15 Hazen
WHO
units.(Pt/Co scale)
Risks or
Harmless; Visible tint - acceptance decreases
effects
Coloured organic substances (humus), Iron (red) ,

Copper (blue–green), Manganese (black), highly
Sources
coloured industrial wastes (pulp and paper and textile
wastes)
Centrifugation and Filtration, Distillation, Reverse

Treatment
osmosis
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Taste and Odour Taste and odour are human perceptions of water quality. Human perception of
taste includes sour (hydrochloric acid), salty (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose) and bitter (caffeine).
Relatively simple compounds produce sour and salty tastes. However sweet and bitter tastes are
produced by more complex organic compounds. Human detect many more tips of odour than tastes.
Organic materials discharged directly to water, such as falling leaves, runoff, etc., are sources of tastes
and odour-producing compounds released during biodegradation.
• Dissolved organic materials CH4, H2S,CO2 etc.,
• The intensities of taste and odour depend upon the sensitivity of the observer.
• Their presence in water may be due to the presence of dead or live micro-organisms, dissolved gases or mineral
substances.
• Tastes may be sweet, bitter, salty, brackish, irritating hot and cold. Odour may be fishy, earthy, grassy, mouldy etc.
(Odour intensity)
• Odour is identified by inhaling through two tubes of an osmoscope. Threshold odour.
• One tube is kept in a flask containing distilled water and the other is kept in a flask containing water sample.
• It is also measured by dilution with odour free water in different ratios. Permissible limit 1 never exceed 3.
• The dilution ratio giving the first detectable odour threshold number.
No. of additions of water in such a mixture is odour intensity or pO value- PERCIPTIBLE ODOUR
PO Value Meaning
0 No perceptible odour
1 Very faint odour
2 Faint odour
3 Distinct odour readily detectable
4 Distinct odour
5 Strong & intense odour
6 Extremely strong odour
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Odour
WHO Unobjectionable
Natural odours – earthy, musty or sour, fishy, grassy

Due to growth of aquatic plants (surface waters) and animals
(Underground waters). Algae – secrete oils during metabolic
Risks or effects
activity or when dead cells disintegrate – increase chlorine demand
Industrially derived – Petroleum or creosote or medicinal odour
Biological growth – Nonspecific fishy, grassy and musty
Malfunction during water treatment. Pollution of the water source
- organic substances, biological or industrial origin, dumping of
Sources
raw sewage into the aquatic environment
Iron and sulfur bacteria in distribution system
Treatment Activated carbon, Air stripping, oxidation, Filtration
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Specific conductivity or electrical conductivity
• Pure water is a poor conductor of Electricity, But it shows significant conductivity when ions
of dissolved salts are present in it.
• Approximately No of ions = Approx Total dissolved solids in water.
• Main source Calcium(Ca++ ), Magnesium(Mg ++ ) , potassium(K+ ),
Bicarbonates(HCO3- )
• The specific conductivity is measured by portable ionic tester called Conductivity sensor.
• The unit is mhos/cm (mhoms= 1 ampere/1 volt).This unit renamed by ISO(International
standard organisation) as Siemen ( 1 mohs=1 Siemens).Since mhos is a very large unit,the
micromhos i.e. microsiemen (μS/cm) is typically used.
• It increased based on temperature, its measurement is normally standardise @ 25 °C.
• CONDUCTIVITY FACTOR(μS/cm to ppm) it varies 0.54-0.96.A value of 0.67 is
commonly used as an approximately.
• TDS (in ppm or mg/l)= Conuctivity (μS/cm ) * 0.67
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Turbidity Turbidity is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is comprised of
suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and aesthetic reasons.
Solids The total solids content of water is defined as the residue remaining after evaporation of the
water and drying the residue to a constant weight at 103 °C to 105 °C. The organic fraction (or volatile
solids content) is considered to be related to the loss of weight of the residue remaining after
evaporation of the water and after ignition of the residue at a temperature of 500 °C. The volatile solids
will oxidize at this temperature and will be driven off as gas. The inorganic (or fixed solids) remind as
inert ash. Solids are classified as settleable solids, suspended solids and filterable solids. Settleable
solids (silt and heavy organic solids) are the one that settle under the influence of gravity. Suspended
solids and filterable solids are classified based on particle size and the retention of suspended
solids on standard glass-fibre filters.
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S2 - SLO 1 - Chemical characteristics : Organic and Inorganic
Chemical Impurities:
✓They may be either organic or inorganic.
✓They may be present in either suspended or dissolved form.
✓ The suspended organic chemical impurities are due to the presence of vegetables or animals
in water.
✓The vegetables are in the form of algae, fungi, decayed leaves, etc.
✓They impart acidity, colour and taste to water.
✓The dissolved organic chemical impurities are due to the melting of vegetables and animals in
water.
Vegetable matter produce large albuminoid ammonia Less free ammonia and chlorides
Animal matter produce large alluminoid NH3 Large free ammonia chlorides
• The suspended inorganic chemical impurities are caused by the particles of clay, silt, sand,
pebbles, etc. They impart turbidity to water.
• The dissolved inorganic chemical impurities are caused by the melting of minerals and gases
in water.
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S2 - SLO 1 - Chemical characteristics : Organic and Inorganic
Chemical Analysis
• This involves tests for determination of total solids, hardness, pH value,

chlorides, residual chlorine, iron and manganese, fluorides, organic matter etc.
• Total solids are considered to be the sum of dissolved and suspended solids. The
amount of total solids upto 500 mg/l in water generally makes it suitable for
domestic use.
• The determination of total solids is made by evaporation and drying of a
measured sample in an over at 1050C for a period of 1 hour.
• Since water for potable use contains small amounts of the suspended matter, it is
usual to filter a sample of water and determine solids in the filtrate by the
foregoing method.
• The difference between total solids in unfiltered and filtered samples is taken as
a measure of the suspended solids present.
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S2 - SLO 1 - Chemical Characterictics - Organic and Inorganic
Chemical Characteristics of Water The chemical characteristics of natural water are a
reflection of the soils and rocks with which the water has been in contact. In addition,
agricultural and urban runoff and municipal and industrial treated wastewater impact the water
quality. Microbial and chemical transformations also affect the chemical characteristics of water.
Inorganic Minerals Runoff causes erosion and weathering of geological formation, rocks and
soils as the runoff travels to the surface-water bodies. During this period of contact with rocks
and soils the water dissolves inorganic minerals, which enter the natural waters. Inorganic
compounds may dissociate to varying degrees, to cations and anions.
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Major Cations Major cations found in natural water include calcium (Ca2+), magnesium
(Mg2+), sodium (Na+ ) and potassium (K+ ). Calcium (Ca2+), is the most prevalent cation in
water and second inorganic ion to bicarbonate in most surface water. Calcium precipitates as
CaCO3 in iron and steel pipes. A thin layer of CaCO3 can help inhibit corrosion of the metal.
However, excessive accumulation of CaCO3 in boilers, hot water heaters, heat exchangers, and
associated piping affects heat transfer and could lead to plugging of the piping. Calcium
concentration of up to 300 mg/L or higher have been reported. However, calcium concentrations
of 40 to 120 mg/L are more common. Magnesium is not abundant in rocks as calcium.
Therefore, although magnesium salts are more soluble than calcium, less magnesium is found in
surface water. Sodium and potassium are commonly found as free ions. The concentration of
these cations in natural water usually are low. Other constituents in natural water in
concentration of 1 mg/L or higher include aluminium, boron, iron, manganese, phosphorus and
etc.
Major Anions Major anions include chloride, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, fluoride and nitrate.
Bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) is the principal anion found in natural water. These anions are released
during the dissolution and dissociation of common salt deposits in geologic formations. The
concentration of the chlorides anions (Cl- ) determines the water quality because the quality of
water get worse after increasing in the concentration of this anions which limit possibilities of
using of natural water for different purposes (household, agriculture, industry and etc.).
Principal source of the chlorides anions (Cl- ) in natural water are magmatic rock formations
that include chlorine-content minerals. The second source of this anions is Ward Ocean from
where a considerably amount of chlorides anions (Cl- ) enter in the atmosphere. From
atmosphere chlorides anions (Cl- ) enter in the natural water in result of interaction between
precipitation and soil. The sulfates anions (SO4 2- ) enter in natural water as the result of the
oxidation of the substances from plant and animal origin. The increase concentration of the
sulfates anions (SO4 2- ), at one hand brings about change for the worse of some physical
characteristics of water (taste, smell and etc.) and on the other hand has destructive influence
upon human consumption. The concentration of the sulfates anions (SO4 2- ) fluctuates in a
wide range in surface water - from 5 mg/l to 60 mg/l.
Nitrate anions (NO3) are found in natural water as
the result of the bacteriological oxidation of
nitrogenous materials in soil. That is why the
concentration of these anions rapidly increases in
summer when the process of the nitrification takes
place very intensively. Another important source for
dressing of the surface water with Nitrate anions (NO3)
are precipitations, which absorb nitric oxides and
convert them into nitric acid. A great deal of nitrate
anions (NO3) enter in surface water together with
domestic water and water from industry, agriculture and
etc. Nitrate anions (NO3) are one of the indicators for
the degree of the pollution with organic nitrate content
substances. Other anions found in water include
fluorides (F- ), carbonates (CO3 2- ) and phosphates
(PO4 3- ). Typical concentrations of major ions in the
classic "word average" river are presented in Table 2.1.
pH and Alkalinity Alkalinity is defined as the capacity of natural water to neutralize acid added
to it. Total alkalinity is the amount of acid required to reach a specific pH (pH = 4,3 to 4,8).
If the pH and total alkalinity are measured, the concentration of the various components of
alkalinity can be calculated using the values of α1 and α2 determined for the pH of the water.
The amount of strong acid (in eq/L) required to change colour of the water from pink to clear
(colourless) when a small amount of phenolphthalein reagent is put into the water sample is
phenolphthalein alkalinity. This colour change occurs at approximately pH = 8.3.
Acidity is the "quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react with hydroxyl ions".
Acidity indicates the corrosiveness of acidic water on steel, concrete and other materials.
Inorganic Indicators of Water Quality Some of the inorganic parameters include hardness, total
dissolved solids, conductivity, and adsorption ratio.
Hardness Hardness is correlated with TDS (Total dissolved solids). It represents total concentration of
Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, and is reported in equivalent CaCO3. Other ions (Fe2+) may also contribute.
Hardness expressed as mg/L CaCO3 is used to classify waters from "soft" to "very hard". This
classification is summarized in Table 2.2.
Hardness observed for streams and rivers throughout the world ranges between 1 to 1000 mg/L.
Typical concentrations are 47 mg/L to 74 mg/l CaCO3. Hardness is an indicator to industry of potential
precipitation of calcium carbonates in cooling towers and boilers, interference with soaps and dyes in
cleaning and textile industries and with emulsifiers in photographic development. Hard water is less
corrosive than soft. Treatment usually left to consumer (domestic, industrial, etc) depending on needs.
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• In water that characteristic which prevents the lathering of soap.
• This is due to the presence in water of certain salts of calcium and magnesium dissolved in it.
• If carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium are present, then the hardness is
called carbonate hardness,
• But if sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium are present, then it is called non-
carbonate hardness.
• Total hardness is thus the sum of carbonate hardness and the non-carbonate hardness.
• Expressed in mg/l or ppm of CaCO3 in water
• Hardness may be determined either by the soap test or by the EDTA method.
In Soap Test,
(1) Sample of water with standard soap solution is vigorously shaken to see the formation of
lather for 5 minutes.
(2) The difference between the total amount of soap solution and the lather factor ie, amount of
standard soap solution required to produce lather when added to distilled water of zero
hardness.
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(1) Titration is done against ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) or its sodium salt so as to
form stable complex ions with the calcium (Ca++) or magnesium (mg++) ions in water according
to the equation:
(Ca++ ) + EDTA = (Ca . EDTA ) Complex
mg mg
(2) Indicator used is Erichrome black T to show when all ions causing hardness have been
complexed.
(Ca++ ) + Erichrome black T = (Ca . Erichrome black T) Complex
mg mg
(3) The above complex being unstable is quickly replaced by the (Ca EDTA) complex
according to mg
(Ca. Erichrome black T) complex + EDTA = (Ca . EDTA) complex + Erichrome black T
mg mg
> wine red colour is changed to distinct blue marking the end of titration.
Hardness is calculated as ml. of EDTA used x 1000 / ml. of sample = mg/l hardness.
Total Dissolved Solids Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of salt dissolved in a water
sample after removal of suspended solids. TDS is residue remaining after evaporation of the
water. The TDS load carried in streams throughout the world has been estimated by
Livingston (1963) to 120 mg/L .
Conductivity The concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) is related to electrical

conductivity (EC; mhos/cm) or specific conductance. The conductivity measures the capacity
of water to transmit electrical current. The conductivity is a relative term and the relationship
between the TDS concentration and conductivity is unique to a given water sample and in a
specific TDS concentration range. The conductivity increases as the concentration of TDS
increases.TDS and conductivity affect the water sample and the solubility of slightly soluble
compounds and gases in water (e.g. CaCO3, and O2). In general, the corrosiveness of the
water increases as TDS and EC increase, assuming other variables are kept constant.
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Sodium Adsorption Ratio The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is used to evaluate the hazard
in irrigation waters caused by sodium (Na+ ). The SAR relates the concentration of sodium
ions to the concentration of magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions.
The proper ratio of sodium ions to calcium and magnesium ions in irrigation water results in
irrigated soil that is granular in texture, easily worked, and permeable. With increasing
proportions of sodium as the SAR increases, soil tends to become less permeable and more
difficult to work.
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Radionuclides Radionuclides in water are classified according to the type of energy released - alpha radiation (positively
charged helium nuclei); beta radiation (electrons) or gamma radiation (electromagnetic energy).
Natural radiation is found in elements in the Earth's crust (potassium-40 (40K)). Another source of natural radiation results
from cosmic ray bombardment in the atmosphere (tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C)). Other high-atomic-weight, naturally
occurring isotopes found in natural water include uranium-238, thorium-232, uranium-235 and breakdown products as radium-
226 and radium-228.
Each type of radiation has different health effects. For example, alpha particles travel at velocities up 107 m/sec. When ingested
the relatively massive alpha particles can be very damaging to body tissue. Beta particles travel at about the speed of light,
penetrate to greater depth because of their smaller mass and create less damage. Gamma radiation penetrates deeply, but has
limited effects at low levels.
Organic Materials.
Organic chemicals are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), as well as nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O). Organic compounds are
derived from living organism as well as industrial sources. A wide variety of assortments of organic compounds are produced in
the chemical and petrochemical industries. Organic compounds also may contain sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).
Organic compounds in water also affect the water quality. Organic chemicals cause disagreeable tastes and odours in drinking
water. Vinyl chloride, benzene and other organic contaminants are known carcinogenic agents, while chloroform is a cancer-
suspect agent.
Natural Organic Matter Organic materials are found in natural water as a result of a wide
range of processes, together with precipitation and surface water, as the result of the interaction
between soils and precipitation and etc. Organic materials in soils originate from plant and
animal degradation products. Chemical and microbial processes cause the transformation by
first attacking functional groups and aliphatic side chains. Condensation and polymerisation of
various reactive groups result in larger, more aromatic molecules that decrease in solubility
until kerogen or humin is produced. The end products are not soluble in acid or alkali and are
resistant to biodegradation and chemical reaction.
Man-made Organics Synthetic organic compounds include a broad variety of aliphatic and
aromatic compounds. Many manufactured organic compounds may be found at very low
concentrations in natural water. Isolation, identification and evaluation of health effects of these
synthetic organics at low concentrations are lacking.
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Measurement of Organics in Water - Organic
Carbon Organics in water can be expressed in
terms total organic carbon (TOC). The TOC is
the difference between total carbon (TC) and
inorganic carbon (IC). Typical concentrations of
organic matter observed in natural water in
streams and rivers throughout the world are
presented in Table 2.3.
Organic Indicators of Water Quality For quantity
assessment of concentrations of organic
materials, indicator Total Oxygen Demand are
used. The Total Oxygen Demand includes
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Biochemical
Oxygen Demand and Nitrogenous Biochemical
Oxygen Demand and can be shown as :
CaHbOcNdSe + xO2 aCO2 + ½ bH2O + dNO3
- + eSO4 - (2.13)
Biological Oxygen Demand (animation) Biological oxygen demand (BOD), the most widely
used parameter, is a measure of the amount of oxygen used by indigenous microbial population
in water in response to the introduction of degradable organic material. This parameter depends
on water characteristics: dilution, essential nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, etc), and bacteria seed. The
5-day BOD (BOD5) is most widely used. The BOD5 of natural water is related to the
dissolved oxygen concentration, which is measured at zero time and after 5 days of incubation
at 20 °C. The difference is the dissolved oxygen used by the microorganisms in the
biochemical oxidation of organic matter. The BOD5 can be calculated as BOD5 = D0 - D1, in
which the BOD5 is in mg/L and D0 and D1 are the dissolved oxygen concentration in mg/L at
time 0 and 5 days, respectively. Typical concentration of BOD5 for streams and rivers
throughout the world are < 2 to 15 mg/ L and the observed range is < 2 to 65 mg/L.
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Chemical Oxygen Demand The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test of natural water yields
the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter that can be oxidized by strong chemical oxidizing
agent in an acidic medium. Potassium permanganate is the oxidizing chemical. Silver sulfate is
added as a catalyst and to minimize the interference of chloride on the COD test. Mercuric
sulfate is also added to inhibit interferences of metals on the oxidation of organic compounds.
The COD observed in natural streams and rivers is < 2 mg/L to 100 mg/L. Dissolved Gases The
principal transfer of gas in natural water is the transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere to the
water. However, gas transfer is also used to strip hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3) and
volatile organic compounds (VOC) from water. In both processes material is transferred from
one bulk phase to another across a gas-liquid interface. For example , oxygen is transferred from
the bulk gaseous phase (atmosphere) across the gas-liquid interface into bulk liquid phase
(water). In the case of striping volatile organic compounds (VOC) from liquid, the VOC is
transferred from the bulk liquid phase (water) across the liquid-gas interface into the bulk
gaseous phase (atmosphere).
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Solubility of Gases The equilibrium of each phase,
concentration of gases or volatile organic compounds
dissolved in water, depends on the temperature, the type
of gas or volatile compounds, and the partial pressure of
the gas or volatile compounds adjacent to the water. The
relationship between the partial pressure of the gas in the
atmosphere above the water and the concentration of the
gas or volatile compound in the water is described by
Henry's law: Xg = H Pg (2.15) where: Pg partial pressure
of gas, atm.; H Henry's law constant; Xg equilibrium
mole fraction of dissolved gas, mol/dm3 . The Henry's
law constant is a function of type of gas or volatile
organic compounds, temperature of the bulk liquid and
constituent of the liquid (water). Values of Henry's
constant for various gases that are slightly soluble in
water at 20 °C are shown in Table 2.4. Thermodynamic
parameters that are required to adjust Henry's law
constants for different temperatures are also include in
Table 2.4.
Dissolved Oxygen Typical dissolved oxygen
concentrations observed in streams and rivers
throughout the world are 3 to 9 mg/l. The observed
range of dissolved oxygen concentrations is 0 mg/L
(anoxic conditions) to 19 mg/L (supersaturated
conditions). Dissolved oxygen is important in natural
water because many microorganisms and fish require it
in aquatic system. Dissolved oxygen also establishes
an aerobic environment in which oxidized forms of
many constituents in water are predominant. Under
anoxic conditions in water, reduced forms of chemical
species are formed and frequently lead to the release of
undesirable odours until oxic conditions develop.
Microbiological Characteristics The principal

groups of microorganisms in natural water include
protists, plants and animals. Some of the physical and
biological characteristics of organisms important for
water quality considerations are presented in Table 2.5.
Many bacteria, viruses and protozoa are causative organisms for some of the more virulent
diseases transmitted to humans directly through water and indirectly through contaminated
food. Assay and confirmation of the presence of the causative agent of waterborne diseases are
lengthy and time consuming. Instead of specific analyses, coliform organisms have been used to
determine the biological characteristics of natural waters. The coliform group of bacteria are
aerobic and/or facultative gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment
lactose to gas. Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator organism. This organism is
present in the intestine of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Therefore the presence of
Escherichia coli in water samples indicates the presence of fecal matter and then the possible
presence of pathogenic organisms of human origin. The concentration of indicator organisms is
reported in MPN/100 mL (MPN = most probable number) or in CFU/100 mL (CFU = colony
forming units). Other enteric organisms that are also considered indicator organisms are fecal
streptococci (Streptococcus faecalis) and clostridia (Clostridium perfringens)
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S2 - SLO2 - Biological characteristics and its Significance
Bacteriological Impurities:
❑ The bacteriological impurities are caused in water by the presence of bacteria. The bacteria may be harmful or
harmless.
❑Harmless bacteria are called non-pathogens. They are not dangerous.
❑However, their presence in an indication of pathogen which are otherwise known as disease producing bacteria.
❑Pathogens are dangerous and are mainly responsible for water borne diseases.
ANALYSIS OF WATER
• The analysis of water is undertaken in order to establish the quality of water.
• This involved tests for determining the physical, chemical and bacteriological impurities present in a water sample.
Physical Analysis: involves test for turbidity, colour, taste, temperature and odour.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• It is done primarily to determine its potability ie, fitness for drinking.
• As many diseases of the intestinal origin eg. Typhoid fever, dysentery etc. have transmitted to humans via polluted
water, this analysis indicates the degree of pollution, sewer as a useful measuring stick to determine the safety of
water.
Tests for bacterial contamination:
1) Total count test.
2) E-Coli Test or B-Coli Test.
S2 - SLO2 - Biological characteristics and its Significance
Biological characteristics In a typical aquatic ecosystem (Figure 2.1) plant and animal
materials are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. These
elements are building blocks for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, phospholipids and nucleic
acid.
Protein and nucleic acids consist of nitrogen, which is required by organisms in greatest
quantity after carbon and oxygen. Organic nitrogen ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2 - ), nitrate
(NO3 - ), and nitrogen gas (N2) are important nitrogen-containing compounds in aquatic
systems. The atmosphere is the reservoir for nitrogen.
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S3 – SLO – 1 - ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION
AND THEIR TESTING PROCEDURES.
The analysis of water is undertaken in order to establish the quality of water.
This involved tests for determining the physical, chemical and bacteriological impurities
present in a water sample.
PHYSICAL ANALYSIS
Points kept in mind while collecting the sample
Test for turbidity,
• Bottles of the samples should be properly labelled with colour
information's like date, time of collection , type of source taste
• Bottles should be cleaned properly odour.
• Bottles may be of polythene or glass with airtight corks TURBIDITY ANALYSIS
• capacity of bottles should be about 2 to 3 liters
• Samples should be tested as early as possible Jackson Turbidimeter
Baylis Turbidimeter
• Water is collected from surface sources then it should be
Hellige Turbidimeter.
collected from a depth of about 50 cm.
Turbidity
❑ Turbidity depends on finess and conc of particles present in water .This is expressed
by the amount of suspended matter in parts per million ppm or mg/L( 1 mg of finely
divided silica in 1 L of disstilled water) in water as ascertained by observations.
❑ Turbidity is determined in terms of the optical property of the sample. The higher the
turbidity, the greater the absorption of light rays from a source of light on the
opposite side of the sample and less that is transmitted in straight lines through the
sample.
❑ Turbidity is determined by an instrument called turbidimeter( earlierly Turbidity rod)
. Common turbidimeters in use are,
TURBIDITY ROD
❑ It is easily measured in field.
❑ It consist of Aluminum rod which gives turbidity directly in terms of silica
units(mg/l).
❑ A screw containing platinum needle (1mm dia and 25mm long)and a nickel ring at
lower end and non stretchable tape at top .
❑ Rod dipped into water keep eye at upper end till the needle disappear due to turbid
of water. The length of rod under water measures oas turbidity.
Jackson Turbidimeter
This instrument can measure turbidities above 100 ppm. It

