PAPAYA (Carica papaya) LEAF STALK CORKBOARD

_____________________________________________

A Research Paper

Presented to the Committee

on Research of Senior High School of

Pulot National High School,

Sofronio Española, Palawan

_____________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

of the Grade 12 STEM of K to 12 Education Curriculum

_____________________________________________

NICOLE CASSANDRA VICENTE SANTOS

JAISA MIA DE VERA VIRREY

JERSONPER GOMEZ YABIT

October 2022
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

She was born at Brooke’s Point, Palawan on August 24, 2005. She is the
youngest daughter of Mary Jane Virrey and Isagani Virrey. She has three older
siblings. She lives in Pulot Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan. She graduated her
Elementary level at Sofronio Española Central School and finished her Junior High
School years in Pulot National High School. She is taking Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). She is a graduating student in Pulot National
Senior High School.

She has a talent for dancing and she likes singing. She is fond of the color pink
and purple. She likes reading novels and stories in the internet. Her favorite fruits are
pears, grapes, mangosteens, and rambutans. She is taking up Med Tech in College and
she wishes to be a doctor someday. Her dream schools are UST, FEU, La Salle, and
Ateneo.

JAISA MIA VIRREY

 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

She was born at Pulot Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan on the 17th of July,
2005. She is the third and youngest daughter of Mr. Arnel A. Santos and Mrs. Grace
V. Santos that resides at Pulot Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan.

She graduated her Elementary level at Sofronio Española Central School and
finished her Junior High level at Pulot National High School. She is currently
studying and a graduating student of Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) at Pulot National High School.

Her hobbies include painting, watching anime, reading novels and manhwas.
She is studying to pursue her dreams not just for herself but also for her family.

NICOLE CASSANDRA SANTOS

 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

He was born at Luzviminda, Puerto Princesa City on 5th of September 2002.

He is the the seventh son of Robesper and Finly Yabit that resides at Pulot Center,
Sofronio Española, Palawan.

He graduated his elementary at Sofronio Española Central School then

continued to study at Pulot National High School. He currently a grade 12 student,
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics ( STEM).

Jersonper G. Yabit is just a simple guy with lots of energy that never seems to
drain. He likes to have conversations to others all the time. He is a friendly person.
His Philosophy in life is " Be positive always".

JERSONPER YABIT
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Pinboards are the most important office equipment tools widely used to

represent any important information to the masses. They are considered as one of the

most important interactive communication tools. They are mainly used for displaying

information, notices and lot more for informing people about the updates, events, or

any direction. It can be used as a communication tool and is very useful for any type

of announcements. Information can be displayed by fixing a paper with a push pin on

the board. One can display information by just pinning the paper on them with the

help of push pin. (Tom K L Johnson, 2012)

Corkboard is a pinboard that is used mostly by people that works in offices.

As stated by Anuj Kumar (2021), from offices to schools and to homes, cork boards

are great tools used for varied purposes. They are the most ecofriendly and

environment friendly choice in all the kinds of pinboards that exist. Despite the

ecological advantages, cork is rather expensive.

Papayas grow in tropical climates and are also known as papaws or pawspaws.

They are popular because of their sweet, taste, vibrant color and a wide variety of

health benefits.

A papaya plant has a single, erect, tree-like herbaceous stem, with a crown of

large, palmately and deeply lobed leaves. The main stem is cylindrical and hollow,
with prominent leaf scars and spongy-fibrous tissue. Flowers are male, female or

hermaphrodite, are found on separate trees and are borne in the axils of the leaves.

Papaya leaves are medium to large in size, averaging 50-70 centimeters in

diameter and 18-90 centimeters in length and are broad, flat and deeply palmately

lobed. The rough, green leaves are thin, pliable, and have prominent yellow veining

spreading throughout the 5-9 lobes.

