GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

“ACIDS AND BASES”

2nd Quarter
Lesson 3

NAME: ____________________________________________ SECTION: _______________________

SUBJECT TEACHER: _________________________________ DATE: __________________________

From the vinegar in your kitchen cabinet to the soap in your shower, acids
and bases are everywhere! But what does it mean to say that something is
acidic or basic? To answer this question, we need to examine some of the
theories describing acids and bases.

In this chapter we will be discussing about acids and bases. How do we

determine them by citing their differences? How do we solve for the Hydrogen
Ions concentration?

Bronsted Acids
and Bases

Acids and Bases

Property of Water

Concentration of
Hydrogen Ions

Buffer Solution

pH of Buffer Solution

LESSONS and COVERAGE CONCEPTUAL MAP

3 minutes

TRY THIS

Direction: Create a table in

the box provided. Create two
columns and name the two
columns Acids and Bases. Go
to your kitchen and list down
materials that you think are
acids and are bases.

Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 29

 ACTIVITY NO. 1 2 minutes

DIRECTION: Write the ideas or concepts that

you know about the topics to be discussed in
column 1. What else would you want to know
about this? Write your answers in column 2.

MELCs
▪ Define Bronsted acids and bases.
▪ Discuss the acid-base property of water.
▪ Calculate the pH from the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide
ions in aqueous solutions.
▪ Describe how a buffer solution maintains its pH.
▪ Calculate the pH of a buffer solution using Henderson Hasselbach
equation.

At the end of the lesson, I can:

❑ Explain Bronsted Acids and Bases as well as the acid-base property of
water.
❑ Calculate the pH from the concentration of H+ and OH- ions.
❑ Describe how a buffer solution maintains its pH and solve for its pH using
TARGETS Henderson-Hasselbach equation.

ACTIVITY NO. 2 10 minutes

Directions: Access the link or scan the QR code to watch the video
about acids and bases.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2x4foEuRcI.

Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 30

 1. What is an acid?
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2. What is a base?
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3. Why do acids have burning effect?
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4. Are all acids sour? Why?
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5. Are all bases bitter? Why?
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6. What happens when an acid and bases are mixed?
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7. Write the chemical equation if you add HCl to NaOH.

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ACTIVITY NO. 3 20 minutes

Directions: Read and study the discussion on Acids and Bases.

Read more at:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/acids-and-bases/

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/
Acid/Overview_of_Acids_and_Bases

Key Points:

✓ An acid is a substance that donates protons (in the Bronsted-Lowry definition) or

accepts a pair of valence electrons to form a bond (in the Lewis definition).

✓ A base is a substance that can accept protons or donate a pair of valence

electrons to form a bond.
Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 31
✓ Bases can be thought of as the chemical opposite of acids. A reaction between
an acid and base is called a neutralization reaction.

✓ The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton; a strong
acid is one that completely dissociates in water.

✓ An Arrhenius acid increases the concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions in an aqueous

solution, while an Arrhenius base increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH–)
ions in an aqueous solution.

✓ The Arrhenius definitions of acidity and alkalinity are restricted to aqueous solutions
and refer to the concentration of the solvent ions.

✓ The universal aqueous acid–base definition of the Arrhenius concept is described

as the formation of a water molecule from a proton and hydroxide ion. Therefore,
in Arrhenius acid–base reactions, the reaction between an acid and a base is a
neutralization reaction.

✓ The formation of conjugate acids and bases is central to the Bronsted-Lowry

definition of acids and bases. The conjugate base is the ion or molecule remaining
after the acid has lost its proton, and the conjugate acid is the species created
when the base accepts the proton.

✓ Interestingly, water is amphoteric and can act as both an acid and a base.
Therefore, it can play all four roles: conjugate acid, conjugate base, acid, and
base.

✓ A Bronsted-Lowry acid -base reaction can be defined as: acid + base ⇌ conjugate
base + conjugate acid.

✓ The self- ionization of water can be expressed as: H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH-

✓ The equilibrium constant for the self-ionization of water is known as KW; it has a value
of 1.0 x 10 -14

✓ The value of KW leads to the convenient equation relating pH with pOH: pH + pOH
= 14.

✓ An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an

acid in solution.

✓ The dissociation constant is usually written as a quotient of the equilibrium

concentrations (in mol/L):

[A− ][H + ]
Ka =
[HA]

✓ Often, the Ka value is expressed by using the pKa which is equal to −log 10(Ka). The
larger the value of pKa, the smaller the extent of dissociation.

✓ A weak acid has a pKa value in the approximate range of -2 to 12 in water. Acids
with a pKa value of less than about -2 are said to be strong acids.

Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 32

 ✓ The p-scale is a negative logarithmic scale. It allows numbers with very small units
of magnitude (for instance, the concentration of H+ in solution) to be converted
into more convenient numbers, often within the range of -2 – 14.

✓ The most common p-scales are the pH and pOH scales, which measure the
concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. According to the water ion
product, pH+ pOH =14 for all aqueous solutions.

✓ Because of the convenience of the p-scale, it is used to also denote the small
dissociation constants of acids and bases, which are given by the notation pK a
and pKb.

ACTIVITY NO. 4 30 minutes

Directions: Scan the QR code for the 3 worksheets involving acids and bases.

• Worksheet 1: Bronsted Acids and Bases

• Worksheet 2: Arrhenius Acids and Bases
• Worksheet 3: Buffer Solutions

How can you relate the concept of neutralization in

your daily life? Is it okay to always be neutral in all
situations? Why?

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Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 33

 After learning the concept, it is time
to fill out the third column.

How was the lesson today?

Express your feelings using the
emojis below. Put a check of
the emoji that mirrors your
feelings.

References

Benedictine Hallmarks. (2020). Retrieved from Benedictine Univeristy: http://www.ben.edu/center-for-

mission-and-identity/resources/hallmarks.cfm

Organo, V. G., & Villanueva, D. U. (2018). General Chemistry 2. Malaysia: Oxford Publishing.

Second Quarter - General Chemistry 2 | 34