consists of a metal stand, standard candle, metal container and a
graduated glass tube.
A small portion of the water sample is taken in the tube and

the glowing candle flame is viewed through the water in the
tube.
More and more water is gradually added until the flame

image disappears.
When this happens, the reading in the tube corresponding to

the level of water directly gives the turbidity in ppm.
Baylis Turbidimeter
❑ This instrument consists of a galvanized iron box enclosing
two glass tubes kept at one end and a 250 watts bulb with
reflection at the other end.
❑ The glass tubes are supported by a white opal glass plate at
their feet.
❑ They are surrounded all around by the blue cobalt plates at
their feet. They are fitted firmly in position by a small
platform with beveled holes.
❑ One tube is filled with water sample and the other with a
standard solution of known turbidity.
❑ The bulb is lighted and the blue light cast in the tubes is
observed from the top and is compared.
❑ If it matches, then the turbidity of the standard solution
corresponds to the turbidity of the sample.
❑ Otherwise the standard solution of different turbidity are
compared till the colour matches. This instrument is
preferable for turbidity less than 5 ppm.
Hellige Turbidimeter
❑ This instrument consists of a box like container with a graduated
knob on the side and an eyepiece at the top.
❑ The tube containing the water sample is placed in the box.
❑ A small circular, central spot, lighter or darker placed below the

sample is observed through the eyepiece.
❑ It is balanced with the surrounding field by turning the calibrated

knob till the spot exactly merges with the surrounding field.
❑ At this instant, the turbidity is read directly from the scale on the Note: Working principle of Hellige and Baylis
dial. turbidimeters is based upon the Tyndall effect
which consists in comparing direct beam of
❑ Turbidity from 0 to 150 ppm can be determined by this instrument light unaffected by turbidity with transverse
without using any standard solution. beam that scatters light depending upon the
water turbidity.
COLOUR
The first step in a colour test is to remove the suspended matter from the water sample.
This is done by centrifuging ie, forcing the suspended solids towards the circumference of a
cylindrical container having the water sample, by rotating the cylinder about its axis.
The sample is then compared for colour with standard coloured solutions or colour discs.
The units of colours is that produced by one milligram of platinum in a litre of water.
TASTE AND ODOUR

Odour is identified by inhaling through two tubes of an osmoscope.
One tube is kept in a flask containing distilled water and the other is kept in a flask
containing water sample.
It is also measured by delution with odour free water in different ratios.
The dilution ratio giving the first detectable odour threshold number.
No. of additions of water in such a mixture is odour intensity or pO value.
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Hardness
◦ In Soap Test Sample of water with standard soap solution is vigorously shaken to see the
formation of lather for 5 minutes.
◦ In the EDTA method Titration is done against ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) or its
sodium salt so as to form stable complex ions with the calcium (Ca++) or magnesium (mg++)
ions in water according to the equation
ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY

Total alkalinity of water is determined by titrating the sample with a strong acid to pH 8.3 using
phenolphthalein as an indicator and then to pH 4.5 with methyl orange as indicator.
Acidity is determined by titrating the sample with a strong base such as NaOH using methyl
orange or HPh as indicator.
pH value or H+ ion concentration is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
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CHLORIDES: The usual method of determining the chlorides is the volumetric procedure called Mohr’s
method. This depends on the ppt of Ag Cl by the addition of a standard solution of Ag NO3 in the presence of
Potassium Chromate (K2Cro4 ) – indicator. Reddish brown ppt. of silver chromate (Ag2Cro4 ) indicates
precipitation of chloride.
❑ Chlorides are usually present in water in the form of sodium chloride.
❑ A limit of 250 mg/l of chlorides is usually recommended in water supplies for public use.
❑ The usual method of determining the chlorides is the volumetric procedure called Mohr’s method.
❑ This depends on the ppt of Ag Cl by the addition of a standard solution of Ag NO3 in the presence of
Potassium Chromate (K2Cro4) – indicator.
❑ Reddish brown ppt. of silver chromate (Ag2Cro4) indicates precipitation of chloride.
SULPHATES: Determined gravimetrically by precipitating as barium sulphate (BaSO4 ) in

HCl medium by addition of (BaCl2 ) solution.
Residual Chlorine – determined by two methods – starch iodide and the orthotolidine method.
From the manganese – determined colorimetrically. Iron determined by phenanthroline

method. Manganese is determined by the persulphate method.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS:
Total Count Test
• Bacterias are cultivated on specially prepared culture medium of agar containing nutrients for
bacteria for different dilutions of sample of water with sterilized water.
• Sample is incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, called hot count or for 48 hours at 20°C called cold
count. Bacteria frow and multiply and four colories or clusters.
• The bacteria thus formed are counted and results computed for 1 cc
• Total count not greater than 100 per cc.
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E – COLI TEST
a) Presumptive Test *Definite positions of diluted samples inoculated with lactose broth as
culture medium are placed in standard fermentation tubes. *Incubated for 24 – 28 hours at
370C *If gas is seen, test is +ve, bacterias present else –ve.
b) Confirmed Test carried out to confirm the presence of B-Coli Portion of lactose broth
showing +ve presumptive test is carefully transferred to another fermentation tube
containing brilliant green lactose bile as culture medium. Inculation for 48 Hrs. @ 370C 1 +
gas seen +ve result and presence of B-Coli
c) Completed Test portion of the brilliant green lactose bile showing +ve confirmed test is
inoculated into lactose broth fermentation tubes and agar tubes. Inculation at 370C for 24 –
48 Hrs. Absence of gas indicates –ve completed test and water is safe Presence of gas
indicates +ve result and necessitates further detailed study of bacilli present in water.
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S-3 – SLO – 2 - Water Quality standards-BIS
Setting the Water Quality Standards
• Water Quality Criterion (water quality guideline) – Needed to support and maintain a
designated water use. who sets the guidelines in INDIA?
• Water Quality Objective ( water quality goal)- Needed to support and to protect the
designated uses of water at a specific site.
• Water Quality Standard – An objective that is recognised in enforceable environmental
control laws or regulations of a government
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Water Quality Objectives
• Water quality objectives are the measures that specify the concentrations of substances
permissible for all intended water uses at a specific location on a lake, river, or estuary.
• The objectives are based on the water quality guidelines for the uses at that location, as well
as on public input and socio-economic considerations.
• The objectives not only protect water users and the environment, but they also promote
sustainable water management strategies.
• Water Quality Objectives are intended to provide guidance in making water quality
management decisions such as the designation of the surface waters which should not be
further degraded.
• They are often used as the starting point in deriving waste effluent requirements included in
Certificates of Approval and other instruments issued to regulate effluent discharges.
• They are used to assess ambient water quality conditions, assist in assessing spills and
monitoring the effectiveness of remedial actions.
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Advantages of Water Quality Objectives
• Focuses on solving problems caused by conflicts between the various demands placed on
water resources, particularly related to assimilated pollution.
• Enables an overall limit on levels of contaminants within a water body to be set according to
the required uses of the water.
• It treats industry equitably requiring the use of best available technology for treating
hazardous, as well as a number of conventional water pollutants whenever the industry is
located.
Disadvantage: It can be used only on treated filtered water due to its inability to filter water
with any degree of turbidity in them.
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Primary Drinking Water Standards Criteria
• Microorganisms – Giardia lamblia; • Inorganic Chemicals – Arsenic,

Virus; Legionella; Turbidity. barium, fluoride, copper, lead,
• Disinfection Byproduct – sbromate, • Organic Chemicals – Benzine; Carbon
chlorite, trihomethanes; haloacetic tetrachloride; Dichloromethane
acids • Radionuclides – Uranium; Alpha
• Disinfectants – chloramines, particles; Beta particles and photon
chlorine and chlorine dioxides emitters
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Mathemoglobineria → water borne disease due to nitrates @ 45 mg/l
Organic nitrogen determined by oxidation by the Kjeldahl method.
Ammodia nitrogen determined by Nesslerigation using Nessler’s reagent Nitrate and Nitrate Nitrogen are
measured employing organic compouinds and producing colours in proportion to the amount of nitrate present in
the sample.
Phosphorus - determined using ammonium molybdate and stannous chloride (SnCl2) - blue complex
formed - absorption of light by the blue colour measured through use of spectrophotometer.
Fluorides – determined by scot modification of the Sanchis methos
Heavy Metals
Arsenic → present in ceramic industry waste, tanneries etc. Accumulates in body to cause arsenosis affecting
liver and heart
Lead → fluids entry into water through the discharge of waste water from pointing, dyeing industries and oil
refineries. Highly toxic to small fish.
Cadmium →Source: Chemical, mining industries Causes painful bone diseases
Chromium →Source: waste water of electroplating, dyes painting, chrome tanning etc. causes painful bone
diseases
Mercury →Source: Pharmaceuticals & dental preparation accumulates as methyl mercury, affects central
nervous system and proves fatal.
Water Quality standards – WHO WHO Standards for Drinking Water
Parameter World Health Organization
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Arsenic 10μg/l
Benzene 10μg/l
Boron 2.4mg/l
Cadmium 3 μg/l
Selenium 40 μg/l
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 40μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Mercury 6 μg/l
Barium 700μg/l
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Water Quality standards-BIS Secondary - Drinking Water Standards (BIS)
Contaminant Secondary Standard
Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L
Chloride 250 mg/L
Color 15 (color units)
Copper 1.0 mg/L
Corrosivity noncorrosive
Fluoride 2.0 mg/L
Foaming Agents 0.5 mg/L
Iron 0.3 mg/L
Manganese 0.05 mg/L
Odor 3 threshold odor number
pH 6.5-8.5
Silver 0.10 mg/L
Sulfate 250 mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L
Zinc 5 mg/L
Irrigation Water Quality – Salinity and Sodium Hazards
• The total concentration of soluble salts (TDS or EC)
• The relative proportion of sodium to the other cations,
• The bicarbonate concentration as related to the concentration of calcium and magnesium, and
• The concentrations of specific elements and compounds.
• Sodium adsorption ratio is given
• SAR = [sodium]/[calcium][magnesium]
Others standards
• Domestic Wastewater effluent standards- pH, mercury, cyanide, turbidity, DO level
• Industrial water standards – Varies with type of goods being manufactured
• Industrial waster water effluent – Heavy metals
• Bathing water – swimming pools etc,.
• Nb: Standards can be national (WRMA) Water Resources Management Authority, regional
(Community) or international (WHO)
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Choosing Water resources – Starting point of WQ interventions

• Water Quality - How good is it?
• Affordability - What does it cost?
• Adequacy – Can it supply enough water?
• Reliability - How long will it last?
• Convenience - How far away is it from homesteads?
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S-4 – CLO – 1 - Discharge of Effluent and their Standards
WRMA initiatives on Effluent Dischargers
1. To develop an Effluent Discharge Control Plan (EDCP).
2. To have a valid effluent discharge permit before discharging into the water resources.
3. To maintain records of effluent discharge in terms of quantity and quality.
4. To install a controlling and measuring device to ensure water abstracted or effluent
discharged is accurately measured
5. WRMA monitors resource & enforces compliance to WRM Rules.
• INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER IS: 10500
• DRINKING WATER INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS as per IS: 10500
• Standards for Effluent Discharge Regulations General Notice No.44.of 2003 THE
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT 2002 Regulations made by the Minister under
sections 39 and 96 of the Environment Protection Act 2002.
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• S-4 – CLO – 1 - Discharge of Effluent and their Standards
Refer: Effluent Standards.pdf
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S-4 – SLO – 2 -WATER BORNE DISEASES
• These diseases are caused by consumption of water contaminated by human or animal
excreta i.e. diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and gastro-enteritis etc.
• The human and animal excreta contain various disease causing microorganisms such as
bacteria, virus, worms and amoeba etc.
Water-related diseases can be classified into 4 major categories, as follows:
1: Water-borne diseases: infections spread through contaminated drinking water

2: Water-washed diseases: These are caused by poor personal hygiene and skin or eye
contact with contaminated water, e.g. trachoma (eye infections), flea and typhus etc.
3: Water-based diseases: infections transmitted through an aquatic invertebrate organism
4: Water-related vector-borne diseases: These are caused by insects, especially flies and
mosquitoes that breed in contaminated water sources and act as vectors (carriers of
microscopic pathogens). • i.e. malaria, dengue, sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis), JE
and yellow fever etc.)
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Water-Borne Diseases and their Impact
The pathogenic microorganisms, their toxic exudates, and other contaminants together, cause
serious conditions such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis,
giardiasis, campylobacteriosis, scabies, and worm infections, to name a few.
Diarrhea
The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly affects children below five
years of age. The symptoms include dizziness, dehydration, pale skin, and loss of
consciousness in severe cases. It usually lasts for a couple of weeks and can turn out to be fatal
if it goes untreated.
Cholera
It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via consumption of contaminated food
or drinking water. The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps.
Cholera occurs predominantly in children, but can also affect adults. It possesses a mortality
rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases.
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Typhoid
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted via contaminated water. The
patients typically suffer from prolonged episodes of fever, loss of appetite, nausea, headache,
constipation, and loss of body weight. Prompt attention is needed to cure typhoid in the patient,
as well as to prevent the spread of this contagious disease.
Amoebiasis
It is caused by a parasite named Entamoeba histolytica. The protozoan organism is transmitted
by unknowingly consuming cysts (an inactive form of the parasite) in food, and it affects the
intestine. The parasite thrives on contaminated soil and fecal matter. The common symptoms of
amoebiasis include abdominal cramps and watery stools.
Hepatitis A
This condition mainly affects the liver and is caused by Hepatitis A virus. The route of
contamination is usually oral, while it also spreads through physical contact with an infected
person. Hepatitis A patients manifest common symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting,
but can suffer severe complications if they’re not treated in time.
• Drinking water is a major source of microbial
pathogens in developing countries.
• Waterborne disease cause more than 2 million

deaths and 4 billion cases of diarrhea annually.
• 9 out of 10 deaths are in children and virtually

all of the deaths are in developing countries.
The importance of water quality

• Safe water is a precondition for health and
development and a basic human right.
• Water-related diseases caused by insufficient safe

water supplies coupled with poor sanitation and
hygiene.
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Terms to be known S-4 – SLO – 2 -WATER BORNE DISEASES
•Potable(clean) water: it is free of all objectional material,
including pathogens, tastes, odors, colours, toxins, radioactive
material, organisms, oils, gases, etc.
•Contaminated or polluted water Water contaminated with
sewage, domestic or industrial waste with chemicals and
pathogenic microorganisms .
Water-borne Diseases
Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal faeces or urine ,

which contain pathogenic microorganisms
• Many bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites can cause disease when ingested.
• The majority of these pathogens derive from human or animal faeces, and are transmitted
through the faecal-oral route.
• Although both animal and human faeces are threats to human health, human faeces are
generally the most dangerous.
• Faecal pathogens can be classified as causing both water- borne and water-washed diseases.
Diseases Related to Water
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ORALLY TRANSMITTED WATERBORNE PATHOGENS
Bacteria Viruses
• Campylobacter jejuni/coli
• Adenoviruses
• E. coli – enterohaemorrhagic
• Legionella spp. • Enteroviruses(polio)
• Salmonella typhi • Hepatitis A
• Shigella spp. • Hepatitis E
• Vibrio cholerae
• Yersinia enterocolitica • Noroviruses and Sapoviruses
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Rotavirus
• Protozoa • Helminths
• Cryptosporidium parvum • Dracunculus medinensis.
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia lamblia/intestinalis • Schistosoma spp.
• Naegleria fowleri
• Toxoplasma gondii
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Diseases that transmitted by water can be divided in to:
1. Diarrhoeal water-borne diseases
2. Non-diarrhoeal water-borne diseases
Diarrhoeal water-borne diseases
• Most water-borne pathogens infect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhoeal disease.
• The most common causes of severe diarrhoeal disease are:
-Rotaviruses.
-Pathogenic E. coli
-Campylobacter jejuni.
-Entamoeba hystolica
-Giardia intestinalis (also known as G. lamblia)
-Cryptosporidium parvum
-Norwalk-like viruses
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• Epidemic diarrhoeal disease
Two diarrhoeal pathogens:
• Shigella dysenteriae
• Vibrio cholera
-are particularly infectious and can cause severe epidemics.
-Epidemic diarrhoea (both shigellosis and cholera) can be triggered by natural disasters or political
upheavals that disrupt the normal water supply.
Non-diarrhoeal water-borne diseases
• While most water-borne pathogens cause diarrhoeal disease, a few
important water-borne diseases affect other parts of the body:
• Typhoid fever
is caused by ingestion of Salmonella typhi bacteria in food or water and
affects about 17 million people each year, causing some 600,000 deaths.
• Hepatitis(or liver inflammation)

is caused by viral infection. A and E, are primarily caused by ingestion of
faecally contaminated drinking water. Hepatitis A causes about 1.5 million
infections each year (mostly in children)
• Polio is a highly infectious viral disease that mainly affects
children under 5. poliovirus is primarily transmitted through
the faecal-oral route, safe water and sanitation interventions can
help reduce risk.
• Legionellosis Legionella can grow in water storage tanks,

boilers, or pipes in distribution systems.
Outbreaks of Legionnaire’s disease are fairly rare.
• Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by ingestion or

bodily contact with water contaminated with the urine of
infected animals, especially rats. The disease is difficult to
diagnose and is often overlooked, but may be important,
especially following flooding.
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Water-washed Diseases
Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin
and eye contact with contaminated water
• Four types of water-washed diseases are considered
here:
1. Soil-transmitted helminths transmitted primarily through contact
with contaminated soil.
The most prevalent helminths are:
• Ascaris (Ascarislumbricoides)
• hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and
Necator americanus)
• whipworm (Trichuris trichiura).
-helminths cause about 12,000 deaths each year

-improved hygiene and sanitation can reduce disease incidence.
Ascaris lumbricoides
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2. Acute Respiratory Infections
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) including pneumonia are
responsible for approximately 19% of total child deaths every year.
There is an increasing body of evidence demonstrating that good
hygiene practices, especially hand-washing with soap, can
significantly reduce the transmission of ARI
3. Skin and eye diseases

• Trachoma: Trachoma is caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis
bacteria, which inflame the eye.
The best control method for trachoma is improved access to
water for face washing.
• Ringworm (tinea) is an infectious disease of the skin, scalp or
nails. In spite of the name,the disease is caused by the
fungus(tinea corporis).
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Water-based Diseases
Diseases caused by parasites found in intermediate
organisms living in contaminated water
• Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Infection is caused by
flatworms called schistosomes, which spend part of their life
cycle inside snail hosts. People become infected through skin
contact with infected water, mainly during fishing and
agricultural activities.
• Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) caused by the

roundworm Dracunculus medinensis. Guinea- worm larvae
in water bodies are ingested by the Cyclops water flea.
People become infected by drinking water contaminated
with Cyclops: the larvae are released in the stomach,
migrate through the intestinal wall, and grow to adult
worms.
Water-related Diseases
Water-related diseases are caused by insect vectors, especially
mosquitoes, that breed or feed near contaminated water.
• These diseases are not directly related to drinking-water quality. However, consideration of
vector control can reduce the potential for water related disease transmission.
• The most common vector insects are mosquitoes and flies.
• Mosquito-borne diseases:
-malaria (plasmodium-parasite)
-yellow fever (virus)
- dengue fever (virus)
- Filariasis (worm)
Filariasis
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•Fly-borne diseases
-onchocerciasis (river-blindness) caused by filarial worm