Cellulose fibers are majorly used in the textile industry, followed by

construction, paper & pulp, chemical synthesis, and food industries. Cellulose fibers

have excellent insulation properties along with a considerable mechanical strength,

making them suitable for usage in the construction of walls and roofs. Other

industries, such as paper and pulp chemical synthesis and pharmaceuticals also use

cellulose fibers for multiple applications. (Cellulose Market Size, Share Growth |

Industry Report 2026, 2020)

Previous study has shown that the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content

of papaya bast fiber (plantation and green house) are approximately 20%, 53% and

29%, respectively. (A. Kempe, A. Göhre, T. Lautenschläger, A. Rudolf, M. Eder, C.

Neinhuis, 2015)

The cellulose fiber from the papaya will be made will be made a corkboard

through the process of handmade paper making.

Handmade paper is the manual process of paper making typically carried out

by an individual. Handmade paper is a single layer of fibers that have been entwined.

These are held together by cellulose fibers through natural building properties.

(Handmade Paper vs Machine Paper, 2020)

 Statement of the Problem

Upon noticing that people find corkboards expensive, the researchers thought

that by using papaya leaf stalks as corkboard, as an alternative to the former, would be

an eco-friendly solution.

The study seeks to determine the viability of papaya leaf stalks as corkboard.

This study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the maximum weight that papaya leaf stalk corkboard can hold?

2. Which treatment among the three best recommended to the people?

Objective of the Study

In this section, the main and general statements of the problem are

enumerated. These statements of the problem are presented and answered by the

objectives of this proposed project.

1. Determine the durability of the corkboard.

2. Identify the properties of papaya leaf stalk as corkboard and to determine

which treatment is best recommended to the people.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on papaya leaf stalk

corkboard.

For the environment. This study will help maintain its tidiness and will help it

kept far from disasters.

For the community. This study will help the community by promoting

resourcefulness and creativeness to the local and available resources.

For the students. This study may serve as an inspiration for them to innovate

for more research topic.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research will be conducted in Pulot National High School, Sofronio

Española, Palawan. This experimentation is limited mainly on Papaya leaf stalks

corkboard. Only the leaf stalks of the plant will be experimented to determine if

papaya leaf stalk is effective. Also, the researchers would like to determine the

properties of Papaya leaf stalk as corkboard.

Hypothesis

This study will test and verify the following as the null and alternative

hypotheses:

1. H0 (null hypothesis) – the papaya leaf stalks cannot be a corkboard.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Papaya leaf stalks Cork Board
(Carica papaya)

Figure 1. The variables in making a corkboard.

The figure above shows the relationship of the two variables in this study. The

papaya leaf stalks is the independent variable while the corkboard is the dependent

variable.
Operational Definition of Terms

To better understand this study, the following terms are defined operationally.

Alternative. This term means ‘available as another possibility’. The possibility of

papaya leaf-stalk to be a new natural source of corkboard.

Eco-friendly. This term means ‘not harmful to the environment’. Papaya leaf stalk is

a natural source of fiber and will not affect the environment in a bad way.

Fiber. It is the basis of the researchers for using papaya leaf-stalk as a subject for the

experimentation. Papaya is composed of fibrous layers which surround and

reinforce the stem of the plant.

Handmade. This term refers to the manual labor, especially by hands, (e.g. making of

the paper). The made corkboard from the papaya leaf stalk will be self-made

and handmade by the researchers.

Papaya leaf stalk. It is the subject that is being researched in this study. This will be

the subject that will be experimented with as a corkboard.

Corkboard. The term refers to a bulletin board with a corkboard surface. It is the

product that the researchers aim to create from the papaya leaf stalks.

Durability. The term refers to the ability of the cork board to last a long time without

breakage.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The origin of papaya may have important present implications in terms of

papaya plant improvement. It is clear that papaya originated in America but it is

difficult to define the exact place of origin for this species because no direct

archeological evidence has been found. As Fuentes et. al. (2014) revised the

hypothesis that it originated at the Mesoamerican Center (south of Mexico and

Central America). Evidence has revised that papaya was domesticated by early

lowland Mayan civilizations in pre-Columbian times.

