Exam Review Part One

V. Cheung

The Seven Years War 1756 1763, between Britain and France. Britain and France were at war over control of Cod fishing in Newfoundland and Acadia, fur trade on the St. Lawrence River, and control over the Ohio River Valley. 1757 The British gain control over Ohio River Valley 1758 Louisbourg falls to the British 1759 City of Quebec falls in the Battle of Plains of Abraham 1760 France is defeated as Montreal is conquered. 1763 The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years War; New France becomes part of the British Empire. The American Revolution Was the American Revolution caused by bad decision-making? The British government made the following decisions that can be considered bad governance. Did not give Quebec an elected assembly Expanded the province of Quebec Imposed the Navigation Acts that restricted colonial trade and denied right to Trial by Jury in certain cases. Imposed the Stamp Act Imposed the Quartering Act that required colonies to provide room and board for soldiers. Imposed the Townshend Acts that levied taxes on imports, including tea.

The Loyalists The people yet loyal to Britain during the American Revolution were harassed, experienced violence and forced to flee. 60,000 left as refugees to Britain or the Caribeans. 40,000 left to Nova Scotia or Quebec. 10,000 left to Niagara and Montreal.
WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

V. Cheung

The Constitutional Act of 1791 Britain proceeded to split Quebec into two parts, Upper Canada, which is now southern Ontario became the home of the Loyalists, while Lower Canada, which is the area east of the Ottawa River, became the home of the Canadiens. The Acts provided for: - Elected assemblies for both Upper and Lower Canada - Power to colonial governors, thus limiting the power of elected assemblies - Prerogative of the British Government to overturn any law passed by the elected assemblies within two years of its passing. - Roman Catholicism and traditional Civil Laws were made part of the constitution. - Maritime colonies were given governmental systems. The War of 1812 The British went to war with the United States because of : The Napoleonic Wars, which forced the British to tighten its naval blockade around France, thus causing the restriction of American vessels and the searches of said vessels. The Indian Wars, which had its genesis in the Louisiana Purchase, from which the American colony doubled in size, and as settlers and explorers went to the frontiers, they were met with hostile natives. The British supplied the natives, exacerbating the British-American relationship. The War of 1812 ended in a stalemate, territorial control returned to original owners. Immigration to British North America Other groups also emigrated to British North America after the Loyalist refugees during the American Revolution. The Late Loyalists immigrated from 1791-1812, with some doing so for British compensations for losses during the American refugee, and others being oppurtunists looking for cheap land in fertile locations. Migrants from Britain included the Irish, Scots and English who were displaced by the technological and agricultural advances of the Industrial Revolution. Their voyage to British North America was challenging, for they endured horrid conditions on squalid Coffin Ships, where pestilence and disease runs rampant and unbridled, and which resulted in tens of thousands dead even before reaching British North America. Once there, immigrants again faced difficulty in finding work and in clearing land for pioneer farms.

WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

V. Cheung

Government and Society in the Canadas The Colonial Government The government is separated into three components: the legislative, the judiciary and the executive. The first is responsible for reviewing and passing laws, the second for interpreting the law in certain cases, and the third in enforcing the laws. The executive branch in both Upper and Lower Canada has a governor appointed by the British government. The governor General resided in Qubec and the Lieutenantgovernor resided in York(Toronto). The governor appoints his Executive Council and Legislative Council. Even though the colonies had elected assemblies, the councils and the governors had all the power. Upper Canada UC is controlled by the Family Compact in a system of government that is effectively an oligarchy. The Family Compact controlled the Anglican Church and education, and being an elitist and exclusive group, it remained adamant that the masses did not require education, and that the oligarchy was best suited in leading the government. As such, schools became Prep-a-tory schools. The Family Compact also controlled public projects, and profited enormously. The Family Compact was linked to the lieutenant governor and controlled the Executive Council in Upper Canada, with the ability to veto bills. The Family Compact was composed of wealthy landowners who controlled the clergy and crown lands. In the 1800s, exasperated by the Family Compact and its exclusivist control, the Radicals led reformist movements looking to democratize the government and remove the Family Compact. Egerton Ryerson was a Methodist Minister and teacher who wanted changes that benefited famers, small merchants and workers. He fought for religious freedom and free public education. He also wanted the same rights as British citizens. William Lyon Mackenzie was a member of the Radicals. He was a leader in the Newspaper industry and attacked the Family Compact with his papers, calling for a new system of government. Francis Bond-Head was the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada. He was the leader of the conservatives and campaigned against reform. He used the Orange Order composed of Irish Protestantsloyal to the Crown to violently sway voters on Election Day, and proceeded to win the 1836 election. Rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada The Rebellions were stirred on by sentiments of unequal treatment as British citizens and by Radicals calling for a Republic system of government. William Lyon Mackenzie led the rebellion in Upper Canada, which turned out to be a debacle. He failed to obtain popular support and failed proper logistical and
WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

