FACTS Training-04 - Introduction To FACTS

Introduction to Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS)
Guillaume de Préville
Imagination at work
Introduction
Power Transmission Systems
- Today’s Challenges
Demand for
• More power
• Better quality
• Higher reliability
• Lower costs
Constrained by
• Maintenance of safety margins
• Disturbing loads
• Open access requirements
• Environmental impact and planning approval
© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

Introduction to FACTS
The need for FACTS applications:

• IEEE definition:
"a power electronic based system and other static equipment
that provide control of one or more AC transmission system
parameters to enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability."

Introduction
The need for FACTS applications:

• A system composed of static equipment used in the AC
transmission of electrical energy.
− Filters (capacitors).
− Reactors.
− Thyristor (Semiconductor switch).

− IGBT (Semiconductor current source)
• Generally a power electronics-based system.

FACTS PRINCIPLES
Le Flux de puissance peut être contrôlé en
Contrôle de Transmission par :
Tension - Le niveau de tension
(Compensation - Les impédances série de ligne
SHUNT)
- Le déphasage ou angle interne
Contrôle
Contrôle d’Angle
d’impédances
interne
(Compensation
(Compensation PAR)
SERIES)

Les solutions FACTS sont des équipements à base d’électronique de
puissance qui statiquement et dynamiquement délivrent de la puissance
reactive au réseau pour supporter la tension le long des lignes de
transmission, et par cela, ameliorant l’efficacité et la fiabilité de l’ensemble
du système de transmission.
Series Compensation
Modification de l’Impedance
Shunt Compensation
Régulation de tension ü FSC
ü TCSC
ü SSSC
ü SVC
ü STATCOM U i .U j
ü MSC/MSCDN Pij » . sin ( d ij ) Contrôle de l’angle interne
ü Synchronous X ij Phase Shift Transformers/Phase Angle
Regulators
Condenser
ü PAR
ü TCPST

MSCDN SVC STATCOM
FSC TCSC SSSC
UPFC HVDC-LCC HVDC-VSC

9
FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Goals are:
• Flexibility
• Stability
• Increased transmission capacity
Key is Controllability
• Power electronic devices of many kinds
• Fast control systems

Power Transfer capability enhancement
Compensation shunt : analogie avec le fil à linge
Props

Accroissement de la capacité de la ligne à transmettre la
puissance
Le besoin des applications FACTS:
• Les lignes non compensées sont trop courtes…
• Augmenter la contrôlabilité et accroître la capacité de
transfert de puissance du réseau.
The picture can’t be displayed.

Amélioration de la stabilité transitoire
Courbe puissance=f(angle) et aire

de sécurité pour estimation de la
marge de stabilité
SUPE
LEC
© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved 201-
2012
Voltage Stability enhancement
Example: Critical fault without an SVC
G G
DIgSILENT
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 [s] 10.00
HV 1: Line-Ground Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 [s] 10.00
G1: Speed in p.u.
G2: Speed in p.u.
1.00E-12
8.00E-13
6.00E-13
4.00E-13
2.00E-13
5.05E-29
-2.00E-1..
0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 [s] 10.00
2-Winding Transformer(2): REACTIVE POWER FROM SVC
Voltage Stability enhancement
Example: Critical fault with an SVC
G G
SVC
The picture can’t be displayed.
Power Oscillation Damping
G1
P1, d1 Infinite bus
SVC
•If d(Dd)/dt or Df is positive, i.e. rotor is accelerating due to built

up kinetic energy, the FACTS device is controlled to increase
generator electrical power output
•If d(Dd)/dt or Df is negative, i.e. rotor is decelerating due to loss of
kinetic energy, the FACTS device is controlled to decrease generator
electrical power output
•Modulation of SVC bus voltage required through auxiliary signals
SUPE
LEC
2012
Principle of SVC Auxiliary Control for

d
V1 d Vm 0
2 V2
G1
X X
2 2
svc
SUPE
LEC
2012
Linearized Swing equation
d 2 (Dd ) ¶PE ¶PE
M + DVm + Dd = 0
dt 2
¶Vm ¶d
V1Vm d
PE = sin ; Pm = constt . DVm = 0
X 2 2
Corresponding characteristic equation if

1 ¶PE
s +
2
=0
M ¶d
Where,
Pe : electrical power output of the
generator and the
power received at the infinite bus
Vm : voltage of the midpoint of the
transmission line
M : angular momentum of the
synchronous
generator
δ : generator-rotor angle
SUPE
LEC
2012
Mid point voltage: The mid point voltage is controlled to be fluctuated
following frequency variation (not constant voltage control)
d (Dd )
DVm = K
dt
Swing equation:
d 2 (Dd ) ¶PE d (Dd ) ¶PE