Papaya (Carica papaya) also known as paw-paw and belongs to the family of

Caricaceae. Papaya is known for its nutritional value and for food. Properties of

papaya fruit and other parts of trees are also well known in the field of medicine.

Progress of papaya during the last few decades, it is now considered a valuable

nutraceutical fruit plant. It possesses great medicinal properties to treat ailments.

Different parts of papaya tree which are the: leaves, seeds, latex and fruit have been

discovered to have medicinal value. (Yogiraj et.al. 2014)

According to Britannica, the papaya plant is considered a tree but it's not

woody and its palm-like trunk goes up to 8 metres (26 feet) tall. The tree is crowned

with deeply lobed leaves, sometimes 60 cm (2 feet) across, borne on hollow petioles

(leaf stalks) 60 cm long. The fruit commonly is spherical to cylindrical in form, is 75

to 500 mm (3 to 20 inches) or more in length and sometimes weighs 9 to 11.5kg (20

to 25.5 pounds). The edible part is colored deep yellow or orange to salmon-coulored.

At the center of the fruits contain many black wrinkly seeds.

 According to the study of Coura et al (2020), entitled Tensile and flexural

properties of epoxy laminates with natural papaya bast fibre cellular layers, “Papaya

bast fibre layers are highly anisotropic. The mechanical reinforcement performance of

layers subjected to longitudinal loads, that is, along the longest axis of the

honeycomb-like cells, is much superior relative to the transverse direction.”

According to Kempe et al (2015), in their study entitled Evaluation of Bast

Fibres of the Stem of Carica papaya L. for Application as Reinforcing Material in

Green Composites, “Fibres of a two-year-old plant exhibited a Young's modulus of

10.7 GPa, a tensile strength of 101 MPa and a breaking strain of 1.2%, on average.

Fibres from six-months-old plants, grown under greenhouse conditions had a mean

Young's modulus of 4.4 GPa, tensile strength of 49 MPa and a breaking strain of

1.4%. Having one of the lowest fibre densities with ca. 0.85 g/cm³, papaya fibres

exhibit noteworthy specific mechanical properties among all studied natural fibers.”

In a study by Dino et al (2019) entitled Utilization of Papaya Stem Fibers in

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Brick Tiles, where this study sought to

investigate the use of papaya stem fibers as an aggregate material for brick-making,

“Results show that the compressive strength of sample bricks without fiber has a

mean of 1000 psi, while the sample bricks with papaya fiber has a mean 3000 psi.”

In another study of Santos et al (2021), entitled Statistical Study of the

Influence of Fiber Content, Fiber Length and Critical Length in the Mechanical

Behavior of Polymeric Composites Reinforced with Carica Papaya Fibers (CPFs), it

was mentioned that “Vegetable fibers are excellent substitutes for manmade fibers

because they are resistant and sustentables. This article studied the potential

application of Carica Papaya Fibers (CPF) in polymerics composites of natural resin.

 A simple model of micromechanical analysis was used for prediction of

breaking stress, strain and Young’s modulus in composites with short fibers of Carica

Papaya and matrix of polyurethane resin obtained from Ricinus Communis

vegetable”. Continuing that, “the results showed that increased fiber length promoted

increase in stress values, while the increase in fiber content favored the increase in the

stiffness of the composite.”

According to Kenneth, W. B. et al. (2020), prior to the invention of the paper

machine, paper was made one sheet at a time by dipping a frame or mold with a

screened bottom into a vat of stock. Lifting the mold allowed the water to drain,

leaving the sheet on the screen. The sheet was then pressed and dried. The size of a

single sheet was limited to the size of frame and mold that a man could lift from a vat

of stock. Papermaking, formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose

fibres, from water suspension on a wire screen.