V. Cheung

organizational planning. The start of the revolution was confused, with different groups attacking at different times. The element of surprise was lost, and reinforcements were already en route. Mackenzie quickly fled to the United States. Louis Joseph Papineau led the rebellion in Lower Canada, which also failed miserably as Papineau lacked properly trained soldiers and planned poorly. Changes to Colonial Government, 1838-1849 Lord Durham, also known as Radical Jack, which is an idiotic and unnecessary nickname and extra information utterly irrelevant to historical learning, wrote a report for the British Government that suggested solutions for the problems with Canadian colonial government. He suggested joining all British North American colonies in a legislative union, but none of them wanted such a union. A comprehensive and complete union was abandoned, but yet Durham preserved an idea of a unified Lower and Upper Canada. He recommended the installation of responsible government. Such a system was already working Britain, and was much requested by the reformers. He saw that the tension between people and government could be diffused by having a responsible government and allowing the people to manage their own affairs. On the causes of conflict in Lower Canada, Durham suggested the differences between the British immigrants and Canadiens, especially in normative ideas about the predominant economic sectors, with the British endorsing commerce and industrialization and the Canadiens a traditional agricultural economy. On the causes of conflict in Upper Canada, Durham suggested the clergy reserves controlled by the Anglican Church, which was a minority sect. The British government, in reaction to the Durham Report, saw it as an attack on their powers to govern a colony. The Family Compact, having in place an oligarchic elitist authoritarian system, naturally responded negatively for the legislative union that would disrupt said system, and despised even more any claims of responsible government that would be legitimate and democratic. The Canadien leaders were furious over Durhams disparaging views of their culture and his attempts to conglomerate Upper and Lower Canada. Reformers everywhere applauded Durhams recommendations, especially his idea of a responsible government. Such a system would let the majority govern, compel Governors to appoint officials with the confidence of the people and can command a majority in the elected assemblies. Towards Responsible Government Lord Russell believed that a colony should not be considered a sovereign autonomous nation-state. The British government retained control and rejected Responsible Government.
WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

V. Cheung

Baron Sydenham encouraged the formation of one colony, even promising British loans that would cover the debts of both colonies should they unite, and focused on commerce and industry. The Act of Union of 1840 was passed, forming one government for the Canadas, but it wasnt a responsible one. Jospeh Howe argued that because Responsible Government was already present in Britain, so should it be in Canada. Responsible Government arose in Nova Scotia in 1848, then in New Brunswick, PEI and Newfoundland. Lord Elgin finally committed to a democratic system and in 1848 the reformers managed a majority in the legislative. Responsible Government was achieved. The first test of Responsible Government came with the 1849 Reform Losses Bill, which compensated thosemostly Canadiens who have not taken part who suffered property damages during the 1837 rebellion. The Tories vehemently opposed the bills, and even Lord Elgin did not look favorably upon it. Nonetheless, with a majority, the bill was passed and finally signed into law, despite death threats to Elgin. He was a baller, so to speak. Confederation in 1867 John A. MacDonald became the first PM of Canada, which took up a federal institution. Federalism is a complicated subject with intricate and often idiosyncratic workings according to specific cases, but it must suffice some basic conditions. Authority must be constitutionally divided between two or more levels, the highest and allencompassing central government and the regional provincial government. Specific powers are relegated to provincial governments while residual powers to the central government. Each provincial constituent has a distinct local government and constitution. The central government had authority to raise taxes and impose import excise. Below are dates of provinces entering confederation: 1867Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 1870Manitoba, NWT 1871British Columbia 1873PEI 1898Yukon 1905Saskatchewan, Alberta 1949Newfoundland 1999Nunavut *Above dates are utterly irrelevant to our education and will not be useful in any further facet of life if and only if you do not become a Canadian History professor or researcher. No seriously, is your life better now that youve memorized those dates? No. No its not. They are only important apropos the Socials Exam, which also tests us on unimportant things. So, insubstantial information for a negligible exam SOUNDS LIKE FUN TO ME!
WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.

V. Cheung

WARNING: I DID NOT SPELL CHECK NOR DID I GRAMMAR CHECK. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF AT ANYTIME YOU SUFFER A CEREBRAL-RELATED ANEURYSM. BLAME THEN SUE THE SCHOOL FOR FORCING YOU TO TAKE THIS COURSE.