mbg;gil ju;f;f njhopw;ghLfs; vit?

mbg;gilj; ju;f;f vjpupil (NOT) - cs;sPL cz;ikaw;wjhapd; ntspaPL cz;ikahdjhfTk;> cs;sPL

thapy;fs; cz;ikahdjhapd; ntspaPL cz;ikaw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 NOT ,izg;G (AND) – Mfpa ,uz;L cs;sPLfSk; cz;ikahdjhapd; ntspaPL cz;ikahFk;.
 AND gpupg;G (OR) my;yJ cz;ikahapd; ntspaPL cz;ikahFk;.
 OR

thapy;
 Msp A MdJ %ba epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kpdF;kpo; xspu
khl;lhJ. Msp(Switch) jpwe;j epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk
kpdF;kpo; xspu;fpwJ.
 NOT thapyhdJ jdp cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
NOT thapyhdJ mjd; cs;sPl;Lf;Fj; ju;f;f vjpupiliaj; jUfpd;wJ.
 NtW tifapy; $Wtjhdhy;> cs;sPL cz;ikahdhy; ntspaPL cz;ikaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNghy; cz;ikaw;w
cs;sPlhdJ cz;ikahd ntspaPl;il tpistpf;fpd;wJ.

,izg;G (AND) thapy;

L = S1. S2

OR GATES

NAND GATES
Fwpg;G

NOR GATES

1
 XOR GATES
cs;sPLfs; ,Wjp ntspaPL
S1 S2 S3 S1 ⊕ S2 S1 ⊕ S2 ⊕ S3
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

mbg;gilj; ju;f;f thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp XOR thapy; mikj;jy Fwpg;G

XNOR GATES cs;sPLfs; ,Wjp ntspaPLfs;

S1 S2 S3 S1 ⊕ S2 S1 ⊕ S2 ⊕ S3 S1 S2  S3
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1

gpd;tUk; NfhitfSf;F ju;f;f Rw;iw tiuf

𝐴̅ 𝐶̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝐶̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝐶̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐶̅

𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐶̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝐶̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐷
̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐶̅ 𝑌̅ 𝑋̅ 𝑋̅𝑌̅ 𝐴̅ 𝐵̅ 𝐶̅

       

2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥̅ 𝑦 𝑥̅(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅) (𝑥 + 𝑦). (𝑥 + 𝑦) X + (X + Y) 𝑥̅ 𝑦 𝑦̅ 𝑦

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥̅ 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥̅ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥̅ 𝑦’ (𝑥’ + 𝑦). (𝑥’ + 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦). (𝑥’ + 𝑦’) (𝑥’ + 𝑦’). (𝑥’ + 𝑦)

SOP AND POS

̅ 𝑨
𝑨 ̅𝑩̅ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥̅ 𝑦
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̅ 𝑨
𝑪 ̅𝑩̅ 𝑨 ̅𝑩̅𝑪̅ (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅)
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̅
𝑨 ̅
𝑩 ̅
𝑪 𝑥̅ 𝑦 𝑦̅ 𝑦
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̅ 𝑨
𝑪 ̅𝑩
̅ 𝑨̅𝑩̅𝑪̅ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + z) + (𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅+z)
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𝒀̅ 𝑿 ̅ ̅𝒀
𝑿 ̅ (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 + z)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅+z)
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̅ 𝑿
𝒀 ̅ ̅𝒀
𝑿 ̅ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + z) + (𝑦 + 𝑥)( 𝑦̅+z)
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3
 SOP TO SSOP POS TO SPOS
ABC’+AB+AB’C’ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + Z) + (𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅+Z)
Fwpg;G

AB’+ABC+ABC” (A+B).(B’+C)

AC+B’C (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 + z)(𝑥 + 𝑦̅+z)

A+ABC A(A+B+C)

Min Term, Max Term

gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;by; ,Ue;J Nfhitia ngWf Fwpg;G
(A,B,C) = m (1,3,5,6)
(A,B,C) = m (1,2,3,5)
(X,Y,Z) = m (0,4,5,7)
(A,B,C) = m (1,3,5)
(A,B,C) = m (0,3,5,6)
(A,B,C) = m (1,2,5,6)
(A,B,C) = m (1,3,5)
(A,B,C) = m (1,3,5,6,7)
(A,B) = m (1,3)
(A,B) = m (0,2)

gaw;rp nra;f

ftdpf;Ff :