Onchocerca volvulus
-trypanosomiasis (West African sleeping

Sickness)caused by a parasite called
Kala-azar
Trypanosoma bruce
-leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)
-Loiasis - caused by parasitic worm Loa loa
Loiasis
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S-5 – SLO – 1 - IMPACT OF WATER RELATED ISSUES ON ANIMALS
At some point in their life cycle, over 70 percent of terrestrial animal species are dependent upon water. Yet, despite the
warnings, water pollution continues. Sewage overflows, legal or not, continue to dump bacteria, parasites, and toxic
chemicals into waterways. Coastal environments continue to be imperiled by oil spills, killing wildlife and causing
millions of dollars in property damage. Unless measures are taken, the very water we drink is in danger.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan that is dangerous for both humans and animals. Transmitted by faecally
contaminated water, it causes a disease known as cryptosporidiosis, the symptoms of which are watery diarrhoea and
abdominal pain. It is likely to harm infants and people with a compromised immune system in particular. For AIDS
patients, infections can become fatal. In East Africa and elsewhere, many water sources are used by both humans and
animals. They are a potential transmission point, especially if children play in contaminated puddles or faeces enter the
groundwater.
Proliferation of toxic algae species also impacts the health of both wildlife and humans. When these algae flourish
because of nutrient pollution in the water, they produce toxins that poison aquatic organisms, such as seabirds, fish, sea
turtles and aquatic mammals, like dolphins, manatees and sea lions.
Plastics and other marine debris that can float may persist in the oceans for years, traveling the currents. Some of this
material accumulates in the centers of ocean gyres, creating great garbage patches. The term “garbage patch” brings to
mind floating islands of trash, but little of the debris can be seen on the surface. Garbage patches, instead, are areas
where concentrations of flotsam and jetsam, mostly small pieces of plastic, are particularly high. This litter can
distribute toxic chemicals throughout the oceans, snag and tear corals, and harm animals if they ingest pieces of plastic
or become entangled in the debris.
S-5 – SLO – 2 - GROUND WATER QUALITY - POLLUTION
Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts
and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use.
Materials from the land's surface can move through the soil and end up in the groundwater. For
example, pesticides and fertilizers can find their way into groundwater supplies over time. Road
salt, toxic substances from mining sites, and used motor oil also may seep into groundwater. In
addition, it is possible for untreated waste from septic tanks and toxic chemicals from
underground storage tanks and leaky landfills to contaminate groundwater.
Ground water and surface water are interconnected and can be fully understood and
intelligently managed only when that fact is acknowledged. If there is a water supply well near
a source of contamination, that well runs the risk of becoming contaminated. If there is a nearby
river or stream, that water body may also become polluted by the ground water.
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S-5 – SLO – 2 - GROUND WATER QUALITY - POLLUTION
Image Source: Environment Protection Authority South Australia

S-6 – SLO – 1 - IMPACT ON EFFLUENT IN GROUND WATER QUALITY
•Storage Tanks
May contain gasoline, oil, chemicals, or other types of liquids and they can either be above or below ground. There
are estimated to be over 10 million storage tanks buried in the United States and over time the tanks can corrode,
crack and develop leaks. If the contaminants leak out and get into the groundwater, serious contamination can
occur.
•Septic Systems
Onsite wastewater disposal systems used by homes, offices or other buildings that are not connected to a city sewer
system. Septic systems are designed to slowly drain away human waste underground at a slow, harmless rate. An
improperly designed, located, constructed, or maintained septic system can leak bacteria, viruses, household
chemicals, and other contaminants into the groundwater causing serious problems.
•Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste

In the U.S. today, there are thought to be over 20,000 known abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
and the numbers grow every year. Hazardous waste sites can lead to groundwater contamination if there are barrels
or other containers laying around that are full of hazardous materials. If there is a leak, these contaminants can
eventually make their way down through the soil and into the groundwater.
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S-6 – SLO – 2 - EFFECTS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION
Groundwater pollution can lead to devastating
environmental changes. One such alteration is
the loss of certain nutrients that are essential for
self-sustenance of the ecosystem. Also, when
the pollutants mix with water bodies, alteration
of the aquatic ecosystem may also occur.
S-6 – SLO – 2 - EFFECTS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION
•Landfills
Landfills are the places that our garbage is taken to be buried. Landfills are supposed to have a
protective bottom layer to prevent contaminants from getting into the water. However, if there is no
layer or it is cracked, contaminants from the landfill (car battery acid, paint, household cleaners, etc.)
can make their way down into the groundwater.
•Chemicals and Road Salts

The widespread use of chemicals and road salts is another source of potential groundwater
contamination. Chemicals include products used on lawns and farm fields to kill weeds and insects
and to fertilize plants, and other products used in homes and businesses. When it rains, these
chemicals can seep into the ground and eventually into the water. Road salts are used in the
wintertime to put melt ice on roads to keep cars from sliding around. When the ice melts, the salt gets
washed off the roads and eventually ends up in the water.
•Atmospheric Contaminants
Since groundwater is part of the hydrologic cycle, contaminants in other parts of the cycle, such as the
atmosphere or bodies of surface water, can eventually be transferred into our groundwater supplies.
S-7 – SLO – 1 - SAMPLING METHODS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION
The collection of water samples from groundwater wells occurs in five steps:
• Sampling preparations
• Accessing the well before sampling and securing the well after sampling
• Measuring the water level
• Purging the well
• Collecting and delivering the water sample
Sampling Preparations Before you take a water sample, the field sampling equipment should
be cleaned and calibrated. Field sampling equipment includes
• Pumping or bailing equipment
• Water level meter
• Water quality measuring equipment (These may include probes and instruments for
measuring temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, reduction-oxidation
potential, etc. Inexpensive meters or test kits are available from hardware and pet supply
stores.)
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S-7 – SLO – 1 - SAMPLING METHODS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION
Image Source :https://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/CR/ISWSCR-374.pdf

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S-7 – SLO – 1 - LEGAL REGULATORY ASPECTS OF GROUND
WATER CONTAMINATION
1986 -The Environment (Protection) Act authorizes the central government to protect and improve
environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources, and prohibit or restrict the setting and /or
operation of any industrial facilityon environmental grounds.
1986 -The Environment (Protection) Rules lay down procedures for setting standards of emission or
discharge of environmental pollutants.
1989 -The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules is to control the generation,
collection, treatment, import, storage, and handling of hazardous waste.
1989 -The Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Rules define the terms used in this context, and
sets up an authority to inspect, once a year, the industrial activity connected with hazardous chemicals and
isolated storage facilities.
1989 -The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of hazardous Micro-organisms/ Genetically
Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules were introduced with a view to protect the environment, nature, and
health, in connection with the application of gene technology and microorganisms.
1991 -The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules and Amendment, 1992 was drawn up to provide for
public liability insurance for the purpose of providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accident while
handling any hazardous substance.
1995 -The National Environmental Tribunal Act has been created to award compensation for damages to
persons, property, and the environment arising from any activity involving hazardous substances.
S-8 – SLO – 1 - INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPATION WITH REGULATORY BOARDS
•Industrial projects with investments above Rs 500 million must obtain MoEF clearance and are further
required to obtain a LOI (Letter Of Intent) from the Ministry of Industry, and an NOC (No Objection
Certificate) from the SPCB and the State Forest Department if the location involves forestland. Once the NOC
is obtained, the LOI is converted into an industrial licence by the state authority.
•The Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects Notification, (1994 and as amended in 1997).
•A policy framework has also been developed to complement the legislative provisions. The Policy Statement
for Abatement of Pollution and the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and
Development were brought out by the MoEF in 1992, to develop and promote initiatives for the protection and
improvement of the environment. The EAP (Environmental Action Programme) was formulated in 1993 with
the objective of improving environmental services and integrating environmental considerations in to
development programmes.
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S-8 – SLO – 2 - WATER USED IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
Prevalent Water Use and Water Use Efficiency:
The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) estimates total
withdrawal/utilization for 2010 for all types of uses as 710 BCM for high projection scenario. Out of
which irrigation accounted for nearly 78% followed by domestic use 6%, industries 5%, power
development 3%, and other activities claimed about 8% including evaporation losses, environment
and navigational requirements.
Whereas, for the year 2050; total 1180 BCM has been estimated for high projection scenario. Out of
which irrigation will be accounted for nearly 68% followed by domestic use 9.5%, industries 7%,
power development 6%, and other activities claimed about 9.5% including evaporation losses,
environment and navigational requirements.
To meet the diverse types of water demands of the society, various facilities/systems comprising of
reservoirs, diversion structures, canals, pump houses, overhead tanks, piped supply systems etc. have
been created. Such systems have been conceived with a set design operating efficiency.
The typical efficiencies for various facilities for water utilization under different methods of
application are indicated in Table – 1.
Sector-wise Scope of Improvement in Efficiency:
Over the years, the systems usually do not work
up to its design efficiency due to battery of
reasons, mainly due to inefficient operation and
poor/deferred maintenance and other factors.
Further, since the quantity of water being utilized
for different uses vary considerably as also the
design and management efficiencies; this leads to
non-uniform scope for improvement in efficiency.
Just to have an idea about the possible savings,
Table – 2 presents the roughly estimated quantum
of water being utilized for different purposes, their
present level of efficiencies, scope for further
increase in efficiencies, likely quantum of
additional water which would be available after
achieving the targeted efficiency and the relative
weights.
• The water demand for the industrial sector is on a rise and will account for 8.5 and 10.1 per cent of the total freshwater
abstraction in 2025 and 2050 respectively. This is a 4 per cent rise from the current level of 6 per cent of the total
freshwater abstraction by the industries in 2010.
• Surface water is the major source of water for the industries (41%) followed by groundwater (35%) and municipal water
(24%). The use of municipal water is limited to industries located in urban/ peri-urban areas .
Wastewater Generation and Water Use by Different Industries in India
S-9 – SLO - 1- Tutorials 3: Analyses the sample of polluted water.
• Study the industrial waste water and their characteristics.
• Prepare a report about the waste water of that industry
• Identify their impact on environment
• Suggest the mitigation measures to improve
S9 – SLO – 2 - Tutorials 4: Compare the various industrial effluent

discharge standards
• Study the characteristics of effluents in any industry
• Compare their value with effluent discharge standards
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REFERENCES
Fair.G.M, “Water and Waste water engineering Vol.I& II” .John Wiley and sons, Newyork. 2010.
CPHEEO, “Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment”, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,
Government of India, New Delhi, 2009.
http://cpheeo.gov.in/cms/manual-on-sewerage-and-sewage-treatment.php
P. K. Goel, Water Pollution: Causes, effects and Control. New Age International, 2006.
Metcalf & Eddy, “Wastewater engineering, Treatment and Reuse”, Tata MacGrawhill publications,
2008.
NPTEL Course: Water, Society and Sustainability.

https://onlinecourses-archive.nptel.ac.in/noc18_hs36
NPTEL Course: Wastewater Treatment & Recycling.

https://onlinecourses archive.nptel.ac.in/noc18_ce26
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Thank you
Four R’s To Prevent Water Pollution:
• REFUSE : Say NO to water pollution
• RECYLE : Recycle water
• REDUCE : Minimize use of water
• REUSE : Reuse water
UNIT – II
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Types of water ?
• Rain water
• Storm water
• River water/ Lake water
• Ocean water
• Domestic water
• Industrial water
• Drinking water
• Agricultural water
• Irrigation water
• Sewage etc.
Blue water = good quality water
Green water = nutrient-enriched water
Brown water comes from swamps & forests
Water pollution from poor land use practices
Algal bloom – sign of eutrophication
Weed infestation of water bodies is driven by
nutrient enrichment
Water hyacinth in lakes and rivers due to pollution
-chokes fish landing sites, e.t.c.
Setting the WQ standards
• Water quality criterion (water quality guideline) –
Needed to support and maintain a designated water use.
who sets the guidelines in INDIA?
• Water Quality Objective ( water quality goal)- Needed

to support and to protect the designated uses of water at a
specific site.
• Water quality standard – An objective that is

recognised in enforceable environmental control laws or
regulations of a government.
Water quality objectives
• Water quality objectives are the measures that

specify the concentrations of substances permissible
for all intended water uses at a specific location on a
lake, river, or estuary.
• The objectives are based on the water quality
guidelines for the uses at that location, as well as on
public input and socio-economic considerations.
• The objectives not only protect water users and the
environment, but they also promote sustainable
water management strategies.
Cont..
• Water Quality Objectives are intended to provide guidance
in making water quality management decisions such as the
designation of the surface waters which should not be
further degraded.
• They are often used as the starting point in deriving waste
effluent requirements included in Certificates of Approval
and other instruments issued to regulate effluent discharges.
• They are used to assess ambient water quality conditions,
assist in assessing spills and monitoring the effectiveness of
remedial actions.
Advantages of Water Quality Objectives
• Focuses on solving problems caused by conflicts
between the various demands placed on water
resources, particularly related to assimilated
pollution.
• Enables an overall limit on levels of contaminants
within a water body to be set according to the
required uses of the water.
• It treats industry equitably requiring the use of best
available technology for treating hazardous, as well
as a number of conventional water pollutants
whenever the industry is located.
Primary drinking water standards criteria
• Microorganisms - • Inorganic Chemicals –

Giardia lamblia; Virus; Arsenic, barium, fluoride,
Legionella;Turbidity copper, lead,
• Disinfection Byproducts- • Organic Chemicals –
bromate, chlorite, Benzine; Carbon
trihomethanes; haloacetic tetrachloride;
acids Dichloromethane
• Disinfectants- • Radionuclides –
chloramines, chlorine and Uranium; Alpha particles;
chlorine dioxides Beta particles and photon
emitters
Secondary - Drinking water standards (BIS)
Contaminant Secondary Standard
Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L
Chloride 250 mg/L
Color 15 (color units)
Copper 1.0 mg/L
Corrosivity noncorrosive
Fluoride 2.0 mg/L
Foaming Agents 0.5 mg/L
Iron 0.3 mg/L
Manganese 0.05 mg/L
Odor 3 threshold odor number
pH 6.5-8.5
Silver 0.10 mg/L
Sulfate 250 mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L
Zinc 5 mg/L
Irrigation water quality – salinity and sodium
hazards
• the total concentration of soluble salts (TDS or EC)
• the relative proportion of sodium to the other cations,
• the bicarbonate concentration as related to the
concentration of calcium and magnesium, and
• the concentrations of specific elements and compounds.
• Sodium adsorption ratio is given
• SAR = [sodium]/[calcium][magnesium]
Others standards
• Domestic Wastewater effluent standards- pH,

mercury, cyanide, turbidity, DO level
• Industrial water standards – Varies with type of
goods being manufactured
• Industrial waster water effluent – Heavy metals
• Bathing water – swimming pools etc
• Nb: Standards can be national (WRMA) Water
Resources Management Authority, regional
(Community) or international (WHO)
WATER QUALITY
INTERVENTIONS
Recall the causes of water pollution
• Sewage and organic waste.

• Chemical pollutants and other toxic materials from
industrial processes.
• Fertilizers and other nutrients that cause
eutrophication (a process where water bodies such as
lakes become concentrated with nutrients leading to
growth of algae and other organisms).
• Bacteria and other microbiological agents.
• Silts and other solids that do not easily dissolve in water
and which obstruct water flow.
• Pesticides and other agricultural processes.
1. Identify the sources of water pollution
(http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterquality.html)
Choosing Water resources – Starting point of
WQ interventions
• Water Quality - How good is it?

• Affordability - What does it cost?
• Adequacy – Can it supply enough water?
• Reliability - How long will it last?
• Convenience - How far away is it from
homesteads?
General information of water sources
Sources Quality Quantity Accessibility Reliability Cost
Good,
Depends on the
maintenance on
Good quality for deep best location of
Good with little pump required Moderate if need
Groundwater aquifers; poor to fair well; pumping
variation regularly, must to pump
for shallow aquifers required unless
not over pump the
artesian well
aquifer
Good with little Good for artesian

Storage necessary
variation for flow and gravity
Good quality; for community
artesian flow overflow; fair for
disinfection water supply; Fairly low cost;
Springs and springs; variable gravity
recommended after gravity flow with piped system
Seeps with seasonal depression; little
installation of spring delivery for easy costs will rise.
fluctuations likely maintenance
protection. community
for gravity flow needed after
access.
springs. installation.
Fair to good; need

Fair to good in large Very accessible for a good
ponds and lakes; poor using intakes; program of Moderate to high
Good available
Ponds and to fair in smaller pumping required operation and because of need to
quantity; decrease
Lakes water bodies; for delivery maintenance for pump and treat
during dry season.
treatment generally system; storage pumping and water.
necessary. required. treatment
systems.
Information of water sources
Sources Quality Quantity Accessibility Reliability Cost
Maintenance
required for both Moderate to high
Good for mountain Moderate: seasonal Generally good;
type systems; depending on
streams; poor for variation likely; need intake for
Streams and much higher for method;
streams in lowland some rivers and both gravity flow
Rivers pumped system; treatment and
regions; treatment streams will dry up and piped
riverside well is a pumping
necessary. in dry season. delivery.
good reliable expensive.
source.
Moderate and Good; cisterns Low-moderate

Must be rain;
Fair to poor; variable; supplies located in yards for roof
Rain some
disinfection unavailable during of users; fair for catchments; high
Catchments maintenance
necessary dry season; storage ground for ground
required.
necessary. catchments. catchments
Community actions to improve WQ
Source of pollution What the communities can do
Agricultural: from o Managing pastures to maintain vegetative cover and stable soils
both agriculture o Employing conservation farming technique
practices and o Minimizing stock access to streams and damage to stream banks
livestock rearing.
Storm water: o Actively controlling erosion problems Constructing farm dams to

Generated by encourage water plant growth so that they act as filters for run-
rainfall storms off
Sewer o Maintaining and operating on-site household wastewater systems

(septic tanks and aerated wastewater treatment units) to prevent
nutrients getting into streams or groundwater
Industrial o regulating industrial activities, as well as controlling diffuse sources, to

prevent water pollution
o Protecting local wetlands for their role in filtering sediment and
nutrients and providing a diversity of wildlife habitat
o Reusing effluent where possible
2. Embrace IWRM (Integrated water resources
management ) as the best management tool
1992 Dublin principles
1. Fresh water is finite and vulnerable
resource
2. Water resource planning, development
and management should involve all
stakeholders
3. Women play a central role in water affairs
4. Water has an economic value and should
be viewed as an economic good
IWRM concept application in INDIA
• WRMA recognises the stakeholder participation
as key in restoring the catchment- Catchment
Management Strategy
• MWI(Ministry of Water and Irrigation) has
developed the national IWRM plan
• The plan has taken aspects of sustainability into
consideration
• IWRM level of implementation is still very low in
India.
IWRM benefits
• Progress in pollution control and
achievements in the programme can only be
quantitatively recognised through water
quality monitoring
• WRMA has adopted the principles of

IWRM in pollution control, several benefits
can be realised.
IWRM benefits cont;
• protecting catchment areas, pollution
control and environmental flows.
• lead to the water security of the world’s
poor and the unserved being assured
• be a stimulus to the sector to push for
recycling, reuse and waste reduction
• will improve the opportunity for
introduction of sustainable sanitation
solutions
3. Holistic Catchment management
•Area
•Length
Y
P (mm) •Slope
•Forests
•Farms
Rainfall station
•Industries
•Dwelling houses
•Rivers
•Lakes
•Reservoirs
•Wildlife
Gauging station
•Soil types
Divide
•Geology
•Climate
Q(m3/s) X
Z
4. ECOSAN: Use of new technology
WATER QUALITY
5. Inter/intra sectoral coordination
• WRMA
• Ministries
• International agencies
• Private sector
Need for institutional Coordination
6. Improvement on;
1. Strong Information Baseline
• Poor pollution monitoring by effluent dischargers
2. Create high Compliance to Regulations mechanisms
• Low priority by industry on wastewater treatment
• Ignorance on existing regulations
• Historically weak enforcement
3. Develop adequate Infrastructure
• Inadequate capacity of treatment plants
• Frequent sewerage bursts / sewer spills
• Poor management of dumping sites
• Poor disposal of wastes especially in informal settlements
• Storm water drainage
• Expansion of Juakali Industry
WRMA initiatives on Effluent Dischargers
1. To develop an Effluent Discharge Control Plan (EDCP).
2. To have a valid effluent discharge permit before
discharging into the water resources.
3. To maintain records of effluent discharge in terms of
quantity and quality.
4. To install a controlling and measuring device to ensure
water abstracted or effluent discharged is accurately
measured
5. WRMA monitors resource & enforces compliance to WRM
Rules
Observations/recommedations
Carry out Pollution assessment & Monitoring
• Extent of industrial, domestic, agricultural etc wastes
• How many permits issued and are standards adhered to
• Are there legislation to prevent littering
• What are the distribution of land use in the catchments
• What is the population growth rate
• What is the attitude of local people towards pollution
• Are there water borne diseases
• Are there changes in animal and plant communities with
time..
• Are polluters punished
Strengthen the Guiding Principles for Water
Pollution Control
• Prevent pollution rather than treating symptoms

of pollution
• Use the precautionary principle
• Apply the Polluter Pays Principle
• Apply realistic standards and regulations
• Balance economic and regulatory instruments
• Apply water pollution control at the lowest
appropriate level
• Establish mechanisms for cross -sectoral
integration
Guiding Principles cont;
• Encourage participatory approaches with

involvement of all relevant stakeholders
• Give open access to information on water
pollution
• Promote international cooperation on water
pollution control
HOW DO WE OVERCOME ?:
WATER TREATMENT
Reasons for treatment
1. Remove smells and odors,
2. Dissolved gases (Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide)
3. Kill germs, pathogens, bacteria and viruses
4. Water hardness
5. Portable and safe water
Where do we start?
• Water samples – from sources (borehole)
• Water examination
• Water analysis – Water laboratory
• Re-samplying every three months
• Checking on transmission lines for
infiltration of sewage water
Methods for purification
• Simplest is boiling
• Filtration
• Chlorination
• Ozone
• UV treatment
• Water guard (Sodium hypo chlorite)
• Distillation
Filters
• Sand filters for large communities
• Gravity filters for small communities
• Domestic household filters
• Filter cartridges ( for many types of ions)
• Activated carbon or charcoal filters
• Fluoride filters – CDN as a leader
• Reverse osmosis – More advanced
The working principles of some specific
filters
1. Ozone filters – Through oxidation process, all organic,
inorganic and biological substances are destroyed
2. Steam distillation – Natural methods which is able to
remove Biological Entities, Heavy Metals, Organic
Chemicals, Inorganic Chemicals & Radioactive Material
3. Carbon filters (Charcoal) – A good media for a wide
range of contaminant like chlorine, pesticides, herbicides
and inorganic materials
4. Far Infrared Light (FIR) - Very suitable for toxin
removal
5. Ultraviolet Light – Very cheap to use – Deactivates the
DNA of bacteria, virus and other pathogens
Working principles Cont;
6. The ceramic water filters – Very cheap and

affordable- removes dirt, microbes, virus
and bacteria
7. CDN Fluoride filters- Single and combined
“These two filters are cheap and wananchi

friendly”
Sand filters
UV filters
Ceramic water filters
CDN Single and combined Fluoride filters
Observations and conclusions
1. Pollution Prevention should Prevails

