FIRST PART:

Power transmission systems are called upon to play a crucial role in the future decarbonized, electrified
and digital energy sectors, as they constitute the most effective way of distributing vast amounts of
electricity from renewable energy sources to faraway locations. This paper aims at critically reviewing
worldwide the regional visions, as well as existing and newer technologies involved in the development
and upgrading of bulk transmission systems. The main emphasis is put on the major challenges and
boundary conditions arising during the paradigm change that electric energy systems will undergo over
the next half century. Recent research and pilot projects on this subject are revised, embracing effective
combinations of AC and DC technologies, such as high-voltage AC transmission systems, phase-shifting
transformers, flexible AC transmission systems and point-to-point and multi-terminal high-voltage DC
systems. The challenges faced by this transition involve technical, economical, environmental, regulatory
and social factors that will finally determine the preference for one or another technology in particular
regions of the world. General recommendations and guidelines are proposed to increase the probability of
success of future transmission projects, regardless of the type of technology, geographic location or
particular external conditions. Several somewhat competing architectures are envisioned in this more
volatile context, all together offering great possibilities to increase transmission capability while loop
flows are prevented and system stability is preserved or enhanced.

SECOND PART:
Electricity generation, transmission, and distribution play crucial roles across various sectors in
modern society:
1. *Residential Sector*: Powers homes for lighting, heating, cooking, and running appliances,
enhancing quality of life and comfort.
2. *Commercial Sector*: Facilitates businesses by powering offices, stores, and commercial
equipment, enabling productivity and economic activity.
3. *Industrial Sector*: Drives machinery, manufacturing processes, and industrial operations,
supporting production and innovation.
4. *Healthcare Sector*: Powers hospitals, medical equipment, and life-saving devices, ensuring
efficient healthcare delivery and patient care.
5. *Transportation Sector*: Enables electric vehicles and public transportation systems,
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and combating climate change.
6. *Communication Sector*: Powers data centers, telecommunications infrastructure, and
internet services, facilitating global connectivity and digital communication.
7. *Agricultural Sector*: Powers irrigation systems, farm equipment, and food processing
facilities, supporting agricultural productivity and food supply chains.
 8. *Educational Sector*: Powers schools, universities, and educational institutions, enabling
learning through technology and providing access to educational resources. Overall, electricity
generation, transmission, and distribution are essential for sustaining modern society, driving
economic growth, and improving the quality of life for billions of people around the world.
(DAT MAY IMAGE BAWAT ISA)

THIRD PART:
•Gas is a fossil fuel which can be used to generate electricity. By burning gas, we create heat
which powers a turbine. The rotation of this turbine spins a generator which creates electricity.
•The nuclear energy harnessed around the world today to produce electricity is through nuclear
fission, while technology to generate electricity from fusion is at the R&D phase. This article
will explore nuclear fission. To learn more about nuclear fusion,Each time the reaction occurs,
there is a release of energy in the form of heat and radiation. The heat can be converted into
electricity in a nuclear power plant, similarly to how heat from fossil fuels such as coal, gas and
oil is used to generate electricity
•Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that won't run out. They are natural and
self-replenishing, and usually have a low- or zero-carbon footprint,renewable energy sources
include wind power, solar power, bioenergy (organic matter burned as a fuel) and hydroelectric,
including tidal energy.