SOP -------- NOR , NAND

POS -------- NOR , NAND

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4
 ;

NOT, AND > OR Mfpa ju;f;fg; gliyfspd; nraw;ghLfs;

G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;jpy;> ju;f;f vjpupil NOT nray;fs;; , ju;f;f ,izT AND nray;fs;>
ju;f;f gpupg;G OR nray;fs vd;git KiwNa (Nky; NfhL-bar), . (Gs;sp - dot), + ($l;ly; -
plus) Mfpa ,af;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

G+ypad; tpjpfspd; mwpKfk;

G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;jpd; mtrpak; ahJ?

G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;ijr; RUf;Ftjw;fhd (simplification) Njit vd;d?

G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;ijr; RUf;Ftjdhy; nraw;gLj;jypw;fhd (implementation) nray;fspd;

vz;zpf;if (number of operations) kw;Wk; ju;f;f thapy;fspd; vz;zpf;if (number of logic gates)
vd;git Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ngUk;ghd;ikahd tpjpfs; ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Xd;W ngUf;fy; tbtk;

(multiplicative form)> kw;iwaJ $l;ly; tbtk; (additive form) MFk;. G+ypad; Nfhitapy;
ngUf;fypd; NghJ mjpYs;s khwpfs; xd;wpdhy; kw;nwhd;W ngUf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; $l;lypd;
NghJ G+ypad; NfhitapYs;s khwpfs; $l;lg;gLk;.

1. mNjtY tpjp (Idompotent Law)

,J cz;ik ml;ltizapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLk; Kiw fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

A.A=A A+A=A A. A  A A A  A
A A A.A A A A+A A A A A. A A A A A A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

NkNy epoy;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s (highlighted) epuy;fs; (columns) xj;jit (identical).

2. milahs tpjp (Identity Law)

1.A=A 0+A=A 0. A  0 1 A  1

A 1 1.A 0 A 0+A 0 A 1 A 1+A

0. A
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
3. Neu; khwy;/ epug;gp tpjp (Inverse/Complement Law)
ngUf;fy; tbtk; $l;ly; tbtk;
A. A  0 A A 1
A A A. A A A A+ A
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
4. B Nkhfd; tpjp (De Morgan’s Law)
B Nkhfd; (De Morgan) vd;w fzpjtpayhsu; G+ypad; ml;rufzpjj;jpy; FO epug;gpfs; (group
complementation) njhlu;ghf xU Nrhb Kf;fpa tpjpfis (laws) cUthf;fpdhu;.
ngUf;fy; tbtk; $l;ly; tbtk;
A.B  A  B A  B  A.B
A B AB A.B A B A B A B A+B A B A B A.B
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit.

5. ,ul;il epug;gp tpjp (Double Complement Law)

A A
A A A
0 1 0
0 1 0

6. guptu;j;jd tpjp (Commutative Law)

ngUf;fy; tbtk; $l;ly; tbtk;
AB  BA A B  B  A
A B AB BA
A B A+B B+A
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit .

7. ,izg;G tpjp (Associative Law)

ngUf;fy; tbtk;
A(BC)=(AB)C
A B C BC AB A(BC) (AB)C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit.
$l;ly; tbtk;.
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A B C B+C A+B A+(B+C) (A+B)+C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit .

8. guk;gy; tpjp (Distributive Law)

A (B+C) = AB+AC

A B C B+C AB AC A (B+C) AB+AC

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit.

9. kpifik tpjp (Redundancy Law)

tbtk; 1 (Form 1) tbtk; 2 (Form 2)

A + AB =A A  AB  A  B
A B AB A+AB
A B A' A'B A+A'B A+B
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
NkNy epow;gLj;;jg;gl;Ls;s epuy;fs; xj;jit.

ju;f;ff; Nfhitfisg; G+ypad; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fjy;.