2. Water sources like Wells or boreholes should be properly
protected and maintained
3. For water supply check pipes and pumps regularly and
seal pipe joints properly
4. Investigate any change in water quality at the earliest
possible time
5. Any change in land use should warrant a water analysis
Observations
• That cheap and affordable WQ filters are can be
available. The government through its appropriate
organs and mechanism should create an enabling
environment for the production and distribution of
these filters to the vulnerable communities
• Education and training on WASH should be
accelerated and taken down to the communities
• Universities, NGO’s, CDN and others should
continue carrying out research on cheaper and
affordable filters made from local material
• Treat NOT ONLY the drinking water but also the
wastewater
Mitigation Measures for Water pollution
Contamination due to industries
Mitigation aims at preventing adverse impacts from happening
and keeping those that do occur within acceptable levels.
Aims of Mitigation
• Developing measures to avoid, reduce, remedy or
compensate significant adverse impacts of development
proposals on environment and society;
• Enhancing beneficial effects and lower costs for
environmental protection and conservation of natural
resources as an outcome of development where possible;
and
• Fostering better opportunities for business through positive
outcomes for environmental conservation, sustainable
livelihoods and human well being.
Mitigation Measures for Water pollution
Contamination due to industries
 Conjunctive use of ground/surface water, to prevent
flooding/water logging/depletion of water resources.
Included are land use pattern, land filling,
lagoon/reservoir/garland canal construction, and rainwater
harvesting and pumping rate.
 Stormwater drainage system to collect surface runoff
 Minimise flow variation from the mean flow
 Storing of oil wastes in lagoons should be minimised in
order to avoid possible contamination of the ground water
system.
 All effluents containing acid/alkali/organic/toxic wastes
should be properly treated.
 Monitoring of ground waters
 Use of biodegradable or otherwise readily treatable
additives
Mitigation Measures for Water
pollution Contamination due to
industries
 Neutralization and sedimentation of wastewaters, where applicable
 Dewatering of sludges and appropriate disposal of solids
 In case of oil waste, oil separation before treatment and discharge into
the environment
 By controlling discharge of sanitary sewage and industrial waste into the
environment
 By avoiding the activities that increases erosion or that contributes
nutrients to water (thus stimulating alga growth)
 For wastes containing high TDS, treatment methods include removal of
liquid and disposal of residue by controlled landfilling to avoid any
possible leaching of the fills
 All surface runoffs around mines or quarries should be collected treated
and disposed.
 Treated wastewater (such as sewage, industrial wastes, or stored surface
runoffs) can be used as cooling water makeup.
Mitigation Measures for Water
pollution Contamination due to
industries
Wastewater carrying radioactive elements
should be treated separately by means of de-
watering procedures, and solids or brine
should be disposed of with special care.
Develop spill prevention plans in case of
chemical discharges and spills
Develop traps and containment system and
chemically treat discharges on site
What happens when wastewater is discharges in
natural environment ?
Pollutants undergo different processes:
Transport
Advection, Diffusion, Dispersion, Leaching
Phase Transfer / Relocation
Sorption‐desorption, Volatilization
Transformation / Degradation
Biotic, Abiotic and Photo degradation
Treatment of Industrial wastewater
Popular Treatment Systems for
Wastewater Treatment
Biological low‐rate systems (“natural” systems):
 Constructed wetlands, vertical soil filters, soil infiltration
 Ponds
 Septic tank or UASB plus sand filters
 Biological high‐rate systems (with biofilms)
 Activated Sludge Processes
 Trickling filters
 Rotating biological contactors (RBC)
 Membrane treatment:
 Membrane bioreactor (MBR) (also a biological high‐rate system)
 Nano‐filtration, ultra‐filtration
 Reverse osmosis
Treatment Philosophy
Treat only to desired degree based on reuse application
 Standalone units are often insufficient or highly
uneconomic, so a combination of units must be used in
the most cost effective manner to achieve the treatment
targets.
Technical feasibility
vs
Financial viability
vs
Environmental sustainability
vs
Social acceptability
Challenges and Risks in Wastewater
Recycling
The trend of water reuse shows an increasing quantity of reclaimed water use
around the globe; however, certain challenges exist affecting its universal
applications.
 Complicacy:
Reclaimed water use is far more complicated than using conventional
water resources.
 Technical Competence:
The high degree of technical competence is needed for wastewater
recycling than conventional water uses.
 Higher Cost:
Water recycling typically has higher costs than using conventional
water.
 System Reliability:
Ensuring reliability is must for wastewater treatment facilities
targeting water recycling.
Recycling
Reclaimed water of any quality can be produced, resulting in risk reduction by
using available technologies if financial resources are adequate. However,
there are several other challenges that needs to be overcome for successful
adaptation of wastewater recycling programmes, including:
Social Acceptability:
There is public perception (stigma) that recycled water can pose a
significant human
health risk.
Trade Barriers:
Possibility of trade barriers, especially for food products grown using
reused water.
Political Constraints:
Lack of political motivations is one of the major hurdles in
wastewater recycling.
Research Trends in Wastewater
Treatment and Recycling
 Water Reclamation And Reuse
Intensive research focus on reusing treated
wastewater effluent for both drinking water (direct
potable reuse and indirect potable reuse) and industrial
applications.
 Fit‐for‐Purpose Water Reuse
Identifying the cost‐effective treatment extents
needed for fit‐for‐purpose water reuse.
 Integrated UrbanWater Management
Integrating wastewater in an urban water cycle to
use this as an alternate resources along with stormwater,
rainwater and usual surface and groundwater resources.
Recycling
 Energy Production And Conservation
Wastewater treatment and recycling
requires energy, and the energy industry
itself requires a significant amount of water
to operate. The researchers are exploring
water‐energy nexus to develop and establish
more energy‐efficient technologies for
wastewater treatment and alternative
energy production methods from
wastewater and sludge processing.
 Nutrient Management
Changing regulations and increasingly
stringent effluent limits have brought
nutrient management to the forefront of the
wastewater industry.
Recycling
 Residuals and Biosolids Management
The management of sludge, especially biosolids,
which has historically been a burden, is being
evaluated as a source of potential revenue after
reclamation.
 Industrial Wastewater Processes
Modelling, design, and operation of industrial
wastewater treatment systems, biological industrial
treatment processes, ZLD options, regulatory
impacts etc. are being studied for all water
intensive industries.
 Innovative Technology Development
Cutting‐edge technology and services are being
developed for water and solids recovery along with
innovative infrastructure solutions.
Recycling
Wastewater Utility Management
Managing utilities involving troubleshooting,
funds management, meeting regulatory
criteria and most importantly public outreach
are getting important.
– Instrumentation, Control and Automation
With the technological advancements,
instrumentation control and automation in
wastewater systems are getting increasingly
popular and getting due research attention.
– Cost Reduction
Reducing the cost of high end treatment
processes such as membrane filters and
advanced oxidation methods for making
these more affordable.
Complexity of Wastewater
Management Systems
Wastewater treatment and recycling
systems are complex and dynamic in
nature.
 The challenge of treating
wastewater and ensuring its safe
and reliable reuse is influenced by
the various interactions of factors
including water quality, available
treatment technologies, available
funds and economic feasibility of
treatment solutions, regulatory
requirements, operational
constraints, public perception, and
environmental concerns etc.
Thermal pollution and its adverse
effects
Thermal pollution is defined as accumulation of
unusable heat from human activities that
disrupts the eco systems in the natural
environment .
Thermal pollution is generally described in
context to local problems, as on global basis,
the change in heat is significant.
The most important anthropogenic sources of
thermal pollution are industries that reject heat
in the environment.
Thermal pollution and its adverse effects
 Nuclear power plants release much more heat

which is estimated to be about 67%
The cooling of water which is normally 10-30
degree F warmer than nearby source, is the
major cause of thermal water pollution
Aquatic ecosystems are more delicately
balanced ecosystems which do not fluctuate
much in temperature as do the land masses
effects
Physical effects
 The temperature influences the viscosity , density,
vapor pressure, surface tension, gas solubility and gas
diffusion rates
 Heated water has low density and spreads on the
surface of water bodies causing them to stratify
thermally. The stratification is a barrier to the oxygen
penetration into the deeper layers. This is also disrupts
the normal circulation patterns, the ecological
consequences of which would be drastic,
unpredictable and almost certainly deleterious.
effects
Physical effects
At elevated temperatures, the sedimentation of
suspended materials increases due to reduction
in density and viscosity of water
Evaporation rate of water increases at high
temperature
Warm water reduces its palatability
Once the receiving water becomes warm, it is not
suitable further as cooling water because of the
decrease in efficiency of heat transfer
effects
Chemical effects
Chemistry of waters greatly depends upon the
temperature.
 Rate of chemical reactions normally increases
with rise in temperature which is about two-fold
with rise of every 10 degree Celsius.
BOD is also increased with temperature
effects
Biological effects
 As different species favors different temperatures,
thermal pollution may lead to population decline of
one specie and growth of the another. This results in
shift of flora & fauna of water
 Since, almost all proteins and enzymes are heat liable,
temperature changes often play an important& highly
regulatory role in the growth of aquatic organisms.
 Behavior, reproduction cycles, respiratory rates,
digestive rates and many other physiological processes
are normally temperature dependent.
effects
Biological effects
 At high temperature, the dissolved oxygen decreases, while
the metabolic rates of the organisms, requiring oxygen,
increases, thus accentuating the stress. At the same time
the bacterial activity increases, further reducing oxygen
supply. The water may rapidly become unfit for all but few
anaerobic species. High temperature works as barrier for
oxygen penetration into cooler deep waters. The aerobic
degradation gives way for the aerobic degradation, making
the water more polluted. Further, in organically polluted
waters, multiplication rate of bacteria increases with
increase in temperature, especially where the food supply is
in plenty.
effects
Biological effects
 Fishes may starve at high temperature by becoming
moribund & unable to capture food. The effect is
further accentuated as the food requirement
increases at the same time at higher temperature
 The disease resistance in fishes lowers & pollutants
become more toxic at elevated temperature. The
species become more vulnerable to parasites
 Natural mitigation of fish is also affected due to
formation of thermally polluted zones which act as
barrier to the migration
effects
 A variety of chemicals are added in the cooling of
waters to prevent formation of biological growths,
wood decay, corrosion,& scaling of the equipment.
 Chlorination & addition of biocides are common
practices to prevent the biological growths in the
cooling towers & condensers.
 The scales in the equipment are prevented by addition
of polyphosphates or some other organics.
 To check the corrosion, a number of chemicals such as
sodium & potassium chromates, silicates, nitrites, Ferro
cyanides, moly bates, salts of zinc, nickel, manganese &
chromium, etc. are added to the cooling towers
effects
 In the normal operation, the dissolved solids level of
cooling waters go on increasing because of
continuous evaporation, which can not be tolerated
after a certain range.
 At this time, the whole circulating water is replaced
by new water; the process is called ‘blow-down’.
 The blow-down water often has a high solid content,
besides additional chemicals which have been added
to prevent biological growths, scales & corrosion.
This blow-down water poses a serious threat of
water pollution in receiving waters.
Self purification of streams
Natural Purification (or
Self‐Cleansing) in Rivers
 Always present in surface water and
is able to remove or reduce most of
the conventional pollutants
 A series of physical, chemical and
biological processes takes care of
sediments and decomposable
organic waste and relives stream of
its pollution burden.
 This process is known as self
purification or natural purification
process.
 The rate and extent with which these

processes occur depend on many
variable like flow rate, turbulence,
nature of river bed, type of biota
present, and variations in sunlight
and
 temperature.
In rivers, solid matters and soluble
substances are reduced or changed by:
 Dilution
Sedimentation
Filtration
Adsorption
Sediment transport
Hydrolysis
Biodegradation (oxidation)
Photodecomposition
Natural Purification in Rivers
Major processes
Natural Purification in Rivers
Major processes
Natural Purification in Rivers: Process
Classification
Physical Processes: Purifying effect caused by the hydraulic
characteristics of the river water
・Dilution, sedimentation, filtration, aeration, sediment transport
Physicochemical Processes: Purifying effect caused by the flow and
the river bed material
・Adsorption, aggregation, (oxidation and reduction)
Biological (or Biochemical) Processes: Purification action arising as
microorganisms in water
・Adsorption, oxidation, decomposition and synthesis of organic
matter
・Uptake of organic matters and nutrient by plants and
sedimentation
Photochemical Processes: Purification action by the sunlight
・Photo‐degradation of organic matter
Factors Affecting Natural Attenuation
Temperature and Sunlight
Temperature affects the rates of dilution, sedimentation, chemical and biological activities. It
also influences the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water body. Sunlight regulates temperature as well
as offers photodegradation opportunities.
Hydrography
The velocity, depth, and surface expanse controls the turbulence, stratification, distribution of
sediments, DO, and microorganism etc. The degree of turbulence governs the re‐aeration rate for
dissolved oxygen, which eventually affects the rate and extent of biodegradation. It also affects dilution,
sediment transport, and high turbulence could retards algal growth.
Nature of River Bed and Biota Present
These affects the sorption ‐ desorption, nutrient uptake and kinetics and extent of
biodegradation of organic matter incoming with the wastewater.
Zones of Pollution in a River Stream
1. Clean Zone
2. Decomposition
Zone
3. Septic Zone
4. Recovery Zone
1. Clean Zone
Role of stakeholders
 A wastewater treatment system is
comprised of an array of treatment
technologies in different treatment
stages in order to meet the criteria
of a specific reuse application.
 Alternative technologies are
available in primary, secondary,
tertiary and advanced treatment
stages, and have various cost and
performance levels.
 Since, the number of alternative
processes has been steadily
growing, the decision making on the
selection of an optimum treatment
sequence is becoming an important
challenge for the designers
Decision Making in Wastewater
Management
The trend of reclaimed water use has been increasing
worldwide and is expected to surpass desalination in the
future. Therefore, it of high importance to device a
mechanism for identifying the most cost‐effective and
sustainable ways to achieve the reclaimed water use
targets.
However,
 A system suitable for wastewater management
(treatment and recycling) in some region may or may not
be applicable to other places, even in the same country.
 This calls for customized solutions based on locally
assessed characteristics and specific reuse purpose.
Decision Making in Wastewater
Management
The continuously changing drivers of the wastewater management industry,
embodied by rigorous environmental and health regulations and the challenge of
emerging contaminants, necessitates the development of decision support systems
for the selection of appropriate treatment trains.
o A Decision Support System (DSS), an information system that supports a user in
choosing a consistent, near optimum solution for a particular problem, could be used
for helping in decision making.
o The range of applications of DSSs in wastewater management systems include:
selection and design of treatment processes, sequencing of selected processes either
in parallel or in series in a treatment train, monitoring and control of treatment
plants, and identifying recycling or reuse options.
Elements of Decision Support System
Listing of possible
alternatives
– Evaluation of alternatives
– Identification of most
appropriate alternatives
under the given constraints
[Cost, energy, removal
efficiency, land availability,
environmental impacts etc.]
– Assessment of possible
impacts
of implementation of
schemes
Example of Decision Support System
Framework
THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to
carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water
pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating
thereto and for matters connected therewith.
THE CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
WATER POLLUTION
• Constitution of Central Board.
• Constitution of State Boards.
• Terms And Conditions of Service of Members.
• Disqualifications.
• Meetings of Boards.
• Constitution of Committees.
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BOARD
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main function of the Central Board shall be to promote
cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing function, the Central Board
may perform all or any of the following functions, namely:--
(a) advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water
pollution;
(b) co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them;
(c) provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution;
(d) plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for the
prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central
Board may specify;
(e) organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control
of water pollution;
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BOARD(Contd…)
(f) collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the
measures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or guides
relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents and disseminate information
connected therewith;
(g) lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Government concerned, the standards
for a stream or well:
(h) plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution;
(3) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board to
perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples of water from
any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.
FUNCTIONS OF STATE BOARD.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the functions of a State Board shall be --
(a) to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of
streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution thereof;
(b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement
of water pollution;
(c) to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or
abatement thereof;
(d) to encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of
water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution;
(e) to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons engaged or to be
engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution and to
organise mass education programmes relating thereto;
• (f) to inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade
effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the
treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or
trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act;
• (g) lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the
quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State stream) resulting from the discharge
of effluents and to classify waters of the State;
• (h) to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents, having
regard to the peculiar conditions of soils, climate and water resources of different regions and
more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells which render it
impossible to attain even the minimum degree of dilution;
• (i) to evolve methods of utilisation of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture;
• (j) to evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land, as are necessary
on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major part
of the year the minimum degree of dilution;
• (k) to lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any
particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream
and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of
• (l) to make, vary or revoke any order --
(i) for the prevention, control or abatement of discharge of waste into streams or
wells;
(ii) requiring any person concerned to construct new systems for the disposal of
sewage and trade effluents or to modify, alter or extend any such existing system or to adopt
such remedial measures as are necessary to prevent control or abate water pollution;
• (m) to lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing
discharge of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent
standards for the sewage and trade effluents;
• (n) to advice the State Government with respect to the location of any industry the
carrying on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well;
• (o) to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time be
entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government.
• (2) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board
to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples
of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.
TWAD Board
The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD Board) is a statutory body corporate constituted under TWAD
Board Act, 1970 on 14.04.1971. TWAD Board is entrusted with the development of Water Supply and Sewerage facilities in the State of
Tamil Nadu, except Chennai Metropolitan Development Areas. TWAD Board further expanded their horizon of service to include
maintenance of major CWSS also into their domain.
• There are four Chief Engineers one each head-quartered at Vellore, Thanjavur, Coimbatore and Madurai. TWAD Board’s prowess to
perform is made possible with the persistent functions of the following District level Units.
• 17 circle offices headed by Superintending Engineers.
• 85 Divisional offices headed by Executive Engineers.
• 258 Sub Division Offices headed by Assistant Executive Engineers.
• 4 training centers, one each at Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, and Coimbatore.
• 4 Material Quality Control Laboratories one for each Region at Coimbatore (1999), Madurai (2001), Trichy (2014), and
Tindivanam (2014).
• The network of 88 Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Laboratories.
• The various units of TWAD Board harmoniously strive hard to fulfill the set goals and objectives envisioned under drinking water and
sanitation targets of Government, which poses a huge challenge in view of the enormity of tasks ahead.
• The network of 32 water quality testing laboratory services (1 State level and 31 District-level ) throughout the State help to ensure
water safety to the public. The Field Water Testing kit developed by this State lab is widely used nationwide at the community level,
and help to promote awareness of water quality and health impact.
• The Hydrogeology wing of TWAD Board endears scientific source exploration, exploitation, conservation, and management of the
water resources including Rainwater Harvesting to enhance the sustainability of sources. The Hydrogeological Unit which professes
the GIS and Remote Sensing Lab for various applications including mapping of water sources, preparation of block-wise Groundwater
Atlas, Ground Water exploration and recharge study for the safe exploration of water resource besides R&D Activities.
Source: https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/about-us
TWAD Board Schemes
• Major water supply schemes
• Rural Water Supply Schemes
• Urban Water Supply Schemes
• Combined Water Supply Schemes
• Under Ground Sewerage Schemes
• Maintenance Schemes
• Project Formulation
• Tsunami Relief Measures
• Hogenakkal Water Supply & Fluorosis Mitigation Project in Dharmapuri and
Krishnagiri District
Source: https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/schemes
Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board(CMWSSB)
Historical Backround
• Till about the middle of 19th century Chennai received water from local shallow wells and tanks.Mr.Fraser, a
civil engineer forwarded a proposal to the government to tap the Kortalayar river which is situated about 160
km north west of chennai and it was accepted.
• The project comprised of a masonry weir across Kortalayar at Tamarapakkam and diverting the water into
Cholavaram lake and hence into the Red Hills lake through a channel.
• The works were completed in 1870 at a cost of about Rs. 18.50 lakhs.In 1872 a Valve House at Red Hills
and an earthen Supply channel to supply water to chennai by gravitation was constructed. At Chennai end,
the channel delivered water by gravity into a masonry shaft at Kilpauk from which the cast iron mains of the
City branched off and a scientifically designed water supply Distribution System was established.
• Constuction of covered underground masonry conduit from intake tower called Jones Tower to Kilpauk.
• Constuction of 14 slow sand filters at Kilpauk Water Works.
• Constuction of 3 pure water masonry tanks at Kilpauk Water Works.
• Installation of three high duty steam engine.
• Laying of 48" steel pumping main from Kilpauk to the shaft where the trunk mains start.
• Remodelling, altering and extending the distribution system to ensure adequate supply under sufficient
pressure.
• According to Mr.J.W.MADELEY these were considered sufficient for an anticipated population of 6.6 lakhs
in 1961 at 25 gallons per head per day. But the need for further improvement was felt in 1936 itself.
(Source: https://chennaimetrowater.tn.gov.in/historical_background.html)
Role and Responsibilities
Operation & Maintenance
Water Treatment and Transmission
Waste Water Treatment & Reuse
Water Supply schemes
Desalination plants
Quality Assurance
Contracts & Monitoring
Planning and Design
Sewage Treatment Plant across the Chennai City
Training the officials and staff members
Monitoring the levels of lakes(Main sources of water supply) around the Chennai City
Divisional Role of CMWSSB
Reservoirs:
Chennai has fresh water reservoirs/lakes namely Poondi, Sholavaram, Redhills, Chembarambakkam,
Veeranam to cater the daily needs of water for Chennai area.
Chennai receives most of its water from Poondi lake (3,231 Mcft), Sholavaram Lake (881 Mcft),
Red Hills Lake (3,300 Mcft) and Chembarambakkam Lake (3,645 Mcft).
Reverse Osmosis and Desalination:
Chennai has reverse osmosis plants namely at Velachery, Nochikuppam, Kasimedu and
Ayodhyakuppam. It takes raw Brackish water from bore wells, stores in tanks then it purifies before
supply.
Desalination plant is located at Kattupalli, Minjur. The Chennai Water Desalination Ltd. (CWDL) is
setting the plant infrastructure and maintaining the plant for 25 years as per agreement between CWDL
and CMWSSB. The CMWSSB purchase water from them and supplies to the city network through
Madhavaram Booster Station
The Water Treatment Plants are:
• Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant : 270 MLD
• Puzhal Water Treatment Plant : 300 MLD
• Vadakuthu Water Treatment Plant ( Veeranam Lake source ): 180 MLD
• Chembarambakkam Water Treatment Plant : 530 MLD
Effective Water Management
Effective water management reduces energy needed for treating water, moving water and wastewater around.
It can also reduce the size and cost of infrastructure systems and their associated emissions. Efficient fixtures are
one component of effective water management.
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum
use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management.
Water is essential for our survival. The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the
current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate
change and the long-term impacts of management actions, the decision-making will be even more difficult. It is
likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative
management strategies are sought for in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.
Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to
allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other resource management, this is
rarely possible in practice.
One of the biggest concerns for our water-based resources in the future is the sustainability of the current and
future water resource allocation.
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_importance_of_Water_Resource_Management_and_its_implication_on_future_generations_of_man-
kind
Unit - 3 Pollution due to Industrial Wastewater
Water Quality Monitoring
1
Industrial wastewater and its effect
2
Industrial Wastewater??
• Industries use water that obtained from the
water treatment system for a variety of
purposes such as
• For manufacturing goods
• For heating
• For cooling
• As carrier of raw material
• As carrier of waste matter
• As a solvent
• The resulting water is found to be waste water
• Discharge untreated wastewater into the
domestic sewer system makes the task of
treating domestic sewage, a very difficult and
costly exercise
Image Source: 3
https://images.app.goo.gl/VSCQ2KJVBdoVswch6
Industries Discharges
• Industrial wastewater has more variable quality and volume depending on the type of
industry producing it.
• It may be highly biodegradable or not at all, and may or may not contain compounds
recalcitrant to treatment.
• These include organic synthetic substances or heavy metals whose content in
developing countries’ wastewater may be considerably different (in quantity and
quality) from that of developed ones.
• The main concern with industrial wastewater is the increasing amount (in quantity
and variety) of synthetic compounds contained in and discharged to the environment.
• Due to the difficultly in tracking toxic compounds and their fate, combined with the
need to use complex and costly treatment methods to remove them from wastewater,
it is advisable and cost effective to consider the implementation of cleaner production
methods in industries (such as the replacement of toxic recalcitrant compounds with
others that are less harmful or not harmful at all) and, also to raise awareness of
society to reduce the use of such types of compounds
4
Water use worldwide
What if the developing countries follow developed countries????
Water use in developing and developed countries