As stated by Kate Pullen (2020), many papermakers use a mold and deckle to

produce paper. This is perfect for producing large pieces of paper. It is possible to

make smaller pieces of paper without this equipment and using only a plastic

container lid or cookie cutter as a mold. Because you are not using a paper press,

deckle, or other special equipment, the end result may be thicker, charmingly rustic,

and less refined-looking than handmade paper produced using special equipment.

The author also stated that this process is ideal for making small pieces of

paper. While the finished paper can be cut with scissors or a craft knife, making

smaller pieces of paper with a finished size or shape result in textured edges.
 Kenneth, W. B. et al. (2020) also mentioned that the cell walls of all plants

contain fibres of cellulose, an organic material known to chemists as a linear

polysaccharide. It constitutes about one-third of the structural material of annual

plants and about one-half that of perennial plants. Cellulose fibers have high strength

and durability.

A related study of Balda, S., Sharma, A., Capalash, N. et al. (2021) entitled

Banana Fibre: A Natural and Sustainable Bioresource for Eco-friendly Applications,

states that Pseudo-stem is the major portion of banana waste biomass and yields good

quality fiber that has the potential for industrial applications in the making of sanitary

pads, textiles, pulp and paper, food and reinforced composite materials for

automobiles, construction material, aerospace and other composite materials.

According to Magiboards USA (2022), cork is a natural product, harvested

from the bark of a cork oak tree. Cork oak trees primarily grow along the coast of

Mediterranean countries. Being bark, it has wonderful properties such as; water-proof,

lightweight, rot resistant, fire resistant, soft and buoyant making it the perfect choice

for cork boards.

Cork oak trees are to grow for 25 – 34 years before the bark can be stripped

from them – after that, it can be stripped every 10-14 years for as long as the tree

lives, taking care not to damage the inner bark of tree. Once the cork bark has been

harvested, the rough outer layer is then removed and the remaining pieces are then

boiled – boiling aids the removal of the outer bark and also softens it, making it much

easier to work with. It can then be ground up, and baked for use in cork pin boards.
 As stated by Mary McMahon (2022), a cork board is a framed section of cork

backed with wood or plastic. Typically, it is used as a bulletin board, because the

resilient nature of cork makes it ideal for sticking pins and tacks into. These boards

can come in a wide variety of sizes, and they are very useful for schools, hospitals,

and other environments where information needs to be posted for everyone to see.

Mary McMahon (2022) also mentioned that cork is the product of the cork oak

tree, found widespread in the Mediterranean. A large proportion of the world's cork

comes from Portugal, which hosts approximately 30% of the world's cork trees and

supplies around 50% of the world's cork. The bark is actually an accumulation of dead

tissue which can be stripped safely from a cork oak once every nine years or so. The

cork is removed in whole sheets for processing, and the tree is left to grow in peace

until another batch of cork is ready. Cork is a sustainable tree product, because the

trees are left alive after harvesting.

Furthermore, cork is a unique tree material. It has a honeycomb-like structure,

which makes it very easy to compress, hence the use of cork to stopper wine bottles. It

is also extremely strong and resistant to wear, and cork is often used in flooring for

this reason. In addition, it is fire resistant, so some kitchens use cork counters,

hotplates, or pot grabbers. Cork tends to be pale in color, and its light color and

strength make it a good choice for bulletin boards.

Unlike wood, cork will spring back after being penetrated with a pin. The

structure of the cork will break down eventually, making it impossible to stick more

pins in, but a cork board can be used many more times than a bulletin board made

from wood. To make a cork board, cork is glued to a strong backing of wood or
plastic which prevents the pins from penetrating beyond the board, and a frame

around the edges holds the cork in place along the sides.