E.g. 01 E.g. 03
Q = ABC + A'BC + ABC F=C+ BC
= AB (C+ C ) + A BC - guk;gy; tpjp = C+ B + C - B Nkhfd; tpjp
= AB (1) + A BC - epug;gp tpjp =C+ C + B
= AB+ A BC - guk;gy; tpjp = 1+ B - epug;gp tpjp
= B (A+ A C) - guk;gy; tpjp =1 - milahs tpjp
= B (A+C) - kpifik tpjp
 G+ypad; tpjpfis gad;gLj;jp RUf;Ff

ABC’+ABC (X’Y’+XY)’ (Y+(X+Y)’)’ ((A+B’)+(A+B)+A’C)’

ZY+ZZ+YZ (AB+AB’+A’B)’ (AB)’+(A+B’) (X+y)’. XY

𝑥𝑦̅𝑧 + 𝑥̅𝑦̅𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 (PQ)’.(P’+Q) (A + B)(A + C) 𝐴̅ 𝐴̅𝐵̅

P’.Q’ + P’.Q A.B.C+A’+A B’C ABC’+AB+AB’C’ AB+AB’C’

A’B’C’ +A’B’C +A’.C’ XY+XYZ+XYZ’+X’YZ A’BCD’+BCD’+BC’D’+BC’D AC+C(A+A’B)

AC’+ABC’ A’BC’D +A’BCD+ABD BCD’+BC’D’ AB+ABC+AB(D+E)

AB’D +AB’D’ A.(A+C) (C’+B) (C+B) BC+BC’+BA

AB+AB’.(A’C’)’ A’B’C+A’B’C+A’B A(B’C’+BC) A’B’C+A’B

Fwpg;G

5
fhNzh tiuglj;jpDs; 0 kw;Wk; 1 ,w;fhd Vw;ghlhdJ cq;fSf;F khwpfSf;fpilapyhd
ju;f;f njhlu;GKiwiaf; fhz;gjw;F cjTtNjhL Neubahfr; RUf;fg;gl;l G+ypad; $w;iwg;
ngw toptFf;fpd;wJ.

n
fhNdh tiuglj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if (Cell) = 2 MFk;.
(,q;F n MdJ khwpfspd; vz;zpf;if)

,uz;L cs;sPLfs; %d;W cs;sPLfs; ehd;F cs;sPLfs;

K-tiuglk; K- tiuglk; K- tiuglk;
2 3 4
fyk; (Cell) = 2 =4 fyk; (Cell) = 2 =8 fyk; (Cell) = 2 =16
A AB AB
B C CD
0 1 00 01 11 00 01 11 10
0 0 00
1 1 11
11
10

K – tiuglj;jpy; RUf;Ftjw;fhd tpjpfs;

1. G+r;rpaq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.

2. %iy tpl;lq;fs; ,y;iy.
3. Xt;nthU FOtpYk; 2 ,d; tY vz;zpf;ifAs;s fyq;fis ,izj;jy;.
4. FOf;fs; rhj;jpakhd msT ngupajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. Xt;nthU “1” ck; Fiwe;jJ xU FOtpyhtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. Nkw; nghUe;Jjy; (Overlapping) mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. Rw;wp klf;Ftjw;F (Wrap around) mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. kpff; Fiwe;jsT FOf;fs; rhj;jpak;.

fhNdh tiuglj;jpy; xd;iwf; (ones) nfhz;bUf;Fk; mLj;Js;s fyq;fisf;

FOf;fshf;Ftjd; (grouping ) %yk; Nfhitfisr; RUf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tpjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 G+r;rpaj;ijf; (zero) nfhz;bUf;Fk; ve;jnthU fyj;ijAk; FOf;fspy; Nru;f;ff; $lhJ.

 FOf;fs; fpilahfNth my;yJ epiyf;Fj;jhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. Mdhy;

%iytpl;lkhff; fhzg;glhJ.
 FOf;fs; 1> 2> 4> 8 my;yJ nghJthf 2n fyq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 mjhtJ n = 1Mapd; FOthdJ ,uz;L 1f;fis mjhtJ 21 = 2 nfhz;bUf;Fk;. n=2
Mapd; FOthdJ ehd;F 1f;fis mjhtJ 22 = 4 nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

 Xt;nthU FOTk; rhj;jpakhd msT ngupajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

  Xt;nthU fyj;jpYk; cs;s xd;W(one) Fiwe;jJ xU FOtpyhtJ fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
AB 00 01 11 10
CD Group 3
00 0 0 0 1
01 1 1 0 0
11 0 0 1 0
10 0 0 1 0

Group 1
FOf;fs; Nkw;nghUe;jyhk;. (overlap). Group 2

FOf;fs; ml;ltiziar; Rw;wp %lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,lg;gf;fKs;s ,Wjpf; fykhdJ

tyJgf;fKs;s ,Wjpf; fyj;Jld; FOf;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. kpfTk; NkYs;s fykhdJ kpfTk;
mbapy; cs;s fyj;Jld; FOf;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
 Group 1

Group 1

Fiwe;jsT FOf;fshf ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakhdJ. ,jdhy; Kd;ida tpjpfs; vjw;Fk;

Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

AB 00 01 11 10
CD
0 1
1 1 1 1

K-tiuglj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; ju;f;ff; Nfhitiar; RUf;Fjy;.