(with information from Earth Trends, 2009).
Source:
Cisneros, B J. (2011). Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas, Chapter 4, Elsevier
Trends and forecasts in water

use, by sector
Image Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/j4emPkJ4BQkrZqgw6 5
Contaminants of concern in
wastewater
• Suspended solids
• Lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated
wastewater is discharged into the aquatic environment
• Nutrients (P, N2 & C)

• When discharged into the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of
undesirable aquatic life
• When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of
groundwater
• Priority pollutants
• Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected
carcinogenicity or high acute toxicity.
6
Contaminants of concern in
wastewater
• Refractory organics
• These organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Typicals
examples include surfactants, phenols and agricultural pesticides
• Heavy metals
• Heavy metals are usually discharged to wastewater from commercial and industrial
activities and have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused
• Dissolved inorganics
• Inorganic constituents such as Calcium, Sodium and Sulfate are added to the original
domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the
astewater is to be reused
7
Different industries that uses water for processing
• aquaculture • metal production and finishing
• animal by-product plants • mineral processing
• animal holding and sales yards • petrochemical works
• animal product processing • recycling works
• chemical manufacture and formulation • vehicle and plant servicing
• energy production industries • water and wastewater treatment works
• fertiliser production • wool, hide and textile processing.
• food processing
• hospitals and aged care homes
• laboratories
8
Industrial Wastewater Sources
Image Source:
www.slideshare.net – industrial wastewater treatment
9
Image Source:
https://www.focusglobalreporter.org/daunting-water-challenges-across-
Industries that produce
wastewater!!!
Here are just a few examples:
Metal Finishers
The waste produced from metal finishing operations is typically a slurry (sludge) containing
metals dissolved in liquid. Metal plating, metal finishing and printed circuit board (PCB)
manufacturing operations produce a lot of sludge containing metal hydroxides such as
ferric hydroxides, magnesium hydroxides, nickel hydroxides, zinc hydroxides, copper
hydroxides, and aluminum hydroxides. Metal finishing wastewater must be treated to
comply with all applicable regulations as these waste to the environment and to
people/animals.
Industrial Laundries
The commercial textile services industry processes some 15 billion pounds of laundry per
year and the wastewater generated from such uniforms, towels, floor mats and the like is
filled with oil and grease, lint, sand, grit, heavy metals and VOCs, that must
be treated before it can be released.
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical industries face formidable environmental regulatory challenges in treating their
wastewater effluents. Pollutants discharged at petroleum refineries and petrochemical
plants include conventional pollutants like oil and grease, and suspended solids, and
ammonia, chromium, phenols and sulfides.
10
wastewater!!! Contn.,
Mining
Mine tailings are a mixture of water and finely ground rock that is left over from the
mining operations once the mineral concentrate – such as gold or silver – is removed.
Dealing effectively with Mine tailings is a key challenge facing mining companies. Tailings
represent an environmental liability as well as a significant cost challenge and opportunity
for reducing transportation and disposal costs. Proper treatment solutions can completely
eliminate the need for tailing ponds.
Steel/Iron Production
The water used in the production of iron and steel is for cooling and by-products
separation. It becomes contaminated with products like ammonia and cyanide in the initial
conversion. Waste streams include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenols, and
cresols. The forming of iron and steel into sheet, wire or rods requires water as a base
lubricant and coolant, along with hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids. The water
used in galvanizing steel requires hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include
acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Many steel industry wastewaters are
contaminated by hydraulic oil also known as soluble oil.
11
Oil and Gas Fracking

Waste water from shale gas drilling is considered hazardous waste. It is highly salty,
measuring at 32,300 mg per liter of sodium. In addition, the water mixed with industrial
chemicals injected into the well to facilitate drilling contains high concentrations of
sodium, magnesium, iron, barium, strontium, manganese, methanol, chloride, sulfate and
other substances. Naturally occurring radioactive materials can return with the water to
the surface during drilling (referred to as “NORM” by the industry). Water used in fracking
can also contain hydrocarbons, including the toxic substances like benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene that may be released during drilling.
Power Plants
Fossil-fuel power stations, particularly coal-fired plants, are a major source of industrial
wastewater. Many of these plants discharge wastewater with significant levels of metals
such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium, and nitrogen
compounds (nitrates and nitrites). Plants with air pollution controls such as wet scrubbers
typically transfer the captured pollutants to the wastewater stream.
12
Water/Wastewater Treatment Plants

Ironically, a by-product of wastewater treatment plants is producing wastes that contain
many potential contaminants. Even chlorine-disinfected reclaimed water may contain such
disinfectant by-products as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Solid residues of
wastewater treatment plants, known as biosolids, contain common fertilizers, but also
may also contain heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds found in household
products.
Food Processing
Food and agriculture wastewater has concentrations of pesticides, insecticides, animal
waste, and fertilizers that all need to be managed. Processing of food from raw materials
results in waters filled with high loads of particulate matter and soluble organic runoff or
chemicals. Organic waste from animal slaughter and processing, the bodily fluid, intestinal
matter, and blood all are sources of water contaminants that need to be treated.
13
14
Processes when wastewater is discharges
into the natural environment
Pollutants undergo different processes:
•Transport
•Advection, Diffusion, Dispersion, Leaching
•Phase Transfer / Relocation
•Sorption‐desorption, Volatilization
•Transformation / Degradation
•Biotic, Abiotic and Photo degradation
15
Mitigation measures
Mitigation measure: Term used to describe any process or feature designed to prevent,
reduce and/or remediate the impact of pollution upon a water body.
Mitigation aims at preventing adverse impacts from happening and keeping those that do
occur within acceptable levels.
Aims of Mitigation
• Developing measures to avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate significant adverse
impacts of development proposals on environment and society;
• Enhancing beneficial effects and lower costs for environmental protection and
conservation of natural resources as an outcome of development where possible;
• Fostering better opportunities for business through positive outcomes for

environmental conservation, sustainable livelihoods and human well being.
16
Mitigation measures for Water Pollution Contamination
due to industries
• Conjunctive use of ground/surface water, to prevent flooding/water
logging/depletion of water resources. Included are land use pattern, land filling,
lagoon/reservoir/garland canal construction, and rainwater harvesting and pumping
rate.
• Storm water drainage system to collect surface runoff
• Minimize the flow variation from the mean flow
• Storing of oil wastes in lagoons should be minimized in order to avoid possible
contamination of the ground water system.
• All effluents containing acid/alkali/organic/toxic wastes should be properly treated.
• Monitoring of ground waters
• Use of biodegradable or otherwise readily treatable additives
• Neutralization and sedimentation of wastewaters, where applicable
• Dewatering of sludges and appropriate disposal of solids
• In case of oil waste, oil separation before treatment and discharge into 17 the
environment
Mitigation measures for Water Pollution Contamination due
to industries
• By controlling discharge of sanitary sewage and industrial waste into the environment
• By avoiding the activities that increases erosion or that contributes nutrients to water
(thus stimulating alga growth)
• For wastes containing high TDS, treatment methods include removal of liquid and
disposal of residue by controlled land filling to avoid any possible leaching of the fills
• All surface runoffs around mines or quarries should be collected treated and
disposed.
• Treated wastewater (such as sewage, industrial wastes, or stored surface runoffs) can
be used as cooling water makeup.
• Wastewater carrying radioactive elements should be treated separately by means of
de-watering procedures, and solids or brine should be disposed of with special care.
• Develop spill prevention plans in case of chemical discharges and spills
• Develop traps and containment system and chemically treat discharges on site
18
19
Guidelines and protocol for treating Industrial
wastewater
• Treatability studies are conducted to facilitate in characterizing the physical, chemical and
biological nature of the liquid waste streams of interest and devise effective, economical ways to
treat and manage such wastewater to meet the regulatory criteria for safe disposal and for reuse.
• Based on the stream-wise chemical composition, and the data provided by the member
industries, CETP promoter/ operator has to conduct the treatability studies to determine the
specific treatment and recycling technologies as well as to arrive at the capital and operational
costs.
• Objectives of the treatability studies include:

• converting the chemical composition of the wastewaters into environmental
• parameters to understand the nature of the effluent.
• conceptualizing the possible treatment schemes by conducting lab-scale studies to support the
hypothesis in respect of the conceptual treatment scheme and also to arrive the operating
parameters.
• Industrial wastewater operations can range from pre-treatment to full-scale treatment processes.
In a typical pre-treatment facility, process and/or sanitary wastewater and/or stormwater runoff is
collected, equalized, and/or neutralized and then discharged to a wastewater treatment plant
with specific characteristics like TDS, COD, NH4 – N, etc., where it is then typically treated further.
20
Wastewater treatment can be divided into four/five major categories or steps based on
design, and O&M:
Segregation at source of generation
Preliminary treatment
• It involves a number of unit processes to eliminate undesirable characteristics of wastewater.
• Processes include use of screen, grit chambers for removal of sand and large particles, communitors for grinding
of coarse solids, pre-aeration for odour control and removal of oil and grease.
Primary treatment
• It involves removal of settable solids prior to biological treatment.
• The general treatment units include: flash mixer + flocculator + sedimentation
Secondary treatment
• It involves purification of wastewater primarily with dissolved organic matter by microbial
action.
• A number of processes are available but the ones that are mainly used are anaerobic and /or
aerobic treatment methods.
Tertiary treatment
• This mainly includes physical and chemical treatment processes that can be used after the
biological treatment to meet the treatment objectives.
21
Wastewater Treatment Levels
Image Source:
www.slideshare.net – industrial wastewater treatment 22
Treatment process of
Wastewater
23
Image Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/8BkLLtredcm6gTfV7
Treatment Process of Waste water from Textiles
24
Image Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/K9CcHB5Dnhbq6pnP7
Types of wastewater treatment methods
• Physical Unit Operations
• Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces predominates
• Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, filtration and gas transfer are typical
unit operations
• Chemical Unit Operations
• Treatment methods in which the removal or conversion of contaminants is brought about by the
addition of chemicals or by other chemical reactions
• Precipitations adsorption and disinfection are the most common examples used in wastewater
treatment
• Biological Unit Processes
• Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is brought about by biological activity
• Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the biodegradable organic substances (colloidal or
dissolved) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from wastewater
• Basically, these substances are converted into gases that can escape to the atmosphere and into
biological cell tissue that can be removed by settling
25
Get answers before installation of treatment plants….
26
Pollution characteristics from certain
industries
Image Source:
https://www.slideshare.net/tangmo9/characteristics-of-industrial-waste 27
Pollution characteristics from certain
industries
Pulp and Paper Industries
Textile Industries
Image Source:
Google Images 28
Thermal Pollution
• Is heat a bad thing or a good thing for the environment? It depends…….
• For the waste manager, the challenge of heat is incremental.
• Notwithstanding a major disaster, such as an explosion at an incinerator, it is most

likely the waste management approach will contribute heat to a system.
• The added thermal energy can lead to adverse changes in ecosystem condition,
diminishing the integrity of the system.
• Heat is also an indirect pollutant.
• If not operated properly, any use of heat, including the same technologies used to
treat wastes, can form very toxic chemical compounds.
29
Source:
Vallero, D. A. (2019). Thermal Pollution. Waste, 381–404. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815060-3.00020-7
Thermal Pollution
• Most industrial processes make ample use of chemical reactions at high

temperatures, which not only release excess heat to the environment, but often
generate chemical pollutants.
• Organisms and ecosystems survive within a range of environmental conditions.
• Considering the extremes in temperature on the other planets for which we have
data, the earth’s temperature range is quite small.
• The temperature tolerances of even the most adaptive earth-bound creatures are
quite tight. Thus one of the key factors in public health and environmental
conditions is the temperature range
30
What is Thermal Pollution
• Thermal pollution is defined as accumulation of unusable heat from human activities
that disrupts the eco systems in the natural environment .
• Thermal pollution is generally described in context to local problems, as on global

basis, the change in heat is significant.
• The most important anthropogenic sources of thermal pollution are industries that
reject heat in the environment
• Nuclear power plants release much more heat which is estimated to be about 67%
• The cooling of water which is normally 10-30 degree F warmer than nearby source, is
the major cause of thermal water pollution
• Aquatic ecosystems are more delicately balanced ecosystems which do not fluctuate
much in temperature as do the land masses
31
Cummulative effects of thermal pollution
• Direct heating of substrates, for example, water, air, and soil, can cause environmental
harm.
• Microclimatological changes can occur due to the release of heated plumes from
combustion facilities and vehicles.
• Even soil that receives added heat can be polluted if it changes the habitat (e.g.,
changes to freeze-thaw cycles, seasonal variations, and selectivity) of certain soil biota
(e.g., bacteria, plant root systems and fauna like earthworms, burrowing and nesting
animals).
• Such pollutants need to be treated, such as by cooling towers before heated water
reaches surface water and other sensitive habitat.
32
Source:
Cummulative effects of thermal pollution
• Heat can initiate cumulative environmental

impacts, such as the heat exchange and
changing conditions of receiving water
bodies.
• In fact, the value of a fishable stream can be
directly related to water temperature since
it defines the dissolved oxygen content,
which is a limiting factor of the type of fish
communities that can be supported by a
water body.
• Thus net increase in heat may directly stress
the game fish population. That is, fish
species vary in their ability to tolerate higher
temperatures, meaning that the less
tolerant, higher value fish will be
inordinately threatened. 33
Source:
Cumulative effects of thermal pollution
• Chemical reactions are temperature dependent.
• As an example, chemical substances toxic to organisms become more soluble and
bioavailable as temperature increases.
• Thus aquatic organisms’ exposure to harmful substances increases.
• For example, greater concentrations of
mercury and other toxic metals will occur
with elevated temperatures.
• The lower DO concentrations will lead to
a reduced environment where the metals
and compounds could form sulfides and
other compounds that can be toxic to the
fish.
• Thus the cascade of effects, beginning
with the change in temperature, followed
by a decrease in DO and increasing metal
concentrations, can be further
exacerbated by the synergistic impact of
the combining the hypoxic water and
reduced metal compounds that harm to
the stream’s ecosystems 34
Source:
Adverse effects of thermal pollution
Physical Effects
• The temperature influences the viscosity , density, vapor pressure, surface tension,
gas solubility and gas diffusion rates
• Heated water has low density and spreads on the surface of water bodies causing
them to stratify thermally. The stratification is a barrier to the oxygen penetration
into the deeper layers. This is also disrupts the normal circulation patterns, the
ecological consequences of which would be drastic, unpredictable and almost
certainly deleterious.
• At elevated temperatures, the sedimentation of suspended materials increases due
to reduction in density and viscosity of water
• Evaporation rate of water increases at high temperature
• Warm water reduces its palatability
• Once the receiving water becomes warm, it is not suitable further as cooling water
because of the decrease in efficiency of heat transfer
35
Chemical Effects
• Chemistry of waters greatly depends upon the temperature.
• Rate of chemical reactions normally increases with rise in temperature which is about
two-fold with rise of every 10 degree Celsius.
• BOD is also increased with temperature
Biological Effects
• As different species favors different temperatures, thermal pollution may lead to
population decline of one specie and growth of the another. This results in shift of
flora & fauna of water
• Since, almost all proteins and enzymes are heat liable, temperature changes often
play an important& highly regulatory role in the growth of aquatic organisms.
• Behavior, reproduction cycles, respiratory rates, digestive rates and many other
physiological processes are normally temperature dependent.
36
• At high temperature, the dissolved oxygen decreases, while the metabolic rates of
the organisms, requiring oxygen, increases, thus accentuating the stress.
• At the same time the bacterial activity increases, further reducing oxygen supply. The
water may rapidly become unfit for all but few anaerobic species.
• High temperature works as barrier for oxygen penetration into cooler deep waters.
The aerobic degradation gives way for the aerobic degradation, making the water
more polluted.
• Further, in organically polluted waters, multiplication rate of bacteria increases with
increase in temperature, especially where the food supply is in plenty.
• Fishes may starve at high temperature by becoming moribund & unable to capture
food. The effect is further accentuated as the food requirement increases at the same
time at higher temperature
• The disease resistance in fishes lowers & pollutants become more toxic at elevated
temperature. The species become more vulnerable to parasites
• Natural mitigation of fish is also affected due to formation of thermally polluted
zones which act as barrier to the migration
37
Natural Purification (or Self‐Cleansing) in Rivers
• Always present in surface water and is able to remove or reduce most of the conventional
pollutants
• A series of physical, chemical and biological processes takes care of sediments and
decomposable organic waste and relives stream of its pollution burden.
• This process is known as self purification or natural purification process.
• The rate and extent with which these processes occur depend on many variable like flow rate,
turbulence, nature of river bed, type of biota present, and variations in sunlight and
temperature
38
• When wastewater is discharged
into the river or stream, the BOD of
mix increases initially and DO level
starts falling
• As river water travels further BOD
gradually reduces and DO increases
and reaches its saturation level
• Thus the river gets purified on its
own
• This phenomena is known as self
purification of stream
39
• Actions involved in Self purification of streams
• Dilution – concentration of organic matter reduces
• Dispersion due to current – high velocity improves aeration which reduces the concentration
of pollutants
• Sedimentation – occurs if stream velocity < scour velocity, SS removed, water quality will be
improved in downstream
• Oxidation – organic matter in wastewater is oxidized by aerobic bacteria continuously
• Reduction – occurs due to hydrolysis of organic matter biologically or chemically
• Temperature – indirectly proportional to DO, thereby resulting in lesser or more purification
time
• Sunlight – helps microorganism to absorb CO2, resullting in self purification
40
41
Zones of pollution in a river
42
Role of stakeholders
• A wastewater treatment system is comprised of an array of treatment technologies

in different treatment stages in order to meet the criteria of a specific reuse
application.
• Alternative technologies are available in primary, secondary, tertiary and advanced

treatment stages, and have various cost and performance levels.
• Since, the number of alternative processes has been steadily growing, the decision
making on the selection of an optimum treatment sequence is becoming an
important challenge for the designers
43
Decision making in Wastewater Management
• The trend of reclaimed water use has been increasing worldwide and is expected to
surpass desalination in the future. Therefore, it of high importance to device a
mechanism for identifying the most cost‐effective and sustainable ways to achieve
the reclaimed water use targets.
• However,
• A system suitable for wastewater management (treatment and recycling) in some
region may or may not be applicable to other places, even in the same country.
• This calls for customized solutions based on locally assessed characteristics and
specific reuse purpose
• The continuously changing drivers of the wastewater management industry,

embodied by rigorous environmental and health regulations and the challenge of
emerging contaminants, necessitates the development of decision support systems
for the selection of appropriate treatment trains.
44
• A Decision Support System (DSS), an information system that supports a user in
choosing a consistent, near optimum solution for a particular problem, could be used
for helping in decision making.
• The range of applications of DSSs in wastewater management systems include:
selection and design of treatment processes, sequencing of selected processes either
in parallel or in series in a treatment train, monitoring and control of treatment plants,
and identifying recycling or reuse options
45
Roles of regulatory bodies in Protection of Water
bodies
• 1972 – UN Conference of Environment and Human Development at

Stockholm, Indian government amended the Indian Constitution and
adopted few articles
• Based on the articles, the Indian Parliament enacted the Prevention and
Control of Pollution Act, 1981 (Air Act) and the Environmental Protection Act
of 1986
• The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988) – Pollution Control Boards at
Central and State levels to establish and enforce standards for factories
discharging pollutants into water bodies
• The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987) – to control and reduce air pollution.
The working and enforcement mechanisms of this act is similar to Water Act
• The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 – protect and improve the
environment in the country
• Hazardous waste rules of 1989,
• Public Insurance Act of 1991(Amendment, 1992),
• Biomedical waste(management and handling) Rules of 1998
46
Regulatory system in India
• Two tier system
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at the central level
• State Pollution Control Boards(SPCB) at the state level
Function of PCBs
• Tries to promote cleanliness of surface and ground water
• To prevent, control and abate air pollution
• To advise central government in the matters of prevention of water and air pollution
• To coordinate the activities of states and settle disputes
• To direct and provide assistance to State Boards in prevention of water and air
pollution
• To formulate the minimum national standards
• To recognise laboratories for the analysis of samples
• To submit expert reports based on the directions of the course
• To promote research, training and dissemination of information about the
prevention of water and air pollution
47
Policies and laws related to water bodies, water
pollution and regulation
• The water (prevention and control of pollution) act - Ministry of Environment and Forests (1974)
• The water (prevention and control of pollution) rules - Ministry of Environment and Forests (1975)
• The water (prevention and control of pollution) cess act - Ministry of Environment and Forests (1977)
• Water (prevention and control of pollution) cess rules - Ministry of Environment and Forests (1978)
• The Maharashtra groundwater (regulation for drinking water purposes) act - International
Environmental Law Research Centre (1993)
• Model bill to regulate and control the development of groundwater - Ministry of Water Resources
(1996)
• National Water Policy - Ministry of Water Resources (2002)
• The water (prevention and control of pollution) cess (amendment) act - Ministry of Environment and
Forests (2003)
• Maharashtra Act No. XVIII - Water Resources Department (2005)
• Policy on Rain Water Harvesting - Department of Water Resources (Government of Goa) (2008)
• Guidelines for the national lake conservation plan - Ministry of Environment and Forests (2008)
• National Water Mission - National Action Plan on Climate Change - Volume I and II - Ministry of
Water Resources (2009,2008).
• Guidelines for repair, renovation and restoration of water bodies with external assistance and
domestic support - Ministry of Water Resources (2009)
48
49
Monitoring means standardized measurement of identified parameters in order to define status and
trends of water quality;
Water quality monitoring network means a systematic planning for collection, preservation and
transportation, storage, analysis of water samples and dissemination of data for national water bodies
restricted to surface and ground water in the country.