The author Mary McMahon (2022) also stated that cork board is sometimes

combined with a white board, so that notices and papers can be pinned to the cork and

messages can be written on the white board. The board can be quite large, and some

firms actually specialize in making very large sheets of cork designed to be applied to

huge sections of wall. Another use for a cork board is as a mobile document stand

which allows users to rearrange the documents on the board as they talk about them.

According to Pooja Patel (2019), cork has a remarkable combination of

properties, which makes it suitable for application in buildings and infrastructures. It

is a naturally renewable material made from the bark of the cork oak tree and is

harvested periodically from the living trees. Cork board is a natural product that can

blend with any décor. The cork extraction process is sustainable so that the trees do

not undergo overharvesting.

The author Pooja Patel (2019) also stated that for the flooring products, cork is

ground up, compressed and formed into sheets and bonded with resins. Functionally,

it is used as sub-flooring and also on walls, ceilings, and floors. It is valued highly for

its aesthetic appeal. It is a leading building and interior material.

Furthermore, cork is used extensively as a backing material to other materials

for its compressive strength. It has applications as flooring, decorative wall, wall

cladding, as well as few decorative ceilings. As it waterproof and fire-resistant, its

application in bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries ranges from flooring to cabinetry

and benchtops.
 They are used to absorb vibration in buildings with metal structures. Cork is

used in modern furniture. The cork board wall tiles add immense beauty to the room.

There are few new and innovative cork materials having applications in

interiors. Some of these include: densified insulation corkboard, cork wall, cork

panels, cork wall tiles, cork absorbent materials, etc. Their uses include floor

coverings, wall and ceiling overhangs, false ceilings, screen and door panels, skirting

boards, sandwich panels and furniture.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

This research will greatly revolve on the durability of the papaya leaf stalks to

be used as cork board. This study will be conducted at Virrey’s Residence, Pulot

Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan.

Preparation of Materials

Since papaya is abundant in the locality, the researchers will collect papaya

leaf stalks around the area. The leaf stalks that will be gathered will only be the

yellow leaf stalks. The yellowish color if the papaya leaf stalks is an indication that it

is dried and ready to fall out. After collecting, the leaf stalks will be washed and cut,

separating the leaves from the stalks. The leaf stalks will then be cut into one (1) inch

length and will be boiled to make them soft for blending. After several minutes of

boiling, the crushed leaf stalks will now be ready for blending. Once done blending,

the crushed leaf stalks will be put into a large container full of water.

The crushed leaf stalks will be strained with a rectangle shaped strainer.

Sponge will be used to extract the remaining water on the strained leaf stalks. The

strained leaf stalks will be transferred to a non-sticky plane and will be dried under

the sun. Once the leaf stalks are dried and have finally turned into a paper-like texture,

it will be put on a frame to form a corkboard.

Procedures for Data Collection

Treatment one (1) will have one-fourth kilogram (1/4kg) of papaya leaf stalk

with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and blended five (5) batches of the said

measurements five (5) times to fill the strainer. Treatment two (2) will have one half

kilogram (1/2kg) of papaya leaf stalks with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and

blended five (5) batches of the said measurements five (5) times to fill the second

strainer. Treatment three (3) will have three fourth kilogram (3/4kg) of papaya leaf

stalks with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and blended five (5) batches of the said

measurements five (5) times to fill the last strainer.

The researchers will provide the papaya leaf stalks corkboard. To test their

durability, the researchers will pin weighted items into the corkboard for fifteen (15)

days to see if the papaya leaf stalk cork board can function the same as commercial

cork. To determine the maximum weight that the papaya leaf stalk corkboard can

hold, the researchers will put increasing weight to the papaya leaf stalk corkboard. last

held weight will be the basis for its maximum weight capacity. The best performing

treatment will be the one that will be recommended to the people.

Procedure for Data Analysis

To answer the statement of the problem and analyze the data gathered,

statistical methods will be employed. The researchers will use T-test to determine

which is the best treatment of Papaya leaf stalk corkboard.