K-tiuglj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ehd;F khwpfs; cs;s ju;f;ff; Nfhitia vt;thW tiuglg;

gLj;jyhk;?.

G+ypad; Nfhitapy; Nky; NfhL FwpaPL (bar) ,lg;gl;l ve;j xU khwpAk; 0 Mff; fUjg;gl
kw;iwait vy;yhk; 1 Mff; fUjg;gLk;.
0101 0111 11 01 11 11 00 01 1110
K-tiuglj;jpd; RUf;fg; gbKiw 2 (step 2)FOthf;Fjy;

gbKiw (Step 3)

A 00 01 11 10
CDB
00 0 0 0 0

01 1 1 1 0
Group 2
11 0 1 1 0
Group 3
10 0 0 1 0

Group 1
 K MAP
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6
 UNIVERSAL GATES
 NAND thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW NOT thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?
 NAND thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW AND thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NAND thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW OR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NAND thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW XOR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NAND thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW XNOR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;

 NOR thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW NOT thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;

 NOR thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW OR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NOR thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW AND thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NOR thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW XOR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;
 NOR thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW XNOR thapiyr; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;?;

Fwpg;G

7
gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;il UNIVERSAL ju;f;f thapiy khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;f

AB’+A’B+AB AB+AB’+A’B AB’C+A’B’C+AB’C’ (A+B+C’).(A’+B’+C).(A+C)

,q;F tiuf

gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;il NAND ju;f;f thapiy khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;f

AB+BC PQR’+PQ’R+PQ (P+Q).(P’+Q’).(P’+Q) (X+Y+Z’)(X+Y’+Z’)(X’+Z)

,q;F tiuf

HALF ADDER VS FULL ADDER

8
Fwpg;G

9
 FLIP FLOP
TYPES OF FLIP FLOP
 SR FLIP FLOP
 D FLIP FLOP
 JK FLIP FLOP
 T FLIP FLOP

10
 fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
1) tq;fpg; ngl;lfkhdJ (Vault) xt;nthU G+l;Lf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd jpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s G+l;Lf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpwg;G A MdJ tq;fp KfhikahsUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ. jpwg;G B MdJ %j;j tq;fpj;
JiwahsUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ. jpwg;G C MdJ tq;fpj; Jiwg; gapYdUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ. ngl;lfj;jpd;
fjitj; jpwg;gjw;F Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L egu;fs; mtu;fspd; jpwg;Gfis xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s G+l;Lf;fspy; xNu
Neuj;jpy; cs;sply; Ntz;Lk;. tq;fpj;Jiwg; gapYdu; ngl;lfj;jpid tq;fpKfhikahsUld; Nru;e;J kl;LNk
jpwg;ghu;.
1) ,k; khjpupahd ,yf;fKiwg; G+l;bw;fhd Kiwikapd; cz;ik ml;ltiziaj; jahupf;Ff.
2) G+ypad; ml;rufzpj El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Fiwe;jsthd AND-OR thapy;fisf; nfhz;L G+l;L
Kiwikiaj; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; tbtikf;f.