M + K + Dd = 0
dt 2
¶Vm dt ¶d
Characteristic equation:
s + 2xwn s + wn = 0
2 2
SUPE
LEC
2012
Where,
Natural frequency:
1 ¶PE
wn =
M ¶d
Damping ratio ξ :
K ¶PE
2xw n =
M ¶Vm
SUPE
LEC
2012
Amortissement des oscillations
»Modèle pour étude de stabilité

dynamique: un générateur est connecté à
un bus infini au travers d’une ligne avec
un SVC au point milieu
»Amortissement d’oscillation de puissance (POD) par modulation de la référence courant du SVC:

»1 Contrôle sans POD contrôle de tension constante uniquementè oscillations
»2 Contrôle de tension « variable » avec POD è amortissement !
SUPELEC 201-2012 SVC Basics
Local Signals:
• line current magnitude
• real power flow
• bus frequency
• bus angle
Remote Signals (Synthesized/Telecommunicated)

• rotor angle / speed deviation of a remote generator
• angle / frequency difference between remote voltages at the two
ends of the transmission line
• Magnitude of current in a remote line
SUPE
LEC
2012
Desirable Features of SVC Damping Control
Signals
n High sensitivity (observability) of the control
signal to power swing modes
n Substantial ability (controllability) of the control

signal to control accelerating torque
corresponding to those modes
n Minimum sensitivity of the signal to the output

of the power swing damping controller
SUPE
LEC
2012
Introduction
Types of FACTS applications

• Shunt connected:
− Connected in shunt (parallel) with the system.
− It works as a controllable susceptance or as a controllable

current source or as a controllable voltage source.
− Dynamic shunt compensation is of three types:

• Shunt susceptance compensation (SVC).
• Shunt current source compensation (STATCOM)
• Shunt Voltage source compensaton (Synchronous Condenser) .

Introduction
Principle of operation:
• Shunt capacitive compensation:
− This method is used to improve the

power factor.
− When an inductive load is

connected to the transmission line,
power factor lags because of
lagging load current.
− A shunt capacitor is connected

which draws current leading the
source voltage.

Introduction
• Shunt inductive compensation:
− Used either when charging the

transmission line, or, when there is
very low load at the receiving end.
− Shunt capacitance in the transmission

line causes voltage amplification
(Ferranti effect).
− The receiving end voltage may become

double the sending end voltage.
− Shunt inductors are connected across

the transmission line.

Introduction
Types of FACTS applications

• Series connected:
− Connected in series with the power system.
− It works as a controllable voltage source or a controllable

impedance.

Introduction
• Series inductance exists in
all AC transmission lines.
• On long lines, when a large
current flows, this causes a
large voltage drop.
• To compensate, series
capacitors are connected,
decreasing the effect of
the inductance.

Types of FACTS
Topics
• Introduction
− The need for FACTS applications.
− Types of FACTS applications.
− Principle of operation.
• Types of FACTS applications
− Shunt connected:
• MSC: Mechanically Switched Capacitor.
• MSCDN: Mechanically Switched Capacitive Damping Network.
• SVC: Static VAr Compensator.
• STATCOM: Static Synchronous Compensator.
• SC: Synchronous Condenser
• D-STATCOM: Distribution STATCOM
− Series connected:
• FSC: Fixed Series Capacitor compensator.
• TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Compensator.
• SSSC: Static Series Synchronous Compensator.
• Shunt-Series connected:
• PAR: Phase angle regulator
• UPFC: Unified Power Flow Controller.
• IPFC: Interline Power Flow Controller.
MSCDN SVC STATCOM
FSC TCSC SSSC
UPFC HVDC-LCC HVDC-VSC

32
Shunt Connected FACTS
Types of FACTS Applications
Shunt connected:
• Connected in shunt (parallel) with the system.
• It works as a controllable current source or as a
controllable susceptance or as a controllable voltage
source
• Shunt compensation is of three types:
• Shunt susceptance compensation (SVC).
• Shunt current source compensation (STATCOM)
• Shunt Voltage source compensaton (Synchronous Condenser) .