• It is essential for devising water quality management programme to properly use water in any
project. It gives information for following decisions to be taken :
• Helps in identifying the present and future problems of water pollution.
• Identifying the present resources of water as per various usages.
• It helps in developing plans and setting priorities for water quality management
• programme so as to meet future water requirements.
• It helps in evaluating the effectiveness of present management actions being taken and
• devising future course of actions.
50
Objectives of Water Quality Monitoring
• To address water-related environmental problems, it is must to have accurate information and to

know precisely what the problem is, where it is occurring, how serious it is, and what is causing
it.
• Such information is necessary for determining cost-effective and lasting solutions to water-
related problems.
• The goal is to provide appropriate picture of current water-quality conditions and trends in
water quality and water uses, and to facilitate the identification of emerging issues and future
priorities.
• The water quality monitoring is performed with following objectives.
• For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation;
• To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies or their part;
• To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already is existence;
• To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
• To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control;
• To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
• To assess the fitness of water for different uses.
51
Planning and Optimizing the Water Quality Monitoring
Program
Image Source: 52
Behmel, S., Damour, M., Ludwig, R., & Rodriguez, M. J. (2016). Water quality monitoring strategies — A
review and future perspectives. Science of The Total Environment, 571, 1312–1329.
Water Quality Monitoring Network in India
• Central Pollution Control Board started national water quality monitoring in 1978
under Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Water Programme.
• Monitoring Programme was started with 24 surface water and 11 groundwater
stations.
• Parallel to GEMS, a National Programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic
Resources (MINARS), was started in 1984, with a total of 113 stations spread over 10
river basins.
• The present network comprises of 870 stations on rivers, lentic water bodies and
subsurface waters
• The number of locations on mainstream of the major river and their tributaries,
medium and minor rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and other water bodies is given in
parenthesis
53
Source: R.M.Bhardwaj, Scientist ‘C’ Central Pollution Control Board, India , IWG-Env, International Work
Session on Water Statistics, Vienna, June 20-22 2005
Water Quality in Indian Rivers - 2002
Source: R.M.Bhardwaj, Scientist ‘C’ Central Pollution Control Board, India , IWG-Env, International Work
Session on Water Statistics, Vienna, June 20-22 2005 54
Frequency of sampling in
respect of surface water
➢ all the stations shall be a combination of
Baseline, Trend and Flux or Impact stations
➢ the Baseline stations shall be monitored four

times a year for perennial rivers and lakes
and three to four times a year for seasonal
rivers. Trend stations shall be monitored with
an increased frequency of once in a month
i.e. twelve times in a year. Flux or Impact
stations shall be monitored twelve to twenty-
four times in a year depending upon pollution
potential or importance of water use.
all agencies shall follow the sampling
frequency and parameters for analysis of
surface water
55
Source:
Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, S.O. 2151 (2005)
Frequency of sampling in
respect of ground water
➢ All stations shall be classified as Baseline
stations
➢ 20-25% of Baseline stations shall be classified

as Trend stations where there is a perceived
problem.
all agencies shall follow the sampling frequency and

parameters for analysis of surface water
56
Sample Collection for water quality monitoring
Surface water
Samples for Baseline and Trend stations shall be collected from well-mixed section of the
river or main stem 30 cm below the water surface using a Dissolved Oxygen (DO) sampler or
weighted bottle.
Samples for Impact stations shall be collected from the point of interest, such as bathing
ghat, down stream of point discharge, water supply intakes and other sources.
The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the sample shall be fixed immediately after collection and
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) analysis shall be done either in the field or in laboratory.
Ground water
• Open dug wells, which are not in use or have been abandoned, shall not be considered as water quality
monitoring station. However, such well could be considered for water level monitoring.
• Weighted sample bottle to collect sample from an open well about 30 cm below the surface of water
may be used. The plastic bucket, which is likely to skim the surface layer only, shall not be used.
• Samples from the production tube wells shall be collected after running the well for about five
minutes.
• d) Non-production piezometers shall be purged using a submersible pump. The purged water volume
shall equal 4 to 5 times the standing water volume, before sample is collected.
• e) For bacteriological samples, when collected from tube wells or hand pump, the spout or outlet of
57
the pump shall be sterilized under flame by spirit lamp before collection of sample in container.
Graphical representation of water quality
• Graphs can communicate complex ideas with clarity, precision and efficiency.
• It will reveal patterns in sets of data and are often more illustrative than statistical computations.
• The general objective in graph construction is to concentrate a large amount of quantitative
information in a small space so that a comprehensive overview of that information is readily
available to the viewer.
• This can be achieved if:
• the graph is uncluttered,
• lines, curves and symbols are clear and easy to see,
• appropriate scales are chosen so that comparison with other graphs is possible, and
• clearly different symbols are used to represent different variables
Source :
Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and
Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring
Programmes
58
Graphical representation – various plot types
• In deciding the most appropriate form of graphical presentation, four basic types of plot
are usually involved:
• a scatter plot,
• a bar graph (histogram plot),
• a time series plot - Time series plots are designed to illustrate trends with
respect to time, together with any seasonality effects
• a spatial plot - Spatial plots can be used to illustrate vertical and longitudinal
profiles and, by using maps and cross-sections, can demonstrate geographic
and local quality distributions. Survey results are often very effectively
displayed on maps
• These basic graph types can be used with both raw data and derived statistics.
• There are also other plot types, such as
• box plots,
• pie diagrams and
• trilinear diagrams (rosette diagrams) which are most suited to displaying
summary data.
• It may also be necessary, in some instances, to display supporting, ancillary information
such as river flows, sample numbers and frequency, etc.
Source :
Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the
Design and Implementation of Freshwater
59 Quality
Studies and Monitoring Programmes
Graphical Representation – Scatter Plot
• There are two quality variables

sampled at the same time. There may,
or may not, be implied cause-and-
effect in such graphs.
• At its most basic, the scatter plot gives
an indication of the co-variation (or
lack-of) between two variables.
• The scatter plot matrix is a
development of this basic concept that
can be applied to a variety of different
data types and to illustrate differing
responses.
• It is a simple, but elegant, solution to
the difficult problem of comparing a
large collection of graphs.
• In the scatter plot matrix, the individual A scatter plot matrix for five variables
graphs are arranged in a matrix with

common scales. Source :
60 Quality
Graphical representations – Bar type
Water Quality Status & Trend from 1994 to 2004
Example of a bar graph with 95 per cent confidence

limits indicated as vertical lines
(After Spodniewska, 1974)
Source :
Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the 61
Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality
Graphical Representations – Time series
A time series plot indicating

seasonal variations
(After Friedrich and Viehweg, 1984)
A time series plot showing a

long-term trend
(After Humpesch, 1992)
Source :
Studies and Monitoring Programmes 62
Graphical Representations – Scatter plot
A spatial plot showing isopleths of
conductivity in Lake Ontario
• Spatial plots can be used to
show horizontal or vertical
variations in water quality
variables
• example of the horizontal
distribution of conductivity in
a large lake
• Profiles through space or time summarise large
quantities of information in a single figure
• This type of graph can also combine temporal
and spatial data, and is particularly useful, for
example, for illustrating seasonal changes in the
vertical composition and characteristics of lake
waters
Combination of spatial and temporal data to show vertical
variations in a lake. Isopleths of oxygen in a lake which is
Source :
seasonally stratified Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the
63 Quality
Graphical Representations – Scatter plot
Box and whisker plots to display time series information.

Inset shows the construction of a box and whisker plot
• Box and whisker plots are a useful way to

compare distributions because they permit the
comparison of corresponding percentiles.
• They are used to indicate the basic statistical
attributes (maximum, minimum, median, upper
and lower quartiles)
Framed rectangle graphs on a map

the population dependent on groundwater is shown as a
percentage of the total population in each sub-area
• The findings of a survey can be effectively displayed by
superimposing the monitoring results on a map of the
area surveyed.
• The survey results in each sub-area may then be
presented in a graphical form (framed rectangle, pie
chart, etc.), in which the measured value of the
variable is in proportion to some identifiable value.
Source : 64
Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of
Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes
Softwares used in water quality modelling
• The computer software used in data handling and management falls into three
principal classes:
• Statistical software which processes numerical data and performs statistical tests and
analyses.
• Spreadsheets which handle both numerical data and text, and usually
include powerfulgraphical and statistical capabilities (thus overlapping with
the purely statistical software).
• Database software which is designed to manage the input, editing and
retrieval of numerical data and text.
• No statistical or graphical capabilities are in-built, but the power of the
programming language allows the skilled user enormous scope for data
manipulation, sorting and display.
Source :
65 Quality
• A fourth class of data-handling software, known as GIS (geographical information

systems), has recently been developed.
• This is specifically designed to relate data to geographical locations and output them
in the form of maps.
• Data on different aspects of, in this case, a water quality monitoring programme can
be superimposed.
• For example, data on groundwater quality such as chemical variables can be overlaid
with data on land use, etc.
• This allows the relationships between the selected aspects to be studied and a map,
for example of groundwater protection zones, to be generated.
• The overwhelming constraints on the wider use of GIS software are its cost and its
need for sophisticated hardware and highly skilled operators.
• The scope and nature of computerised data-handling processes will be dictated by
the objectives of the water quality monitoring programme.
• Generally speaking, however, a database offers the best means of handling large
quantities of data and it should be capable of exporting data in formats that are
accepted by all good statistical, spreadsheet and GIS packages
Source :
66 Quality
• An experienced programmer can create a relational database management system

(RDBMS).
• Such systems allow the creation of data tables that can be related to other,
associated, data tables through unique keys or indexes.
• A data table is a collection of data records and a record comprises a series of data
fields or information variables.
• A simple analogy for a database is provided by a telephone directory in which each
record, or entry, consists of various information fields, i.e. family name, initials,
address, etc., and telephone number.
• Entries are listed in alphabetical order of family name and then of initials (or
Forenames)
• All data tables relating to a single sampling site must be identifiable as such,
regardless of the type of data they contain
Source :
67 Quality
An experienced programmer can create a
Relationship between tables for
relational database management system a simple water quality database
(RDBMS) for linking of tables described by
providing a suggested scheme for a simple
water quality database.
• Three data tables have been used to store
the required information.
• The first table is concerned with the water
source to be tested, which might be a lake,
river, borehole, water supply scheme or even
an industrial treatment plant.
• The name, type and location of the • The second table contains more detailed
water source are recorded in this table, information about sampling sites.
and possibly a brief description. • A river, for example, may have two or more
• In addition, the table must contain a designated sampling sites, the locations for
source code, the primary “look-up” key,
which must be accurately defined.
that links it to the second table.
• This table carries the source code or look-
up key from table one, plus unique codes
for each sampling site that provide links to
the third table.
Source :
• Typically, the second table would contain
68
the following information for each site:
Any statistical analysis software tool like SPSS, Origin, Matlab etc., can be used to
perform:
• Analysis of data distributions.
• Testing assumptions about data sets.
• Specifying data magnitudes and variability.
• Estimating reliability of data statistics.
• Comparisons of data sets.
• Associations between data sets.
• Identifying trends and seasonality within data sets.
• Testing theories relating to the water quality data
Source :
69 Quality
THANK
YOU
70
Introduction to sustainable water and sanitation
Water treatment processes
www.umb.no
90% of the worlds wastewater does
not receive any treatment (Corcoran et al. 2010)
7
www.umb.no
Phosphorus is the major agent triggering
eutrophication (algeal blooms) in freshwaters
www.umb.no
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
The North Sea

Nitrogen is considered the main
element triggering eutrophication in
saltwater
Photo: R. Gjørven
www.umb.no
Green algae in a stream in
5 Norway at 1200 meters altitude
www.umb.no
Nitrogen can cause algea
growth in freshwater in
alpine regions
www.umb.no
less than 1 mg/l
(Pandey et al. 2005)
7www.umb.no
 BOD - 250 mg
Dry season:
Kathmandu, Nepal
 DO
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen
7
Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen
Putrification
Dry season:
 DO less than 1 mg/l
 BOD - 250 mg
(Pandey et al. 2005)
8www.umb.no
Wastewater
treatment -
removal parameters
The objectives of sewage treatment will always

include the reduction of the concentration of at least
one of the below constituents:
Suspended solids;
Organic (biodegradable) material;
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous);
Pathogenic organisms (expressed as E. Coli)
9
Medicine residues, organic chemicals (POP´s)
Heavy metals
www.umb.no
Methods of Removal
The contaminants in wastewater are removed by different

unit processes:
 Physical (sedimetation, flotation, screening, filtration)

 Biological (trickling filters, RBC, activated sludge)
 Chemical (chemical precipitation, ozonation, chlorination)
10
www.umb.no
Wastewater Treatment –
Processes
Primary Secondary Tertiarary

Remove Remove
organics and nutrients and
pathogens
ammonia
11
Sludge treatment
www.umb.no
Methods of Removal
Physical Unit Processes (mainly primary)
Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces
predominates are known as physical unit operations. Typical unit
operations are:
– Screening
– Sedimentation
– Floatation
– Membrane filtration* (< 1um)
*Tertiary treatment
12 Salsnes
filter
www.umb.no
Membrane Filter Technology (tertiary)
Sette inn egne bilder av membraner
13
www.umb.no
Membrane Filter Technology
14
www.umb.no
Wastewater Treatment –
Processes

Remove Remove
pathogens
ammonia
16
Sludge treatment
www.umb.no
Methods of Removal (Contd.)
Biological Unit Processes (mainly secondary)
The treatment method in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit
process. Some examples are:
– aerobic processes - presence of dissolved oxygen
• Biofilters
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge
– anaerobic processes – absence of dissolved oxygen

• Denitrification (tertiary)
• Septic tanks
17 • Ponds
www.umb.no
Biofilter
Porous media
LWA
Diam: 2,5 mm
Surface area
> 5000m2/m3
Bacteria on
LWA
surface
Wastewater spraying over a biofilter
19
www.umb.no
Biofilter: trickling filter (fixed biofilm)
20
www.umb.no
Biofilter: Rotating biological
contactor - RBC (fixed biofilm)
21
www.umb.no
Biological treatment: Activated sludge
(biofilm in suspension)
22
Activated sludge at Ryaverket Gothenburg
700 000 pe
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Wastewater Treatment -
Processes

Remove Remove
pathogens
ammonia
23
Sludge treatment
www.umb.no
Chemical Unit Process (tertiary)
Treatment methods in which the removal or conversion of
contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or by
chemical reactions are known as chemical unit processes. Some of
the most common are:
– Precipitation (lime, Fe- of Al salts, Struvite formation)
– Adsorption
– Disinfection
24
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– Precipitation
– Adsorption (Ion exchange)
– Disinfection
25
www.umb.no
– Precipitation
– Adsorption
– Disinfection (chlorination, UV-light, Ozone)
26
www.umb.no
Water and sludge treatment process at
Bekkelaget
PAX-18
Primary
Precipitation
1900 l/s<Q< 4000 l/s
PAX-18
Q<1900 l/s
Overflow
Magasin~35.000m3
Q=1900 l/s Primary Clarifier Filter
Activated
Sand, grit and sludge
screenings FeSO4
Biogas-
4000 l/s < Q < 6000 l/s upgrading
Biogas
Bio sludge
Thickener
Primary sludge Buffertank

Digester Digester
Dewatering
Silo
Silo
Buffer
27
www.umb.no
Removal efficiency %
Parameter Primary Secondary Tertiary
SS 50 - 80 80 - 90 >90
BOD 20 - 40 70 - 90 >90
P <10 30 >90
N <10 30 70
E. Coli 1 log 2 -3 log 3 - 5 (7)* logs
*with disinfection
28
www.umb.no
INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER
IS: 10500
S.NO. Parameter Requirement Remarks

desirable Limit
1. Colour 5 May be extended up to 50 if toxic
substances are suspected
2. Turbidity 10 May be relaxed up to 25 in the
absence of alternate
3. pH 6.5 to 8.5 May be relaxed up to 9.2 in the
absence
4. Total Hardness 300 May be extended up to 600
5. Calcium as Ca 75 May be extended up to 200
6. Magnesium as Mg 30 May be extended up to 100
7. Copper as Cu 0.05 May be relaxed up to 1.5
8. Iron 0.3 May be extended up to 1
9. Manganese 0.1 May be extended up to 0.5
10. Chlorides 250 May be extended up to 1000
11. Sulphates 150 May be extended up to 400
12. Nitrates 45 No relaxation
13. Fluoride 0.6 to 1.2 If the limit is below 0.6 water should
be rejected, Max. Limit is extended
to 1.5
14. Phenols 0.001 May be relaxed up to 0.002
15. Mercury 0.001 No relaxation
16. Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation
17. Selenium 0.01 No relaxation
18. Arsenic 0.05 No relaxation
19. Cyanide 0.05 No relaxation
20. Lead 0.1 No relaxation
21. Zinc 5.0 May be extended up to 10.0
22. Anionic detergents 0.2 May be relaxed up to 1
(MBAS)
23. Chromium as Cr+6 0.05 No relaxation
24. Poly nuclear aromatic -- --
Hydrocarbons
25. Mineral Oil 0.01 May be relaxed up to 0.03
26. Residual free Chlorine 0.2 Applicable only when water is
chlorinated
27. Pesticides Absent --
28. Radio active -- --
DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATION: IS: 10500, 1992
(Reaffirmed 1993)
TOLERANCE LIMITS
S.No Parameter IS: 10500 Undesirable effect outside IS: 10500

Requirem the desirable limit Permissible
ent limit in the
(Desirable absence of
limit) alternate
source
Essential Characteristics
1. pH 6.5 – 8.5 Beyond this range the water No relaxation
will effect the mucous
membrane and / or water
supply system
2. Colour (Hazen 5 Above 5, consumer 25
Units), Maximum acceptance decreases
3. Odour Unobjectio -- --
nable
4. Taste Agreeable -- --
5. Turbidity, NTU, 5 Above 5, consumer 10
Max acceptance decreases
Following Results are expressed in mg/1 :