2) xU tPl;bd; tuNtw;giwapy; cs;s gbfspy; ,Ue;J khbg;gbfspy; nrd;W khbapy; fhy;gjpf;Fk; tiu
xspu;tjw;F ,uz;L tpsf;Ffs; cs;sd. tpsf;Ffis tuNtw;giwapy; fhzg;gLk; Msp kw;Wk; khbapy; fhy;
gjpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s Msp Mfpa ,uz;by; VjhtJ xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp epWj;jy;( OFF) kw;Wk;
,izj;jy; (ON) vd;gdtw;iwr; nra;a KbAk;. ,uz;L MspfSk; Nru;e;J epWj;jy; ( OFF) my;yJ
,izj;jypy; (ON) ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tpsf;Ffs; epWj;jg;glTk; (OFF) kw;Wk; ,uz;L Mspfspy;; xd;W
,izg;ghfTk; (ON) kw;iwaJ epWj;jyhfTk; (OFF) ,Ue;jhy; tpsf;Ffs; ,izg;gpYk; (ON) ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
1) ,k; Kiwikapd; cz;ik ml;ltiziag; ngWf.
2) Kiwikf;fhd ngUf;fy;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif (SOP) G+ypad; Nfhitiag; ngWf.
3) Kiwikapid AND, NOT kw;Wk; OR ju;f;f thapy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
4) xU ju;f;f thapiyg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;$wpa Kiwikia eilKiwg;gLj;Jf. XOR thapy; (Gate)

3) EBS tq;fpapy; ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr;Nritf; fzf;fpy;(e-baking account) cs;Eio tjw;F thbf;ifahsh;fs;

jkJ flTr; nrhy;iy kPs kPs %d;W jlitfs; cs; Eiof;f Ntz;Lk;. flTr; nrhy; rupahapd; mjd;
ju;f;ftpay; nka;g;ngWkhdk; 1 ,dhYk; flTr; nrhy; gpioahapd; mjd; ju;f;ftpay; nka;g;ngWkhdk; 0
,dhYk; tif Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsh; njhlu;r;rpahf ,uz;L Kiw rupahd flTr; nrhy;iy
toq;f Neu;e;jhy; mth;fs; mf; fzf;fpDs; cs;Eioa mDkjpf;fg;gLtu;. thbf;ifahsh; fzf;fpDs;
cs;Eioa KbAk; epiyahdJ 1 vd;w ju;f;ftpay; nka;g;ngWkhdj;jpdhYk; cs;Eioa Kbahj
epiyahdJ 0 vd;w ju;f;ftpay; nka;g;ngWkhdj;jpdhYk; tif Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1) Nkw;Fwpj;j ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fp Kiwikapd; cs;Eioj;jy; (Login) njhopw;ghl;il tif Fwpf;Fk;
cz;ik ml;ltizia tbtikf;Ff.
2) gFjp (i) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitia G+ypad; ,aw; fzpj;ijg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff. ,r;
RUf;fYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa midj;J nra;iffisAk; G+ypad; ml;ru fzpj tpjpfisAk; njspthff;
fhl;Lf.
3) gFjp (ii) ,y; vspjhf;fpg; ngw;w G+ypad; Nfhitf;Fupa jUf;fr; Rw;iw AND, OR Mfpa ju;f;fg;
gliyiag; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;Ff.
4) gpd;tUk; G+ypad; Nfhitia K-map I gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Ff. K-map ,y; $l;lkhf;fy;fisj;
njspthff; fhl;Lf.

4) khztd; xUtdhy; ICT Nghl;b xd;wpw;fhf jpwd; miwnahd;wpd; khjpup cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jw;fhd xsp czup (Light sensor) ryd czup (Motion sensor) Mfpa ,U czupfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. xsp czup ntspr;rj;ij czUk; NghJ 1 vdTk; ,Uis czUk; NghJ 0 vdTk;
fhzg;gLk;. ryd czup miwapy; Ms;elkhl;lk; czUk; NghJ 1 ck; czuhj NghJ 0 vdTk;
fhzg;gLk;.
,t;tiwapy; kpd;Fkpo;fs; ,uTg;nghOJfspy; Ms;elkhl;lKs;s re;ju;gj;jpy; khj;jpuk; xspuf;$bait. NkYk;
ifKiwapy; MspapdhYk; mk; kpd;Fkpo;fis xspur; nra;aTk; mizf;fTk; KbAk;. Msp %ba epiyapy; 1
vdTk; jpwe;j epiyapy; 0 MfTk; fhzg;gLk;. kpd;Fkpo; xspUk; NghJ 1 xspuhj NghJ 0 MFk;.
1) cz;ik ml;ltiz?
2) kpd;Fkpo;fs; xspu;tjw;Fupa G+ypad; Nfhitia cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J ngWf?
3) tpjpfis gad;gLj;jp NkNy ngwg;gl;l Nfhitia RUf;Ff. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjpfis njspthf
RUf;Ff?
4) tpdh 3y; ngw;w Nfhitf;fhd ju;f;f Rw;iw mbg;gil ju;f;fglitia (Universal gate) khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jp tiuf?