FOURTH PAGE:
the basic principles behind each method and their advantages and disadvantages 1. Fossil Fuels:
This includes coal, natural gas, and oil. These fuels are burned to heat water and produce steam,
which drives turbines connected to generators. Fossil fuels have been the predominant source of
electricity for decades but are a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Advantages: *Abundant and reliable sources of energy. *Well-established infrastructure for
extraction, transportation, and utilization. *Can provide baseload power, meaning it can
consistently meet demand. Disadvantages: *High carbon emissions contribute to air pollution
and climate change. *Finite resources that are non-renewable and will eventually be depleted.
*Extraction and combustion processes can have significant environmental and health impacts. 2.
Nuclear Power: Nuclear power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat produced during
nuclear fission reactions. They produce large amounts of electricity with minimal greenhouse gas
emissions but come with concerns about nuclear accidents, radioactive waste disposal, and
proliferation risks. Advantages: *Generates large amounts of electricity with minimal greenhouse
gas emissions. *Provides baseload power and operates reliably. *Low fuel costs compared to
fossil fuels. Disadvantages: *Risk of catastrophic accidents, although rare, can have severe
consequences. *Disposal of radioactive waste presents long-term environmental and safety
challenges. *High initial capital costs and public concerns about safety and proliferation. 3.
Renewable Energy: there are 4 types of renewable energies. -Solar Power: Solar panels convert
sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It's clean and abundant, but its
efficiency depends on weather conditions and geographic location. Advantages: *Abundant and
renewable energy source. *Modular and scalable, suitable for various applications from small-
scale to utility-scale. *Low operating costs and minimal environmental impact during operation.
Disadvantages: *Intermittent generation dependent on weather conditions and daylight.
*Requires significant land area for utility-scale installations. *Manufacturing of solar panels
involves energy-intensive processes and some toxic materials. -Wind Power: Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity. Wind power is also clean and renewable but
depends on consistent wind patterns. Advantages: *Clean and renewable energy source. *Low
operating costs once turbines are installed. *Can be installed both onshore and offshore.
Disadvantages: *Intermittent generation dependent on wind speed and consistency. *Visual and
noise impacts, as well as potential harm to wildlife. *Initial costs and infrastructure requirements
can be high. -Hydropower: Hydroelectric dams use the energy of flowing water to generate
electricity. It's reliable and renewable but can have significant environmental impacts on
ecosystems and communities. Advantages: *Reliable and proven technology with long
operational lifespans. *Generates electricity continuously, providing baseload power. *No direct
emissions of greenhouse gases during operation. Disadvantages: *Disruption of river ecosystems
and habitats due to dam construction. *Potential for downstream environmental impacts such as
altered flow regimes. *Limited availability of suitable sites and potential conflicts with water
use. -Biomass: Biomass power plants burn organic materials like wood, agricultural residues, or
waste to generate electricity. It's renewable but can emit air pollutants if not managed properly.
Advantages: *Utilizes organic waste materials, reducing landfill and methane emissions. *Can
provide dispatchable power and support grid stability. *Potential for decentralized energy
production and rural development. Disadvantages: *Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse
gases if not managed properly. *Competition with food production and land use for feedstock
cultivation. *Limited by the availability and sustainability of biomass resources. 4.Geothermal
Power:Geothermal energy utilizes heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity. It's reliable
and emits very low greenhouse gases but is geographically limited to areas with accessible
geothermal resources. Advantages: *Renewable energy source with minimal greenhouse gas
emissions. *Reliable and consistent power generation with high capacity factors. *Low operating
costs once wells are drilled and infrastructure is in place. Disadvantages: *Limited to areas with
accessible geothermal resources, often geographically constrained. *Upfront costs for
exploration and drilling can be significant. *Potential for subsurface resource depletion and
induced seismicity in some cases. 5.Tidal Power: Tidal energy captures the kinetic energy of
tides to generate electricity. It's renewable and predictable but requires specific geographic
conditions. Advantages: *Predictable and reliable energy source driven by lunar cycles. *No
greenhouse gas emissions during operation. *Long operational lifespans and low operating costs
once infrastructure is installed. Disadvantages: *Limited to coastal areas with significant tidal
ranges. *High upfront costs for infrastructure and turbine installation. *Potential environmental
impacts on marine ecosystems and sediment transport. Wave Power:Similar to tidal power, wave
energy captures the kinetic energy of ocean waves to generate electricity. It's renewable but still
in the early stages of development. Advantages: *Abundant and renewable energy source with
high energy density. *Predictable wave patterns in some regions. *Minimal visual impact
compared to other renewable energy technologies. Disadvantages: *Early stage of technology
development with limited commercial deployments. *High upfront costs and technical
challenges in capturing and converting wave energy. *Potential environmental impacts on marine
ecosystems and coastal processes. -The choice of electricity generation method depends on
factors like resource availability, environmental impact, cost, and technological feasibility. In
recent years, there's been a significant shift towards renewable energy sources due to concerns
about climate change and the desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. -Each method of
electricity generation has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of
technology depends on factors such as resource availability, environmental considerations, cost-
effectiveness, and technological maturity.

FIFTH PAGE (EXAMPLE)

SIXTH PAGE:
A transmission substation decreases the voltage of incoming electricity, allowing it to connect
from long-distance high-voltage transmission, to local lower voltage distribution. It also reroutes
power to other transmission lines that serve local markets. These networks use components such
as power lines, cables, circuit breakers, switches and transformers. The transmission network is
usually administered on a regional basis by an entity such as a regional transmission organization
or transmission system operator. Transmission efficiency is improved at higher voltage and lower
current. The reduced current reduces heating losses. Joule's first law states that energy losses are
proportional to the square of the current. Thus, reducing the current by a factor of two lowers the
energy lost to conductor resistance by a factor of four for any given size of conductor

SEVENTH PAGE (IYO YAN DI KO LANG MAHANAP, IKAW NA BAHALA)

EIGHTH PAGE: (EXAMPLE)
NINTH PAGE:
•Electricity is a type of energy that can build up in one place or flow from one place to another.
When electricity gathers in one place it is known as static electricity The current is sent through
transformers to increase the voltage to push the power long distances. The electrical charge goes
through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch across the country.It reaches a substation,
where the voltage is lowered so it can be sent on smaller power lines,It travels through
distribution lines to your neighborhood.