Design of the Experiment

Treatment one (1) will have one-fourth kilogram (1/4kg) of papaya leaf stalk

with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and blended five (5) batches of the said

measurements five (5) times to fill the strainer. Treatment two (2) will have one half

kilogram (1/2kg) of papaya leaf stalks with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and

blended five (5) batches of the said measurements five (5) times to fill the second

strainer. Treatment three (3) will have three fourth kilogram (3/4kg) of papaya leaf

stalks with five hundred ml (500ml) of water and blended five (5) batches of the said

measurements five (5) times to fill the last strainer.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

The discussion is arranged according to the logical sequence of the problem posted in

Chapter I.

PAPAYA STALKS AS CORKBOARD

850
650
450
250
50
Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
Grams

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T 200 250 300 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
1
T 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
2
T 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
3

Figure 1. The table shows that the Papaya Stalk Cork Board can hold paper up to nine

hundred grams (900g) without detaching from the board.

The table shows that the initial weight put on the cork is two hundred grams

(200g) The weight increases by fifty grams (50g) every day. In the first day, the cork

boards held two hundred grams (200g) of paper. In the second day, the researchers

increased the weight by fifty (50) so the cork board now held two hundred fifty grams

(250g) of paper. It is also the same for the following days, third day with three

hundred grams (300g), fourth day with three hundred fifty grams (350g), fifth day

with four hundred grams (400g), sixth day with four hundred fifty grams (450g),
seventh day with five hundred grams (500g), eighth day with five hundred fifty grams

(550g), ninth day with six hundred grams (600g), tenth day with six hundred fifty

grams (650g), eleventh day with seven hundred grams (700g), twelfth day with seven

hundred fifty grams (750g), thirteenth day with eight hundred grams (800g),

fourteenth day with eight hundred fifty grams (850g), and nine hundred grams (900g)

in the fifteenth day.

In the first day, all treatment were able to hold the two hundred grams (200g)

of paper. The researchers observed that starting from the third day, some of the papers

placed onto the treatment one (1) began to fall out. The holding capacity of treatment

one (1) is only three hundred fifty grams (350g). On the eighth day, some of the

papers place onto the treatment two (2) began to fall out. The holding capacity of

treatment two (2) is 550 grams. For the treatment three (3), the papers lasted for about

fifteen (15) days with the weight of about nine hundred grams (900g) before it started

detaching.

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the study, the researchers concluded that the last

treatment was most effective as a corkboard. Papaya corkboard has holding capacity

of nine hundred grams (900g) of paper firmly without any objects detaching from it of

no longer than fifteen (15) days.

It can also be concluded that Papaya leaf stalks are effective component in

making bulletin board. It is eco-friendly as it would help our environment to think a

new purpose for fallen papaya leaf stalks than being a fertilizer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 The researchers would like to express their special appreciation and thanks to

all those who have contributed to the completion and success of this study.

First of all, to almighty God for giving them wisdom, knowledge, guidance

and strength for making this study possible;

To their beloved parents, siblings and relatives who were always there to

guide and support them whenever they encounter problems in their study. Also, for

providing them financial support and other thing that are necessary in making this

study;

To the research committee who give feedbacks and suggestions to make the

study improve more, thank you;

To their adviser, Sir Frank Catubuan who extended his knowledge and support

in making this study possible and also for giving recommendations and guidance for

this study;

To their statistician, Mrs. Vangeline Valeriano on sharing her knowledge and

idea on how the data of the study will be interpreted;

To their English critic, Mrs. Rio L. Castro for her countless hours of reading,

for the encouragement, for the help and assistance in correcting and making the

manuscript more presentable;

To all who gave lots of rejected papaya leaf stalk that the researchers used in

making the corkboard, you are very great;

To the researchers, friends, and classmates who also gave their time by

helping the researchers in making their product;

 To all the person whose names are not mentioned, yet played a role in making

their study possible, the researchers’ gratitude.

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RESEARCH INDEX