11
5) (A̅+B+C̅) (A+B+C) (A+B̅+C̅) (A+B+C̅)
1) Nkw;gb Nfhitf;fhd cz;ik ml;ltiz?
2) cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J SOP vOJf?
3) ngwg;gl;l SOP Nfhitia RUf;Ff?
4) RUf;fpa Nfhitf;fhd ju;f;fRw;iw mbg;gil ju;f;fg;gilfis gad;gLj;jp tiuf?
5) Nkw;gb (iii) ,y; ngwg;gl;l Nfhitf;fhd ju;f;f Rw;iw NAND, NOR gliyfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp
jdpj;jdpNa tiuf?

6) fkyh >eprhu; >md;ldp Mfpa %tu; xd;W Nru;e;J xU fk;gdpia Muk;gpf;fpd;wdu; ahjhapDk; gpur;rpidfs;
vOk; NghJ mjid ifahs;tjw;F xU Kwikia itj;jpUfpd;wdu; mizj;J rpwpastpyhd
jPu;khdq;fSf;fhfTk; mtu;fs; %tupy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffis gad;gLj;jp jPuk ; hdq;fis
Nkl;nfhs;fpd;wdu; Kf;fpakhf 2 or 3 cs;sPLfs; 1 Mf ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;gj;jpy; tUtpisT 1 ngwg; gLfpwJ

1) nka; epiy ml;ltidia tbtikf;f .

2) G+ypad; Nfhitapid SOP tbtpy; jUf
3) 2 ,y; ngw;w Nfhitia G+ypad; tpjpfis gad;gL`p RUf;Ff
4) G+ypad; ju;f Rw;W tupg;glj;ij tiuf

7) xU ,ae;jpuj;jpy; 3 Mspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd .mit KiwNa Red , Green ,Blue Nghd;wdthFk; .,tw;wpy; 2
Mspfs; kl;Lk; on nraw;gLk; NghJ Ntisapy; khj;jpuNk ,t; ,ae;jpukhdJ ,aq;Fk; >mt;thW ,y;yhj
Ntisapy; ,aq;fhJ .,q;F Switch on nra;ag;gly; >,aq;Fjy; vd;gtw;iw 1 vd fUJf

1) NkYs;s tplaj;jpw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltidia tiuf

2) cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J Nfhitia ngUf
3) gFjp b (i) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitia G+ypad; ,aw; fzpj;ijg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff. ,r;
RUf;fYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa midj;J nra;iffisAk; G+ypad; ml;ru fzpj tpjpfisAk; njspthff;
fhl;Lf.
4) gFjp b (ii) ,y; vspjhf;fpg; ngw;w G+ypad; Nfhitf;Fupa jUf;fr; Rw;iw AND, OR Mfpa ju;f;fg;
gliyiag; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;Ff.

8) Nghyp ehzaj;jhs;fis fz;lwptjw;fhd Xh; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; rptg;G, gr;ir, ePyk; Mfpa %d;W th;z xspfhYk;
,Uthap (LED) cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ehzaj;jhs; xd;W tUlg;gLk;NghJ ,t; LEDfs; xspuyhk; my;yJ
xspuhJ tplyhk;. ,J xspUk; NghJ 1 vDk; ngWkjpiaAk; xspuhj NghJ 0 vDk; ngWkjpiaAk; vLf;Fk;.
Xh; ehzaj;jhs; cz;ikahdjh my;yJ Nghypahdjh vd;gJ gpd;tUk; epiyikapd; fPo; fz;lwpag;gLk;.
• rptg;G LED xsph;e;jhy; mJ NghypahdJ.
• rptg;G LED xspuhj NghJ gr;ir my;yJ ePyk; Mfpad xsph;ej ; hy; mJ cz;ikahdJ.
• %d;W LEDfSk; xsph;e;jhYk; my;yJ mit %d;Wk; xspuhjNghJk; mJ NghypahdJ.