Types of FACTS Applications: Susceptance
Point of Connection
- MSC/MSR HV
- MSCDN
- SVC
MSR
MSC LV
Filter MSR MSC TSC TCR

SVC
Types of FACTS Applications : Susceptance
Shunt connected:
• Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC).
400kV Sub-Station 225Mvar Capacitor Banks
MSC

Shunt connected:
• Mechanically Switched Capacitive Damping Network (MSCDN).
− MSCDNs require system studies to determine required damping
characteristics.
− Non-dynamic steady state voltage control
− Features:
• Stepwise control arrangement
• Infrequent use only

400kV Sub-Station Tuning Reactors & Damping Resistors

MSCDN EnBW: 380 kV, 50 Hz
MSCDN
Power 250 Mvar, Tuning Frequency 150 Hz

IEEE Definition: Static Var Compensator

Shunt connected: (SVC): A shunt-connected static var
generator or absorber
• Static VAr Compensator (SVC). whose output is adjusted to exchange
− Steady State: capacitive or inductive current so as to
• VAr control. maintain or control specific parameters of
• Voltage control. the electrical power system (typically
bus voltage).
• System power flow.
• Control of MSC/MSR.
− Dynamic:
• Post fault recovery.
• Stability margins.
• Reduction of voltage fluctuations (flicker).
• Balancing single phase loads.
TSC TCR

GE SVC Valves
S100: Single-level, star connected, TCR only.
• Used in a couple of small industrial SVCs.
S200: 75mm thyristors.
• Used on Paraguay SVC.
S300 series: 5.2kV, 100mm thyristors.
• Used in many utility SVCs 1988-2006.
• Used in many industrial and small utility SVCs 1988-2000.
• Used in large Utility SVCs 2004-2014
ATV series: 5,2 kV 100mm thyristors and 8.5kV, 125mm thyristors.
• Used in many industrial and large Utility SVCs from now.
H300 HVDC Valve
TSC TCR
S300 SVC Valve

S300 Free Standing S350 Free Standing
TSC TCR

S330 Trefoil Valve

S400 Free Standing S500 3 Phase TCR
TSC TCR

SVC at Lovedean
TSC TCR

TSC Valve
TSC

TSC Valve
220 kV, -100…+100 MVAr
TSC

TCR Valve
TCR

Static VAr Compensator (SVC)

Transmission / Utility
Industrial

Static VAr Compensator (SVC)

Industrial sites can cause voltage disturbance.
• Mine winders and rolling mills introduce voltage variations.
• Electric arc furnace processes produce voltage flicker.
Counteracting these effects benefits both the power

user and the local network.

Static VAr Compensator (SVC) – Relocatable (RSVC)

Types of FACTS: STATCOM
IEEE Definition: STATCOM: A static synchronous generator

operated as a shunt-connected static var
compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be
controlled independent of the AC system voltage.
Shunt connected: Current source

• Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM).
− Synthesises an AC waveform and injects it onto the network
with controlled phase and amplitude.
− Operating range is wider than a classic SVC.
− Higher dynamic response characteristics than a classic SVC.
− Do not require large reactive components.
− Small land area requirements.
− Phases are independently controlled during system
disturbances.
− Modular converter design leads to wide range of ratings.
− Relocatable cabin-based packages are available for maximum
operational flexibility

Types of FACTS: STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Step-down transformer
MSC
HF
Outdoor Cooling filtering
assembly
MSR
Phase Reactors
Main building
Pre-charge
STATCOM layout
circuit

Types of FACTS: Synchronous Condenser
Dynamic reactive power sources – Synchronous Condenser
AC system
Active power,
Main Impedance Active power,
Leading power
P
>0 Lagging power
parameters Leading power
P
>0 Lagging power
factor > factor factor > factor
(under- 0 (over-excited) (under- 0 (over-excited)
excited) excited)
Operation Operation point

Reactive Rotor Stator point
power, Q >0 Reactive
power, Q >
<0 Machine at no load <0 Machine at no load 0
Supplies reactive power (>0). No active power Absorbs reactive power (<0). No active power
Ø Synchronous condensers are synchronous machines that are specially built to

supply only reactive power
ü It’s a synchronous generator used as a motor powered by the network system but
with no load.
ü It operates synchronously at the network frequency (i.e. 50 or 60 Hz)
ü It is not designed to produce any Active power
ü It can increase or decrease its reactive power output smoothly and quickly
(seconds)within its designed capabilities by controlling its excitation system 03 / ?
ð It is supplying reactive power to the system when over-excited
ð it is absorbing reactive power from the system when under-excited
Shunt Solution - Synchronous Condenser
56