6. Total hardness as 300 Encrustation in water supply
CaCO3, Max structure and adverse effects 600
on domestic use
Beyond this limit
taste/appearance are affected,
7. Iron as Fe, Max 0.30 has adverse effect on domestic 1.0
uses and water supply
structures, and promotes iron
bacteria.
8. Chlorides as Cl, 250 Beyond this limit tast, 1000
Max corrosion and palatability are
effected
9. Residual, Free 0.20 -- --
Chlorine, Min
Desirable Characteristics
Beyond this palatability
10. Dissolved solids, 500 decreases and may cause 2000
Max gastro intentional irritation
Encrustation in water supply
11. Calcium as Ca, 75 structure and adverse effects 200
Max on domestic use
12. Magnesium as Mg, 30 -- 100
Max
Astringent taste, discoloration
13. Copper as Cu, Max 0.05 and corrosion of pipes, fitting 1.5
and utensils will be caused
beyond this
Beyond this limit
14. Manganese as Mn, 0.1 taste/appearance are affected, 0.3
Max has adverse effect on domestic
uses and water supply
structures
Beyond this causes gastro
15. Sulphate as SO4 200 intentional irritation when 400
Max magnesium or sodium are
present
16. Nitrates as NO3 45 Beyond this 100
methanemoglobinemia takes
place
Fluoride may be kept as low
17. Fluoride, Max 1.0 as possible. High fluoride may 1.5
cause fluorosis
18. Phenolic 0.001 Beyond this, it may cause 0.002
compounds as objectionable taste and odour
C6H5OH, Max
19. Mercury as Hg, 0.001 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
Max becomes toxic
20. Cadmium as Cd, 0.01 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
Max becomes toxic
21. Selenium as Se, 0.01 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
Max becomes toxic
22. Arsenic as As, Max 0.05 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
becomes toxic
23. Cyanide as CN, 0.05 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
Max becomes toxic
24. Lead as Pb, Max 0.05 Beyond this, the water No relaxation
becomes toxic
Beyond this limit it can cause
25. Zinc as Zn, Max 5 astringent taste and an 15
opalescence in water
26. Anionic detergents 0.2 Beyond this limit it can cause 1.0
as MBAS, Max a light froth in water
27. Chromium as Cr6+, 0.05 May be carcinogenic above No relaxation
Max this limit
28. Ploynuclear
aromatic -- May be carcinogenic --
hydrocarbons as
PAH, Max
29. Mineral Oil, Max 0.01 Beyond this limit undesirable
taste and odour after 0.03
chlorination take place
30. Pesticides, Max Absent Toxic 0.001
31. Radioactive
materials -- -- 0.1
a) α emitters
Bq/1, Max -- -- 1
b) β emitters
Pci/1, Max
32. Alkalinity, Max 200 Beyond this limit taste 600

becomes unpleasant
33. Aluminum as Al, 0.03 Cumulative effect is reported 0.2

Max to cause dementia
34. Boron, Max 1 -- 5

General Standards For Discharge Of Environmental Pollutants
Part – A: Effluents
Sl. Parameter Standards
No.
Inland Public Land of Marine/Costal
Surface Sewers irrigation areas
water
1. Colour and odour Of -- See 6 of See 6 of Annexure
Annexure-1 Annexure -1 -1
2. Suspended solids 100 600 200 a. For process
mg/1, max. waste water 100
b. For cooling
water effluent
10 per cent
above total
suspended mater
of influent
3. Particle size of Shall pass -- a. Floatable solids,
suspended solids 850 micron solids max. 3
IS Sieve mm
b. Settleable
solids. Max 856
microns
4. pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0
9.0
5. Temperature Shall not -- -- Shall not exceed
exceed 5oC 5oC above the
above the receiving water
receiving temperature
water
temperature
6. Oil and grease, 10 20 10 20
mg/1 max.
7. Total residual 1.0 -- -- 1.0
chlorine, mg/1
max
8. Ammonical 50 50 -- 50
nitrogen (as N),
mg/l, max.
9. Total nitrogen (as 100 -- -- 100
N), mg/l, max.
10. Free ammonia (as 5.0 -- -- 5.0
NH3), mg/l, max
11. Biochemical 30 350 100 100
oxygen demand
(3 days at 27oC),
mg/l, max
12. Chemical oxygen 250 -- -- 250
demand, mg/l,
max
13. Arsenic (as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
mg/l, max
14. Mercury (as Hg), 0.01 0.01 -- 0.01
mg/l, max
15. Lead (as Pb), 0.1 0.1 -- 2.0
mg/l, max
16. Cadmium (as Cd) 2.0 1.0 -- 2.0
, mg/l, max
17. Hexavalent 0.1 2.0 -- 1.0
chromium (as
Cr+6), mg/l, max
18. Total chromium 2.0 2.0 -- 2.0
(as Cr), mg/l, max
19. Copper (as Cu), 3.0 3.0 -- 30
mg/l, max
20. Zinc (as Zn), 5.0 15 -- 15
mg/l, max
21. Selenium (as Se), 0.05 0.05 -- 0.05
mg/l, max
22. Nickel (as Ni), 3.0 3.0 -- 50
mg/l, max
23. Cyanide (as CN), 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2
mg/l, max
24. Fluoride (as F), 2.0 15 -- 15
mg/l, max
25. Dissolved 5.0 -- -- --
phosphates (as P),
mg/l, max
26. Sulphide (as S), 2.0 -- -- 5.0
mg/l, max
27. Phenolic 1.0 5.0 -- 5.0
compounds (as
C6H5OH), mg/l,
max
28. Radioactive
materials
a. α emitters
micro cure 10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7
mg/l, max
β emitters 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6

micro
curemg/l, max
29. Bio-assay test 90 % 90 % 90 % survival 90 % survival of
survival of survival of fish after fish after 96 hours
fish after 96 of fish 96 hours in in 100 % effluent
hours in 100 after 96 100 %
% effluent hours in effluent
100 %
effluent
30. Manganese (as 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 2 mg/l
Mn)
31. Iron (as Fe) 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 3 mg/l
32. Vanadium (as V) 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l -- 0.2 mg/l
33. Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l -- -- 20 mg/l
* These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or processes other than those
industries. Operations or process for which standards have been specified in Schedule of the
Environment Protection Rules 1989.
Ambient Air Quality Standards (National)
Pollutants Time- Concentration in ambient air Method of
weighted measurement
average
Sensitive of Industrial Residential,
Area Area Rural &
Other areas
Sulphur Annual 15 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Improved West and
Average* Greek Method
Dioxide 24 hours** 30 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Ultraviolet
(SO2) Fluorescence
Oxide of Annual* 15 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Jacob & Ochheiser
Nitrogen as modified (Na-
NO2 Arsenite) Method
24 hours** 30 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Gas Phase
Chemilumloescence
Suspended Annual 70 µg/m3 360 µg/m3 140 µg/m 3
High volume
Particulate 24 hours** 100 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 sampling. (Average
Matter flow rate not less
(SPM) than 1.1m3/minute)
Respirable Annual 50 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Respirable
Particulate 24 hours** 75 µg/m3 150 µg/m3 100 µg/m 3
particulate matter
matter sampler
(RPM),
(size less
than 10
µm)
Lead (Pb) Annual 0.50 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 ASS Method after
24 hours** 0.75 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 sampling using
EPM 2000 or
equivalent Filter
paper
Carbon 8 hours** 1.0 µg/m3 5.0 µg/m3 2.0 µg/m3 Non dispersive
Monoxide 1 hour 2.0 µg/m3 10.0 µg/m3 4.0 µg/m3 infra red
(CO) Spectroscopy
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a

week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98 % of the time in a year. However, 2 %

of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE:
1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard: The levels of air quality with an adequate
margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.
2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceeds the limit specified above
for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute
regular / continuous monitoring and further investigations.
CPCB Standards of Noise Levels
Rural Sub Urban Residential Urban City Industrial
(Urban) (Residential
& Business)
25-35 30-40 35-45 40-50 45-50 50-60
IS 10500 : 2012
Hkkjrh; ekud
ihus dk ikuh — fof'kf"V
¼ nwljk iqujh{k.k ½
Indian Standard
DRINKING WATER — SPECIFICATION
( Second Revision )
ICS 13.060.20
© BIS 2012
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
May 2012 Price Group 6

Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD 25
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Drinking Water Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and Agriculture Division Council.
This standard was originally published in 1983. A report prepared by the World Health Organization in cooperation
with the World Bank showed that in 1975, some 1 230 million people were without safe water supplies. These
appalling facts were central to the United Nations decision to declare an International Drinking Water Supply and
Sanitation decade, beginning in 1981. Further, the VI Five-Year Plan of India had made a special provision for
availability of safe drinking water for the masses. Therefore, the standard was formulated with the objective of
assessing the quality of water resources, and to check the effectiveness of water treatment and supply by the
concerned authorities.
The first revision was undertaken to take into account the up-to-date information available about the nature and
effect of various contaminants as also the new techniques for identifying and determining their concentration.
Based on experience gained additional requirements for alkalinity; aluminium and boron were incorporated and
the permissible limits for dissolved solids, nitrate and pesticides residues modified.
As per the eleventh five year plan document of India (2007-12), there are about 2.17 lakh quality affected habitations
in the country with more than half affected with excess iron, followed by fluoride, salinity, nitrate and arsenic in
that order. Further, approximately, 10 million cases of diarrhoea, more than 7.2 lakh typhoid cases and 1.5 lakh
viral hepatitis cases occur every year a majority of which are contributed by unclean water supply and poor
sanitation. The eleventh five year plan document of India (2007-2012) recognizes dealing with the issue of water
quality as a major challenge and aims at addressing water quality problems in all quality affected habitations with
emphasis on community participation and awareness campaigns as well as on top most priority to water quality
surveillance and monitoring by setting up of water quality testing laboratories strengthened with qualified
manpower, equipments and chemicals.
The second revision was undertaken to upgrade the requirements of the standard and align with the internationally
available specifications on drinking water. In this revision assistance has been derived from the following:
a) EU Directives relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption (80/778/EEC) and Council
Directive 98/83/EC.
b) USEPA standard — National Primary Drinking Water Standard. EPA 816-F-02-013 dated July, 2002.
c) WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd Edition Vol. 1 Recommendations, 2008.
d) Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, third edition — revised and updated May 1999, Ministry of
Urban Development, New Delhi.
This standard specifies the acceptable limits and the permissible limits in the absence of alternate source. It is
recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented as values in excess of those mentioned under
‘Acceptable’ render the water not suitable. Such a value may, however, be tolerated in the absence of an alternative
source. However, if the value exceeds the limits indicated under ‘permissible limit in the absence of alternate
source’ in col 4 of Tables 1 to 4, the sources will have to be rejected.
Pesticide residues limits and test methods given in Table 5 are based on consumption pattern, persistence and
available manufacturing data. The limits have been specified based on WHO guidelines, wherever available. In
cases where WHO guidelines are not available, the standards available from other countries have been examined
and incorporated, taking in view the Indian conditions.
In this revision, additional requirements for ammonia, chloramines, barium, molybdenum, silver, sulphide, nickel,
polychlorinated biphenyls and trihalomethanes have been incorporated while the requirements for colour, turbidity,
total hardness, free residual chlorine, iron, magnesium, mineral oil, boron, cadmium, total arsenic, lead, polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and bacteriological requirements have been modified.
In this revision, requirement and test method for virological examination have been included. Further, requirements
and test methods for cryptosporidium and giardia have also been specified.
Routine surveillance of drinking water supplies should be carried out by the relevant authorities to understand
the risk of specific pathogens and to define proper control procedures. The WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality, 3rd Edition, Vol. 1 may be referred for specific recommendations on using a water safety approach
incorporating risk identification. Precautions/Care should be taken to prevent contamination of drinking water
from chlorine resistant parasites such as cryptosporidium species and giardia.
IS 10500 : 2012
Indian Standard
DRINKING WATER — SPECIFICATION
( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE 4 REQUIREMENTS
This standard prescribes the requirements and the Drinking water shall comply with the requirements
methods of sampling and test for drinking water. given in Tables 1 to 4. The analysis of pesticide residues
given in Table 3 shall be conducted by a recognized
2 REFERENCES laboratory using internationally established test method
The standards listed in Annex A contain provisions meeting the residue limits as given in Table 5.
which through reference in this text, constitute
Drinking water shall also comply with bacteriological
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
requirements (see 4.1), virological requirements
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
(see 4.2) and biological requirements (see 4.3).
subject to revision and parties to agreements based on
this standard are encouraged to investigate the 4.1 Bacteriological Requirements
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated in Annex A. 4.1.1 Water in Distribution System
3 TERMINOLOGY Ideally, all samples taken from the distribution system

including consumers’ premises, should be free from
For the purpose of this standard the following definition coliform organisms and the following bacteriological
shall apply. quality of drinking water collected in the distribution
3.1 Drinking Water — Drinking water is water system, as given in Table 6 is, therefore specified when
intended for human consumption for drinking and tested in accordance with IS 1622.
cooking purposes from any source. It includes water 4.2 Virological Requirements
(treated or untreated) supplied by any means for human
consumption. 4.2.1 Ideally, all samples taken from the distribution
Table 1 Organoleptic and Physical Parameters

(Foreword and Clause 4)
Sl No. Characteristic Requirement Permissible Method of Test, Remarks
(Acceptable Limit in the Ref to Part of
Limit) Absence of IS 3025
Alternate
Source
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Colour, Hazen units, Max 5 15 Part 4 Extended to 15 only, if toxic substances
are not suspected in absence of alter-
nate sources
ii) Odour Agreeable Agreeable Part 5 a) Test cold and when heated
b) Test at several dilutions
iii) pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation Part 11 —
iv) Taste Agreeable Agreeable Parts 7 and 8 Test to be conducted only after safety
has been established
v) Turbidity, NTU, Max 1 5 Part 10 —
vi) Total dissolved solids, mg/l, 500 2 000 Part 16 —
Max
NOTE — It is recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented. Values in excess of those mentioned under ‘acceptable’
render the water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but up to the limits indicated under
‘permissible limit in the absence of alternate source’ in col 4, above which the sources will have to be rejected.
1
IS 10500 : 2012
Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts


(Acceptable Limit in the Ref to
Limit) Absence of
Alternate
Source
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Aluminium (as Al), mg/l, Max 0.03 0.2 IS 3025 (Part 55) —
ii) Ammonia (as total ammonia-N), 0.5 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 34) —
mg/l, Max
iii) Anionic detergents (as MBAS) 0.2 1.0 Annex K of IS 13428 —
mg/l, Max
iv) Barium (as Ba), mg/l, Max 0.7 No relaxation Annex F of IS 13428* —
or IS 15302
v) Boron (as B), mg/l, Max 0.5 1.0 IS 3025 (Part 57) —
vi) Calcium (as Ca), mg/l, Max 75 200 IS 3025 (Part 40) —
vii) Chloramines (as Cl2), mg/l, Max 4.0 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 26)* —
or APHA 4500-Cl G
viii) Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, Max 250 1 000 IS 3025 (Part 32) —
ix) Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max 0.05 1.5 IS 3025 (Part 42) —
x) Fluoride (as F) mg/l, Max 1.0 1.5 IS 3025 (Part 60) —
xi) Free residual chlorine, mg/l, Min 0.2 1 IS 3025 (Part 26) To be applicable only when
water is chlorinated. Tested
at consumer end. When pro-
tection against viral infec-
tion is required, it should be
minimum 0.5 mg/l
xii) Iron (as Fe), mg/l, Max 0.3 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 53) Total concentration of man-
ganese (as Mn) and iron (as
Fe) shall not exceed 0.3 mg/l
xiii) Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, Max 30 100 IS 3025 (Part 46) —
xiv) Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, Max 0.1 0.3 IS 3025 (Part 59) Total concentration of man-
ganese (as Mn) and iron (as
Fe) shall not exceed 0.3 mg/l
xv) Mineral oil, mg/l, Max 0.5 No relaxation Clause 6 of IS 3025 —
(Part 39) Infrared
partition method
xvi) Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l, Max 45 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 34) —
xvii) Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), 0.001 0.002 IS 3025 (Part 43) —
mg/l, Max
xviii) Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 56) or —
IS 15303*
xix) Silver (as Ag), mg/l, Max 0.1 No relaxation Annex J of IS 13428 —
xx) Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l, Max 200 400 IS 3025 (Part 24) May be extended to 400 pro-
vided that Magnesium does
not exceed 30
xxi) Sulphide (as H2S), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 29) —
xxii) Total alkalinity as calcium 200 600 IS 3025 (Part 23) —
carbonate, mg/l, Max
xxiii) Total hardness (as CaCO3), 200 600 IS 3025 (Part 21) —
mg/l, Max
xxiv) Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, Max 5 15 IS 3025 (Part 49) —
NOTES
1 In case of dispute, the method indicated by '*' shall be the referee method.
2 It is recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented. Values in excess of those mentioned under ‘acceptable’ render the
water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but up to the limits indicated under ‘permissible
limit in the absence of alternate source’ in col 4, above which the sources will have to be rejected.
2
IS 10500 : 2012
Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances


(Acceptable Limit in the Ref to
Limit) Absence of
Alternate
Source
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 0.003 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 41) —
ii) Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 27) —
iii) Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 47) —
iv) Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, Max 0.001 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 48)/ —
Mercury analyser
v) Molybdenum (as Mo), mg/l, Max 0.07 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 2) —
vi) Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, Max 0.02 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 54) —
vii) Pesticides, µg/l, Max See Table 5 No relaxation See Table 5 —
viii) Polychlorinated biphenyls, mg/l, 0.000 5 No relaxation ASTM 5175* —
Max or APHA 6630
ix) Polynuclear aromatic hydro- 0.000 1 No relaxation APHA 6440 —
carbons (as PAH), mg/l, Max
x) Total arsenic (as As), mg/l, Max 0.01 0.05 IS 3025 (Part 37) —
xi) Total chromium (as Cr), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation IS 3025 (Part 52) —
xii) Trihalomethanes:
a) Bromoform, mg/l, Max 0.1 No relaxation ASTM D 3973-85* —
or APHA 6232
b) Dibromochloromethane, 0.1 No relaxation ASTM D 3973-85* —
mg/l, Max or APHA 6232
c) Bromodichloromethane, 0.06 No relaxation ASTM D 3973-85* —
mg/l, Max or APHA 6232
d) Chloroform, mg/l, Max 0.2 No relaxation ASTM D 3973-85* —
or APHA 6232
NOTES
1 In case of dispute, the method indicated by '*' shall be the referee method.
2 It is recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented. Values in excess of those mentioned under ‘acceptable’ render the
water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but up to the limits indicated under 'permissible
limit in the absence of alternate source’ in col 4, above which the sources will have to be rejected.
Table 4 Parameters Concerning Radioactive Substances


(Acceptable Limit in the Ref to Part of
Limit) Absence of IS 14194
Alternate
Source
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Radioactive materials:
a) Alpha emitters Bq/l, Max 0.1 No relaxation Part 2 —
b) Beta emitters Bq/l, Max 1.0 No relaxation Part 1 —
NOTE — It is recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented. Values in excess of those mentioned under ‘acceptable’
render the water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but up to the limits indicated under
‘permissible limit in the absence of alternate source’ in col 4, above which the sources will have to be rejected.
3
IS 10500 : 2012
Table 5 Pesticide Residues Limits and Test Method

(Foreword and Table 3)
Sl No. Pesticide Limit Method of Test, Ref to
µg/l
USEPA AOAC/ ISO
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) Alachlor 20 525.2, 507 —
ii) Atrazine 2 525.2, 8141 A —
iii) Aldrin/ Dieldrin 0.03 508 —
iv) Alpha HCH 0.01 508 —
v) Beta HCH 0.04 508 —
vi) Butachlor 125 525.2, 8141 A —
vii) Chlorpyriphos 30 525.2, 8141 A —
viii) Delta HCH 0.04 508 —
ix) 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 30 515.1 —
x) DDT (o, p and p, p – Isomers of DDT, 1 508 AOAC 990.06
DDE and DDD)
xi) Endosulfan (alpha, beta, and sulphate) 0.4 508 AOAC 990.06
xii) Ethion 3 1657 A —
xiii) Gamma — HCH (Lindane) 2 508 AOAC 990.06
xiv) Isoproturon 9 532 —
xv) Malathion 190 8141 A —
xvi) Methyl parathion 0.3 8141 A ISO 10695
xvii) Monocrotophos 1 8141 A —
xviii) Phorate 2 8141 A —
NOTE — Test methods are for guidance and reference for testing laboratory. In case of two methods, USEPA method shall be the
reference method.
Table 6 Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water1)