1) ,ae;jpukhdJ ehzaj;jhis NghypahdJ vd fz;lwpjiy ngWkjp 1 vdTk;, ehzaj;jhis

cz;ikahdJ vd fz;lwpjiy ngWkjp 0 vdTk; nfhz;L, Nghypahd ehzaj;jhis fz;lwptjw;Fhpa
cz;ik ml;ltizia tbtikf;Ff.
2) cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J rptg;G, gr;ir, ePyk; Mfpa %d;W LEDfs; rhh;gpy; G+ypad; Nfhit xd;iwg;
ngWf.
3) tpdh (ii) y; ngw;w Nfhitia G+ypad; tpjpfisg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff. (tpjpfis njspthf fhl;lTk;)
4) NkNy ngwg;gl;l RUf;fpa Nfhitf;Fhpa jh;fr; Rw;wpid AND, OR, NOT Mfpa gliyfisg; ghtpj;J
tbtikf;Ff.

9) tPl;L ,yj;jpudpay; myhu ghJfhg;G Kiwik xd;W gpd;tUk; %d;W cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mirtpid czUk; czup (movement sensor)
 Gifapid czUk; czup (smoke detector sensor)
 ifKiwikapyhd Msp (manual switch) vd;gdthFk;.

KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk; Njitg;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mirtpid czUk; czup nghWjpaplg;gl;L (triggered) kw;Wk; ifKiwikapyhd Msp epWj;jg;gLk;NghJ (off)
myhuk; nraY}f;fk; (activate) milAk;. Gifapid czUk; czup nghWjpaplg;gl;L kw;Wk; ifKiwikapyhd
Msp epWj;jg;gLk;NghJ myhuk; nraY}f;fk; milAk;.
gpd;tUtdtw;wpidf; fUJf.
myhuk; nraY}f;fkiljy; - “1” myhuk; nraY}f;fkw;wpUj;jy; - “0”
czupfs; nghWjpaply; - “1” czupfs; nghWjpaplhik - “0”
Msp njhlf;Fjy; - “1” Msp epWj;jg;gly; - “0”

1) ,yj;jpudpay; myhu ghJfhg;G Kiwikf;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizapid mikf;f.

2) ,yj;jpudpay; myhu ghJfhg;G Kiwikf;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitapid vOJf.
3) ngwg;gl; G+ypad; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff. ,jw;fhf G+ypad; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
4) RUf;fg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr; Rw;wpid tiuf.

12
10) gpd;tUk; G+ypad; Nfhitapidf; fUJf.

𝐴𝐵̅𝐶+𝐴̅𝐵𝐶+𝐴̅𝐵̅𝐶+𝐴̅𝐵̅𝐶̅+𝐴𝐵̅𝐶̅
1) ,g; G+ypad; Nfhitapidg; gpujpepjpj;Jk; nra;fpd;w Xu; fhu;dh tupg;glj;jpidj; (Karnaugh map) jUf.
2) fhu;dh tupg;glj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpj; jug;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff.
3) RUf;fg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;Fupa jUf;fr;Rw;wpid tiuf.
4) NkNy jug;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapid epak POS (product of sums) tbtpw;F khw;Wf.
vOtpOtpfs; (flip flops) ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wf;fspy; gpw;Wf;fisr; Nrkpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
5) NOR gliyfisg; gad;gLj;jp S-R vOtpOtpapid mikf;f.
6) mt; vOtpOtpapy; gpw;Wf;fs; vt;thW Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

11) jd;dpaf;fkhf thf;fspf;Fk; ,ae;jpunkhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Automatic voting machine). ,q;F> ,U

Ntl;ghsu;fSk; (candidates)> %d;W thf;fhsu;fSk; (voters) fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. xt;nthU thf;fhsUk; xU
thf;fpid kl;LNk mspf;f KbAk;. $Ljyhd thf;fpidg; ngWk; Ntl;ghsu; ntw;wpahsuhthu;.
gpd;tUk; g+ypad; ngWkjpfisf; fUJf.
Ntl;ghsu; A : g+ypad; ngWkjp 1 Ntl;ghsu; B : g+ypad; ngWkjp 0

1) Nkw;Fwpj;j epiyikapid tifFwpf;Fk; cz;ik ml;ltizapid jahupf;Ff?

2) Ntl;ghsu; A ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fupa g+ypad; Nfhitapidj; jUf?
3) NkNy (ii) ,y; ngwg;gl;l g+ypad; Nfhitapid g+ypad; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp RUf;Ff?
4) NkNy (iii) ,y; RUf;fp ngwg;gl;l Nfhitf;Fupa jUf;fr; Rw;wpid fPNo jug;gl;l thapy;fis khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jp tiuf?
5) Ntl;ghsu; B ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fupa g+ypad; Nfhitapidj; jUf?