Shunt FACTS Devices Selection
Type of Land Cost Losses Speed of Applications
Installation Area (pu) (pu) response
(pu)
MSC/MSR 0,8 0,6 0,2 Slow (~10 cycles) Predictable, slow, twice a day, load changes
SVC 1 1 0,5 Fast (2-3 cycles) Dynamic compensation and fault recovery
RSVC 0,9 1,1 0,5 Fast (2-3 cycles) Dynamic compensation and fault recovery
STATCOM 0,6 1,2 1,2 Fast (2-3 cycles) Dynamic compensation, fault recovery. Low voltage
operation, land constraints
SC 0,8 1,1 2 Fast (5-10 cycles) Dynamic compensation, fault recovery, low voltage
operation , weak grid, land constraints
(All per unit figures to the base of the Fixed SVC Installation)
Series Connected FACTS
Types of FACTS
Series connected:
• Connected in series with the power system.
• It works as a controllable voltage source or as a
controllable impedance.
800MW
800MW
800MW 800MW
800MW
800MW
Generatio
Generation
Generation FSC/TCSC FSC/TCSC Variable
Variable
Variable Load
Load
n Load

Series connected:
• Transmission capacity of an AC Line is naturally limited:
− as an effect of its reactance which increases
proportional to the length.
− since the voltage at the remote end must be kept
within the contractual variation range.
• Limitation is generally far from the maximum thermal

capability of the transmission line.

Types of FACTS
Series connected :
• Fixed Series Capacitor (FSC) Compensator.
»Metal-oxide Resistor »Capacitor
By-
pass
Switch
(N/O)
»Triggered Air-gap »Composite Insulator
»Damping Reactor

Types of FACTS: TCSC
IEEE Definition: TCSC: A capacitive reactance

compensator which consists of a series capacitor
bank shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series
capacitive reactance.
Series connected :
• Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) Compensator.
− In addition to the benefits of FSC, TCSCs provide the following benefits:
• Wide range of variation of the equivalent impedance (from capacitive
to inductive).
• Dynamic controllability of power flow, by steps or continuously
(Vernier effect).
• Wide range of variation of the equivalent impedance (from capacitive
to inductive).
• Under (rare) conditions of Sub-Synchronous Resonance phenomenon,
fast and efficient mitigation of the risk.
Types of FACTS : SSSC
IEEE Definition: Static-Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC): A static synchronous
generator operated without an external electric energy source as a series compensator whose
output voltage is in quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line current for the
purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across the line and
thereby controlling the transmitted electric power. The SSSC may include transiently rated
energy storage or energy absorbing devices to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power
system by additional temporary active power compensation, to increase or decrease
momentarily, the overall active (resistive) voltage drop across the line.
Series connected :
• Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC).
− A solid state approach to series compensation.
− Operates by injecting a voltage controlled in
amplitude and phase, in series with the
transmission power line.
− This voltage, which is 90º out of phase with the
line current, will have the effect of either
decreasing or increasing the power flow when
it is leading or lagging that current respectively.

Shunt-Series Connected
FACTS
Types of FACTS: PAR
Phase Angle Regulators refer to an assembly of some transformers that provides

regulation on magnitude and/or phase angle of voltage under both on load and off
load conditions. The Phase shifter is considered as a fundamental frequency AC
voltage source with controllable magnitude and phase angle. The basic idea is to
keep the transmitted power at the desired level, independent of the prevailing
transmission angle. If the transmission angle exceeds pi/2, the inserted magnitude
voltage is chosen in such way that the effective phase angle settled δ+σ between the
sending and receiving end voltages stays at pi/2. Even though the phase shifter
doesnot increase the steady state power transmission limit , the actual transmitted
power may be increased significantly.

Types of FACTS : UPFC
Series connected :
• Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).
IEEE Definition: A combination of static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a
static series compensator (SSSC) which are
coupled via a common dc link, to allow
bidirectional flow of active power between
the series output terminals of the SSSC and the
shunt output terminals of the
STATCOM, and are controlled to provide
concurrent active and reactive series
line compensation without an external electric
energy source. The UPFC, by
means of angularly unconstrained series voltage
injection, is able to control, concurrently or
selectively, the transmission line voltage, imp
edance, and angle or,
alternatively, the active and reactive power flow
in the line. The UPFC may also
provide independently controllable shunt
reactive compensation.
Types of FACTS: IPFC
Series connected :
The combination of two or more
• Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC). Static Synchronous Series
Compensators which are coupled
via a common dc link to facilitate bi-
directional flow of active power
between the ac terminals of the
SSSCs, and are controlled to
provide independent reactive
compensation for the adjustment
of active power flow in each line
and maintain the desired
distribution of reactive power flow
among the lines. The IPFC
structure may also include a
STATCOM, coupled to the IPFC’s
common dc link, to provide shunt
reactive compensation and supply
or absorb the overall active power
deficit of the combined SSSC’s.