(Clause 4.1.1)
Sl No. Organisms Requirements

(1) (2) (3)
i) All water intended for drinking:
a) E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria2), 3) Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
ii) Treated water entering the distribution system:
a) E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria2) Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
b) Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
iii) Treated water in the distribution system:
a) E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
b) Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
1)
Immediate investigative action shall be taken if either E.coli or total coliform bacteria are detected. The minimum action in the case of
total coliform bacteria is repeat sampling; if these bacteria are detected in the repeat sample, the cause shall be determined by immediate
further investigation.
2)
Although, E. coli is the more precise indicator of faecal pollution, the count of thermotolerant coliform bacteria is an acceptable alternative.
If necessary, proper confirmatory tests shall be carried out. Total coliform bacteria are not acceptable indicators of the sanitary quality of
rural water supplies, particularly in tropical areas where many bacteria of no sanitary significance occur in almost all untreated supplies.
3)
It is recognized that, in the great majority of rural water supplies in developing countries, faecal contamination is widespread. Under
these conditions, the national surveillance agency should set medium-term targets for progressive improvement of water supplies.
4
IS 10500 : 2012
system including consumers’ premises, should be free 4.2.7 MS2 phage are indicator of viral contamination
from virus. in drinking water. MS2 phage shall be absent in 1 litre
of water when tested in accordance with USEPA
4.2.2 None of the generally accepted sewage treatment
method 1602. If MS2 phage are detected in the drinking
methods yield virus-free effluent. Although a number
water, virological examination shall be done by the
of investigators have found activated sludge treatment
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method for
to be superior to trickling filters from this point of view,
virological examination as given in Annex B. USEPA
it seems possible that chemical precipitation methods
method in Manual of Method for Virology Chapter 16,
will prove to be the most effective.
June 2001 shall be the alternate method. If viruses are
4.2.3 Virus can be isolated from raw water and from detected, the cause shall be determined by immediate
springs, enterovirus, reovirus, and adenovirus have further investigation.
been found in water, the first named being the most
resistant to chlorination. If enterovirus are absent from 4.3 Biological Requirements
chlorinated water, it can be assumed that the water is 4.3.1 Ideally, all samples taken including consumers
safe to drink. Some uncertainty still remains about the premises should be free from biological organisms.
virus of infectious hepatitis, since it has not so far been Biological examination is of value in determining the
isolated but in view of the morphology and resistance causes of objectionable tastes and odours in water and
of enterovirus it is likely that, if they have been controlling remedial treatments, in helping to interpret
inactivated hepatitis virus will have been inactivated the results of various chemical analysis, and in
also. explaining the causes of clogging in distribution pipes
4.2.4 An exponential relationship exists between the and filters. In some instances, it may be of use in
rate of virus inactivation and the redox potential. A demonstrating that water from one source has been
redox potential of 650 mV (measured between mixed with that from another.
platinum and calomel electrodes) will cause almost 4.3.2 The biological qualities of water are of greater
instantaneous inactivation of even high concentrations importance when the supply has not undergone the
of virus. Such a potential can be obtained with even a conventional flocculation and filtration processes, since
low concentration of free chlorine, but only with an increased growth of methane-utilizing bacteria on
extremely high concentration of combined chlorine. biological slimes in pipes may then be expected, and
This oxidative inactivation may be achieved with a the development of bryozoal growths such as
number of other oxidants also, for example, iodine, Plumatella may cause operational difficulties.
ozone and potassium permanganate, but the effect of
the oxidants will always be counteracted, if reducing 4.3.3 Some of the animalcules found in water mains
components, which are mainly organic, are present. may be free-living in the water, but others such as
As a consequence, the sensitivity of virus towards Dreissena and Asellus are more or less firmly attached
disinfectants will depend on the milieu just as much as to the inside of the mains. Although these animalcules
on the particular disinfectant used. are not themselves pathogenic, they may harbour
pathogenic organisms or virus in their intestines, thus
4.2.5 Viruses are generally resistant to disinfectants as protecting these pathogens from destruction by
well as get protected on account of presence of chlorine.
particulate and organic matter in water. Because the
difference between the resistance of coliform 4.3.4 Chlorination, at the dosages normally employed
organisms and of virus to disinfection by oxidants in waterworks, is ineffective against certain parasites,
increases with increasing concentration of reducing including amoebic cysts; they can be excluded only
components, for example, organic matter, it cannot be by effective filtration or by higher chlorine doses than
assumed that the absence of available coliform can be tolerated without subsequent dechlorination.
organisms implies freedom from active virus under Amoebiasis can be conveyed by water completely free
circumstances where a free chlorine residual cannot from enteric bacteria; microscopic examination after
be maintained. Sedimentation and slow sand filtration concentration is, therefore, the only safe method of
in themselves may contribute to the removal of virus identification.
from water. 4.3.5 Strict precautions against back-syphonage and
4.2.6 In practice, >0.5 mg/l of free chlorine for 1 h is cross-connections are required, if amoebic cysts are
sufficient to inactivate virus, even in water that was found in a distribution system containing tested water.
originally polluted provided the water is free from 4.3.6 The cercariae of schistosomiasis can be detected
particulates and organic matter. by similar microscopic examination, but there is, in
5
IS 10500 : 2012
any case, no evidence to suggest that this disease is 4.3.9 Giardia shall be absent in 10 liter of water when
normally spread through piped water supplies. tested in accordance with USEPA method 1623* or
4.3.7 The cyclops vector of the embryos of ISO 15553 : 2006.
Dracunculus medinensis which causes dracontiasis or 4.3.10 The drinking water shall be free from
Guinea-worm disease can be found in open wells in a microscopic organisms such as algae, zooplanktons,
number of tropical areas. They are identifiable by flagellates, parasites and toxin producing organisms.
microscopic examination. Such well supplies are An illustrative (and not exhaustive) list is given in
frequently used untreated, but the parasite can be Annex C for guidance.
relatively easily excluded by simple physical
NOTE — In case of dispute, the method indicated by ‘*’ in
improvements in the form of curbs, drainage, and apron
4.3.8 and 4.3.9 shall be referee method.
surrounds and other measures which prevent physical
contact with the water source. 5 SAMPLING
4.3.8 Cryptosporidium shall be absent in 10 liter of
Representative samples of water shall be drawn as
water when tested in accordance with USEPA method
prescribed in IS 1622 and IS 3025 (Part 1).
1622 or USEPA method 1623* or ISO 15553 : 2006.
ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS No. Title
1622 : 1981 Methods of sampling and (Part 41) : 1992Cadmium (first revision)
microbiological examination of (Part 42) : 1992Copper (first revision)
water (first revision) (Part 43) : 1992Phenols (first revision)
3025 Methods of sampling and test (Part 46) : 1994Magnesium
(physical and chemical) for water and (Part 47) : 1994Lead
waste water: (Part 48) : 1994Mercury
(Part 1) : 1987 Sampling (first revision) (Part 49) : 1994Zinc
(Part 2) : 2002 Determination of 33 elements by (Part 52) : 2003Chromium
inductively coupled plasma atomic
(Part 53) : 2003Iron
emission spectroscopy
(Part 54) : 2003Nickel
(Part 4) : 1983 Colour (first revision)
(Part 55) : 2003Aluminium
(Part 5) : 1983 Odour (first revision)
(Part 7) : 1984 Taste threshold (first revision) (Part 56) : 2003Selenium
(Part 8) : 1984 Tasting rate (first revision) (Part 57) : 2005Boron
(Part 10) : 1984 Turbidity (first revision) (Part 59) : 2006Manganese
(Part 11) : 1983 pH value (first revision) (Part 60) : 2008Fluoride
(Part 16) : 1984 Filterable residue (total dissolved 13428 : 2003 Packaged natural mineral water —
solids) (first revision) Specification (first revision)
(Part 21) : 1983 Total hardness (first revision) 14194 Radionuclides in environmental
(Part 23) : 1983 Alkalinity (first revision) samples — Method of estimation:
(Part 24) : 1986 Sulphates (first revision) (Part 1) : 1994 Gross beta activity measurement
(Part 26) : 1986 Chlorine residual (first revision) (Part 2) : 1994 Gross alpha activity measurement
(Part 27) : 1986 Cyanide (first revision) 15302 : 2002 Determination of aluminium and
(Part 29) : 1986 Sulphide (first revision) barium in water by direct nitrous
(Part 32) : 1988 Chloride (first revision) oxide-acetylene flame atomic
(Part 34) : 1988 Nitrogen (first revision) absorption spectrometry
(Part 37) : 1988 Arsenic (first revision) 15303 : 2002 Determination of antimony, iron and
(Part 39) : 1989 Oil and grease selenium in water by electrothermal
(Part 40) : 1991 Calcium atomic absorption spectrometry
6
IS 10500 : 2012
ANNEX B
(Clause 4.2.7)
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) METHOD
B-1 GENERAL 0.1 M citric acid with 10.3 ml of 0.2 M Na2HPO4 .2H2O
under sterile conditions.
The method involves the concentration of viruses from
100 litre of drinking water to 1 ml by membrane filter B-2.3 Procedure
technique. The concentrate is subjected to amplification
using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers Filter 100 litre of drinking water sample through
based on highly conserved regions of viral genomes. membrane filter assembly using either positively
This method can detect as low as 10 genome copies. charged membrane of 144 mm diameter or 0.22 micron
Stringent precautions are needed to avoid diameter pore size nitrocellulose membrane. For
contamination with amplified DNA products leading positively charged membrane the test water pH need
to false positive reactions. Detection of hepatitis A virus not be adjusted. But for the 0.22 micron nitrocellulose
(HAV) RNA and enterovirus (EV) RNA is considered membrane adjust the pH to 3.5 after adding the
as an indication of presence of viruses in water. Steps aluminium chloride as a coagulant to a final
involved include concentration of water, RNA concentration of 0.000 5 M.
extraction, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis and At lower pH pass the water through the membrane.
PCR. The flow rate shall be 40 litre/h approximately. After
the completion of the filtration, elute the adsorbed
B-2 CONCENTRATION OF DRINKING WATER
particles using 100 ml of urea-arginine phosphate
B-2.1 Apparatus buffer (U-APB). Precipitate the suspended particles
using 1 ml of magnesium chloride (1 M). Dissolve the
B-2.1.1 Pressure Pump resultant precipitate centrifuged out of the sample in
B-2.1.2 Membrane Filter Assembly with 144 mm 800-1.0 ml of McII vaines buffer. The processed sample
Diameter with Tripod Stand can be stored at refrigerator until required.
B-2.1.3 Pressure Vessel (50 litre capacity) with B-3 RNA EXTRACTION
Pressure Gauge
B-3.1 Apparatus
B-2.1.4 Inter-connecting Pressure Tubes
B-3.1.1 Cooling Centrifuge
B-2.2 Reagents
B-3.1.2 Deep Freezer (–20°C)
Autoclaved double distilled water shall be used for the
B-3.1.3 Vortex Mixer
preparation of reagents/buffers in this study.
B-3.1.4 Pipette Man
B-2.2.1 Aluminium Chloride
B-2.2.2 HCl/NaOH Urea (Extra Pure) B-3.2 Reagents
B-2.2.3 Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Na2HPO4. B-3.2.1 Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB)
2H2O) — 0.2 M, filter sterilized. Buffer
B-2.2.4 Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4. CTAB : 1 percent

2H2O) — 0.2 M, filter sterilized. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) : 1 percent
EDTA : 20 mM
B-2.2.5 Citric Acid — 0.1 M, filter sterilized.
Sodium Chloride : 1M
B-2.2.6 L-Arginine — 0.5 M, filter sterilized.
B-3.2.2 Phenol, Chloroform and Isoamylalcohol in the
B-2.2.7 Urea-Arginine Phosphate Buffer (U-APB) — ratio of 25:24:1 (PCI)
Mix 4.5 g of urea with 2 ml of 0.2 M NaH2PO4 and
2 ml of 0.5 M L - Arginine and make up the volume to B-3.2.3 Ethanol
50 ml with sterile distilled water. The pH of the eluent B-3.2.4 TE Buffer (pH 8.0)
shall be 9.0.
Tris base : 1M
B-2.2.8 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) — 1 M. EDTA : 0.5 M
B-2.2.9 McII Vaines Buffer (pH 5.0) — Mix 9.7 ml of B-3.2.5 Sodium Acetate — 3 M.
7
IS 10500 : 2012
B-3.3 Procedure antisense primer, 5’ — GGAAA TGTCT

CAGGT ACTTT CTTTG-3’
Treat 300 µl of concentrated water sample with equal
volume of CTAB and 1/10th volume of PCI. Vortex B-5.2.2 PCR Master Mix
and centrifuge at 5 000 × g for 30 min at 4°C. Add 1/
B-5.2.3 Mineral Oil
10th volume of 3 M sodium acetate and double the
volume of cold ethanol to the aqueous layer. Keep the B-5.3 Procedure
mixture at either at –20°C for overnight or in liquid
nitrogen for 2-5 min. Centrifuge at 10 000 × g, for B-5.3.1 PCR Amplification for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
30 min at 4°C. Discard the supernatant and air dry the In 5 µl of cDNA, add 95 µl of a PCR Master Mix (10
pellet and dissolve it in 20 µl TE buffer. mM TRIS–HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2,
0.01 percent gelatin (1× PCR buffer), 200 µM of each
B-4 COMPLEMENTARY DNA (c DNA) SYNTHESIS
dNTP, 1.5 U of Thermus aquaticus polymerase). Add
B-4.1 Apparatus 25 pico moles of sense and antisense oligonucleotide
primers of HAV and overlay with mineral oil.
B-4.1.1 PCR Machine Appropriate positive and negative controls shall be
B-4.1.2 Deep Freezer (–20°C) included with each run. Set the following reaction at
thermo cycler:
B-4.2 Reagents
Denaturation at 94°C for 2 min
B-4.2.1 cDNA Synthesis Kit
Denaturation for 1.0 min at 94°C
B-4.3 Procedure Annealing for 1.0 min at 57°C 35 cycles
Extension for 1.3 min at 72°C
Suspend the extracted RNA in 20 µl of cDNA reaction
mixture, which consists of 4 µ l of 5X reverse Final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
transcriptase reaction buffer [250 mM TRIS–HCl
B-5.3.2 PCR Amplification for Enterovirus (EV)
(pH 8.5), 40 mM KCl, 150 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM
dithiothreitol (DTT)], 0.5 µl of 10 mM deoxynucleotide In 5 µl of cDNA, add 95 µl of a PCR Master Mix (10
phosphate (dNTP), 2 µl of hexa nucleotide mixture, mM TRIS–HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2,
1 µl of 25 U of Maloney Murine Leukaemia Virus (M- 0.01 percent gelatin (1X PCR buffer), 200 µM of each
MuLV) reverse transcriptase, 0.5 µl of 20 U of human dNTP, 1.5 U of Thermus aquaticus polymerase). Add
placental RNase inhibitor. Heat the reaction mixture to 25 pico moles of sense and antisense oligonucleotide
95°C for 5 min and rapidly chill on ice, this is followed primers of EV and overlay with mineral oil.
by the addition of 1 µl (25 U/µl) of M-MuLV reverse Appropriate positive and negative controls shall be
transcriptase. Incubate the reaction mixture as given included with each run. Set the following reaction at
by the manufacturer of the kit and quickly chill the thermo cycler:
reaction tube on ice.
Denaturation at 94°C for 2 min
B-5 PCR AMPLIFICATION Denaturation for 1.0 min at 94°C
Annealing for 1.0 min at 42°C 35 cycles
B-5.1 Apparatus
Extension for 2.0 min at 72°C
B-5.1.1 PCR Machine
Final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
B-5.1.2 Deep Freezer (–20°C)
B-6 AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
B-5.1.3 Micropippette
B-6.1 Apparatus
B-5.2 Reagents
B-6.1.1 Micropippette
B-5.2.1 Primers for EV and HAV B-6.1.2 Electrophoresis Apparatus
EV sense primer, 5’ — TCC TCC GGC CCC B-6.1.3 Gel Documentation System
TGA ATG CG — 3’
antisense primer, 5’ — ATT GTC ACC B-6.2 Reagents
ATA AGC AGC CA — 3’
B-6.2.1 Running Buffer — 50X TAE buffer
HAV sense primer, 5’ — GTTTT GCTCC
TCTTT ATCAT GCTAT G-3’ Tris base/Tris buffer : 121.00 g
8
IS 10500 : 2012
Glacial acetic acid : 28.55 ml B-6.3 Procedure

0.5 M EDTA : 50 .00 ml Run the PCR amplified product of EV and HAV on
Distilled water : 300.45 ml 1.5 percent agarose gel using 1X TAE buffer. Load
(autoclaved) 10 µl of amplified product after mixing it with 1 µl
Make the final volume upto 1 000 ml with deionised 10X loading dye. Run the molecular weight marker
distilled water, sterilize and store at 4°C. The final along with the samples. Run the electrophoresis at
concentration for the preparation of agarose gel and to 100 V for 30 min. Stain the gel with ethidium bromide
run the gel shall be 1X. (0.5 µl/ml) for 20 min. Wash it with distilled water
and view under UV transilluminator and photograph
B-6.2.2 Tracking Dye — 6X bromophenol blue. the gel to analyse the band pattern. EV gives the band
B-6.2.3 Ethidium Bromide — 0.5 µg/ml. as 155 base pair and the HAV gives band as 225 base
pair.
ANNEX C
(Clause 4.3.10)
ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS PRESENT IN WATER
Sl Classification of Group and Name of the Organism Habitat Effect of the
No. Microscopic Organisms and
Organism Significance
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) Algae a) Chlorophyceae:
1) Species of Coelastrum, Gomphospherium, Polluted water, Impart
Micractinium, Mougeotia, Oocystis, impounded colouration
Euastrum, Scenedesmus, Actinastrum, sources
Gonium, Eudorina Pandorina, Pediastrum,
Zygnema, Chlamydomonas, Careteria,
Chlorella, Chroococcus, Spirogyra,
Tetraedron, Chlorogonium, Stigeoclonium
2) Species of Pandorina, Volvox, Polluted waters Produce taste and
Gomphospherium, Staurastrum, odour
Hydrodictyon, Nitella
3) Species of Rhizoclonium, Cladothrix, Clean water Indicate clean
Ankistrodesmus, Ulothrix, Micrasterias, condition
Chromulina
4) Species of Chlorella, Tribonema, Polluted waters, Clog filters and
Clostrium, Spirogyra, Palmella impounded create impounded
sources difficulties
b) Cyanophyceae:
1) Species of Anacystis and Cylindrospermum Polluted waters Cause water
bloom and impart
colour
2) Species of Anabena, Phormidium, Polluted waters Impart colour
Lyngbya, Arthrospira, Oscillatona
3) Species of Anabena, Anacystis, Polluted waters, Produce taste and
Aphanizomenon impounded odour
sources
4) Species of Anacystis, Anabena, Polluted waters Toxin producing
Coelospherium, Cleotrichina,
Aphanizomenon
5) Species of Anacystis, Rivularia, Polluted waters Clog filters
Oscillatoria, Anabena
9
IS 10500 : 2012
Sl Classification of Group and Name of the Organism Habitat Effect of the

No. Microscopic Organisms and
Organism Significance
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
6) Species of Rivularia Calcareous Bores rocks and
waters and also calcareous strata
rocks and causes
matted growth
7) Species of Agmenellum, Microcoleus, Clean waters Indicators of
Lemanea purification
c) Diatoms (Bacillareophyceae):
1) Species of Fragillaria, Stephanodiscus, — Cause
Stauroneis discoloration
2) Species of Asterionella, Tabellaria Hill streams Taste and odour
high altitude, producing clog
torrential and filters
temperate waters
3) Species of Synedra and Fragillavia Polluted waters Taste and odour
producing
4) Species of Nitzchia, Gomphonema Moderately Cause
polluted waters discoloration
5) Species of Cymbela, Synedra, Melosira, Rivers and Clog filters and
Navicula, Cyclotella, Fragillaria, Diatoma, streams cause operational
Pleurogsigma impounded difficulties
sources
6) Species of Pinmularia, Surinella, Clean waters Indicators of
Cyclotella, Meridion, Cocconeis purification
d) Xanthophyceae:
Species of Botryococcus Hill streams, Produces
high altitude and coloration
temperate waters
ii) Zooplankton a) Protozoa:
1) Amoeba, Giardia Lamblia Arcella, Polluted waters Pollution
Difflugia, Actinophrys indicators
2) Endamoeba, Histolytica Sewage and Parasitic and
activated sludge pathogenic
b) Ciliates:
Paramoecium, Vorticella, Carchesium, Highly polluted Bacteria eaters
Stentor, Colpidium, Coleps, Euplotes, waters, sewage
Colopoda, Bodo and activated
sludge
c) Crustacea:
1) Bosmina, Daphnia Stagnant pollu- Indicators of
ted waters pollution
2) Cyclops Step wells in Carrier host of
tropical climate guinea worm
iii) Rotifers a) Rotifers:
Anurea, Rotaria, Philodina Polluted and Feed on algae
Algae laden
waters
b) Flagellates:
1) Ceratium, Glenodinium, Peridinium Rocky strata, iron Impart colour
Dinobryon bearing and and fishy taste
acidic waters
2) Euglena, Phacus Polluted waters Impart colour
10
IS 10500 : 2012
Sl Classification of Group and Name of the Organism Habitat Effect of the Organisms
No. Microscopic and Significance
Organism
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
iv) Miscellaneous a) Sponges, Hydra Fresh water Clog filters and affect
Organisms purification systems
b) Tubifex, Eristalls, Chironomids Highly polluted waters, Clog filters and render
sewage and activated water unaesthetic
sludge and bottom
deposits
c) Plumatella Polluted waters Produces biological
slimes and causes filter
operational difficulties
c) Dreissena, Asellus Polluted waters Harbour pathogenic
organisms
11
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Unit - II - Standards For Effluent Discharge Regulations-Merged

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Standards for Effluent Discharge Regulations

General Notice No.44.of 2003

THE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT 2002

“HWM” means the High Water Mark at spring tide;

(b) does not include house sewers;

7.These regulations shall come into operation on 01 September 2003.

List of parameters for each industrial activity

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY PARAMETERS

Effluent discharge Standards

Parameter Unit Maximum permissible limit

Free Chlorine mg/l - 0.5

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) l 45 35

Reactive Phosphorus mg/l 10 1

Colour - Not objectionable

Oil & Grease mg/l 10

* Linear Alkylate Sulphonate

Effluent discharge Standards

Parameter Unit Maximum

Total coliforms MPN per 100 <400

E. Coli MPN per 100 <200

Free Chlorine mg/l 0.5

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/l 35

Reactive Phosphorus mg/l 1

Colour - Not objectionable

Oil & Grease mg/l 10

* Linear Alkylate Sulphonate

UNIT – II - Characteristics of Water and Wastewater

Introduction: Water quality is determined by physical, chemical and

• Bathing of persons suffering from skin diseases & washing clothes

• Throwing dead animals in the river

• Discharges from industries like tannery, chemical, dying, paper

• Use of chemical manure for the growth of crops

• Discharge from nuclear power plant & research centre

• Discharge of sewage of a town or city into the river

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NESLER’S TUBE TINTOMETER

Coloured organic substances (humus), Iron (red) ,

Centrifugation and Filtration, Distillation, Reverse

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Natural odours – earthy, musty or sour, fishy, grassy

• This involves tests for determination of total solids, hardness, pH value,

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Conductivity The concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) is related to electrical

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Microbiological Characteristics The principal

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This instrument can measure turbidities above 100 ppm. It

A small portion of the water sample is taken in the tube and

More and more water is gradually added until the flame

When this happens, the reading in the tube corresponding to

❑ The tube containing the water sample is placed in the box.

❑ A small circular, central spot, lighter or darker placed below the

❑ It is balanced with the surrounding field by turning the calibrated

TASTE AND ODOUR

ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY

SULPHATES: Determined gravimetrically by precipitating as barium sulphate (BaSO4 ) in

From the manganese – determined colorimetrically. Iron determined by phenanthroline

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