TENTH PAGE:
components of a distribution system, including transformers, distribution lines, and distribution
substations
1. Transformers: *Step-Down Transformers: These are crucial components that reduce the high
voltage electricity received from the transmission lines to lower voltages suitable for distribution
to homes and businesses. They are typically located at distribution substations or along
distribution lines. *Distribution Transformers: Once the voltage is stepped down, distribution
transformers further reduce the voltage to levels appropriate for individual use. They are often
mounted on utility poles or placed in underground vaults close to consumers. 2. Distribution
Lines: *Overhead Lines: Traditional distribution systems use overhead lines, consisting of wires
supported by utility poles. These lines are visible in many urban and rural areas. *Underground
Cables: In densely populated areas or areas with aesthetic considerations, distribution lines may
be installed underground. Underground cables are protected from weather-related damage and
are less obtrusive visually. 3. Distribution Substations: *Step-Down Substations: These
substations receive high-voltage electricity from transmission lines and step it down to
intermediate voltages for further distribution. They may be equipped with circuit breakers,
switches, and other protective devices. *Primary Substations: These substations receive
electricity from the transmission network and distribute it to multiple step-down substations or
directly to large consumers. They often include equipment for voltage regulation and power
factor correction. *Secondary Substations: In urban areas, secondary substations distribute
electricity directly to consumers. They typically step down the voltage to levels suitable for
residential or commercial use. 4. Switchgear and Protection Equipment: *Switchgear, such as
circuit breakers and switches, is installed at various points in the distribution system to control
the flow of electricity, isolate faults, and protect equipment from overloads and short circuits.
*Protection equipment, including relays and fuses, detects abnormal conditions in the
distribution system and initiates protective actions to prevent damage to equipment and ensure
the safety of personnel. 5. Metering and Monitoring Devices: Electricity meters are installed at
consumer premises to measure the amount of electricity consumed for billing purposes.
*Monitoring devices, such as sensors and communication equipment, are used to monitor the
performance and health of distribution assets, optimize system operation, and detect faults or
abnormalities in real-time. *Overall, the distribution system plays a critical role in delivering
electricity reliably and efficiently from power plants to consumers, encompassing various
components that work together to ensure the safe and continuous supply of electricity.
ELEVENTH PAGE:
ower distribution voltage regulators maintain power distribution system voltages within a
defined range. Regulated voltages ensure that electrical products and equipment will operate
optimally. Electrical products and equipment are typically designed to operate within a limited
voltage band.
Voltage regulation and reliability are critical aspects of distribution networks for several reasons:
1. Equipment Protection: Proper voltage regulation ensures that electrical equipment operates
within safe voltage limits. Overvoltage can damage sensitive equipment, while undervoltage can
cause equipment to malfunction or fail to operate efficiently. 2. Customer Satisfaction: Reliable
voltage levels ensure consistent performance of electrical appliances and machinery, leading to
improved customer satisfaction. Fluctuating voltages can lead to flickering lights, equipment
malfunction, and inconvenience for consumers. 3. System Efficiency: Voltage regulation helps
optimize the efficiency of the distribution system by ensuring that electricity is delivered at the
appropriate voltage levels. This reduces energy losses and improves overall system performance.
4. Safety: Stable voltage levels contribute to the safety of both consumers and utility personnel.
Fluctuating voltages can pose safety hazards, especially in industrial settings where high-power
equipment is used. 5. Cost Savings: Maintaining proper voltage regulation and reliability can
lead to cost savings for utilities and consumers alike. Reduced equipment damage, improved
efficiency, and fewer service interruptions translate to lower operational costs and potentially
lower electricity bills for consumers. 6. Grid Stability: Voltage regulation plays a crucial role in
maintaining grid stability, especially in interconnected systems. Fluctuations in voltage levels
can propagate through the grid and lead to cascading failures, potentially causing widespread
blackouts.
Overall, voltage regulation and reliability are essential for ensuring the safe, efficient, and
reliable operation of distribution networks, benefiting both utilities and consumers

TWELFTH PAGE: (EXAMPLE)

ACTIVITY TAS QUIZ