SVC STAT-COM
MS MS SC SR PS (TSR/ D-STAT SSSC TCSC
C R T
TCR/ -COM (DVR) TSSC IPFC UPFC
TSC) TPSC
Voltage Control – Steady
State
K K KK K J J J K K K
Voltage Control –
Dynamic
L L LL L J J J K K K
Phase Balancing – Steady K K LL L J J L L L K
State
Phase Balancing – L L LL L J J L L L K
Dynamic
Power Oscillation L L KL L J J J J K J
Damping
Transient Stability
L L KL L K J L J K J
Power Flow – K K JK J K K J J J J
Steady State L L LJ L L L L L K K
Fault Current Limitation
D-FACTS
Types of FACTS: D-STATCOM
SVC MaxSine 2 MVA, 2 kV Module

Types of FACTS : D-STATCOM
SVC MaxSine:
• Dynamic shunt compensation device.
• Patented IGBT technology.
• Active harmonic filter.
• Response time << 1 ms.
• Modular design, 2 MVA / 2 kV modules.
• 2Mvar modules can be connected in parallel up to 12

modules (24Mvar).

Applications:
• Voltage fluctuation.
• Flicker phenomena.
• The need for additional reactive power.
• Real time response to changes in reactive power.
• Active harmonic filtering.
• Load balancing.

SVC MaxSine:

Summary
Summary: Compensation
Issue Type of system Corrective action Conventional solution FACTS devices
Transient Stability Radial lines, Increasing synchronizing torque Series Capacitor TCSC, SSSC, SVC, STATCOM,
Interconnected area, Loosely SC
meshed network
Radial line, loosely meshed Absorb kinetic Energy Braking resistor
network
Interconnected area, Loosely Dynamic load flow control HVDC TCSC, SSSC, IPFC, UPFC
meshed network, tightly
meshed network
Dampening Radial lines Dampen SSR Frequency oscillations Power System Stabilizer SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, SSSC
(PSS)
Interconnected area, Loosely Dampen low Frequency oscillations Power System Stabilizer SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, SSSC
meshed (PSS)
Post Contingency Radial lines, Dynamic Voltage Support SVC, STATCOM, SC

voltage control Interconnected area, Loosely
meshed network
Dynamic Flow Control SVC, STATCOM, SC
Dynamic flow control and voltage support SVC, STATCOM, SC
Radial lines, Interconnected Reduce impact of contingency Parallel lines SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC,
area, Loosely meshed network, SC
tightly meshed network
Voltage Stability Interconnected area, Loosely Reactive support Shunt Capacitor, Shunt SC, SVC, STATCOM
meshed network, tightly Reactor
meshed network
Network control actions LTC, reclosing UPFC, IPFC, STATCOM
Generation control High response Exciter
Load Control Undervotage load

shedding. Demand side
management programs

FACTS Training-04 - Introduction To FACTS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACTS Training-04 - Introduction To FACTS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Flexible AC

Transmission Systems (FACTS)

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

The need for FACTS applications:

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

The need for FACTS applications:

− Thyristor (Semiconductor switch).

• Generally a power electronics-based system.

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

FSC TCSC SSSC

UPFC HVDC-LCC HVDC-VSC

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

Courbe puissance=f(angle) et aire

•If d(Dd)/dt or Df is positive, i.e. rotor is accelerating due to built

Principle of SVC Auxiliary Control for

Corresponding characteristic equation if

d 2 (Dd ) ¶PE d (Dd ) ¶PE

»Modèle pour étude de stabilité

»Amortissement d’oscillation de puissance (POD) par modulation de la référence courant du SVC:

Remote Signals (Synthesized/Telecommunicated)

n Substantial ability (controllability) of the control

n Minimum sensitivity of the signal to the output

Types of FACTS applications

− It works as a controllable susceptance or as a controllable

− Dynamic shunt compensation is of three types:

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

− This method is used to improve the

− When an inductive load is

− A shunt capacitor is connected

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

− Used either when charging the

− Shunt capacitance in the transmission

− The receiving end voltage may become

− Shunt inductors are connected across

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

Types of FACTS applications

− It works as a controllable voltage source or a controllable

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

FSC TCSC SSSC

UPFC HVDC-LCC HVDC-VSC

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

Filter MSR MSC TSC TCR

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

400kV Sub-Station Tuning Reactors & Damping Resistors

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

Power 250 Mvar, Tuning Frequency 150 Hz

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

IEEE Definition: Static Var Compensator

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

H300 HVDC Valve

S300 SVC Valve

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

S300 Free Standing S350 Free Standing

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

S330 Trefoil Valve

© 2015 General Electric Company - All rights reserved

S400 Free Standing S500 3 Phase TCR