12) xU jP vr;rupf;if KiwikahdJ Gif> jPr;Rthiy> ntg;gk;> mKf;fk; vd;gtw;iw czu;tjw;fhf P,Q,R,S
Mfpa 4 Gydpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU Gydpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU Gydp nrayhf;fKs;s epiy (ju;f 1)
nrayhf;fkw;w epiy (ju;f 0) Mfpa ,U epiyfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Fiwe;jJ vjhtJ 2 Gydpfs;
nrayhf;fKs;s NghJ jP vr;rupf;if KiwikahdJ nraw;gLk;.
1) NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vr;rupf;if KiwikahdJ nraw;gLk; tpjij fhl;Lk; cz;ik ml;ltizia jUf.
2) ngw;w cz;ik ml;ltizf;fhd G+ypapd; Nfhitapid jUf.

13) %d;W cs;sPfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j xU XOR ju;f;fthapypd; nraw;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Ff?
1) mjw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizia jahupf;Ff.
2) cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J G+ypapd; rkd;ghl;il ngWf.
3) ngw;Wf;nfhz;l G+ypapd; rkd;ghl;il G+ypapd; tpjpfs; mbg;gilapy; RUf;Ff.
4) ,jw;fhd ju;f;f $w;iw tiuf.

14) A,B kw;Wk; C MfpNahu; Xu; ,yj;jpudpay; thf;F (vote) Kiwikapy; gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wdu;. xt;nthUtUk;
,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wf;F jUf;f cs;sPLfis toq;Ftjw;F nghj;jhd;fis (buttons) itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. cs;sPL
0 MdJ thf;Ff;F vjpuhfTk;> cs;sPL 1 MdJ thf;Ff;F MjuthfTk; cs;sd. ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ff;fhf
xU jUf;fr; Rw;W cUthf;fg;gl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.

1) midj;J thf;F KbTfSf;fkhd nka; ml;ltizapid tiuf.

2) nka; ml;ltizapypUe;J RUf;fhj xU G+ypapd; Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
3) NkNy (b) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypapd; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff. midj;J G+ypapd; tpjpfisAk; njspthff;
Fwpg;gpLf.
4) AND, OR kw;Wk; NOT Mfpa gliyfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp ,yj;jpudpay; thf;F Kiwikf;fhd
jUf;fr; Rw;wpid tiuf.

15) xUq;fpize;j jUf;fr; Rw;whdJ ,Uk ngWkjpfs; 0000 njhlf;fk; 1111 tiu gpujpepjpj;Jrk; nra;fpd;w
A,B,C,D Mfpa ehd;F cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ABCD ,d; jrk (decimal) cs;sPlhdJ ,uz;bdhy;
tFgLnkdpd; (G+r;rpak; jtpu;e;j) tUtpisT 1 MFk;.

1) ,k;Kiwikf;fhd nka;al;ltizapid mikf;f

2) ,t;tpyj;jpudpay; Kiwikapid> mKyhf;Ftjw;Fwpa G+ypapd; nraypid SOP (Sum - of - Products) tbtpy;
vOJf.
3) NkNy b ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypapd; nraypidr; RUf;Ff.
4) NkNy C ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypapd; nraypw;fhd jUf;fr;Rw;wpid tiuf.

13
16) jug;gl;l Xu; cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J G+ypad; NfhitNahd;iwg; ngWk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
tPl;Lg; ghtizf;fhd kpd; fk;gpapizg;gpd; %yk; gbf;fl;by; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Fkpio nraw;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; fPNo jug;gl;l Rw;W tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;Fwpj;j Rw;wpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW L vDk; kpd;Fkpior; nraw;gLj;jtjw;nfd gbf;fl;bd; fPNoAk; NkNyAk;

S1> S2 vDk; ,U Mspfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gbf;flbd; fPNoAs;s Msp S1 %yk; xspu;tpf;fg;gLk; kpd;Fkpo;
gbf;fl;bd; NkNyAs;s Msp S2 tpdhy; mizf;fg;gLtNjhL gbf;fl;bd; NkNyAs;s Msp S2 %yk;
xspu;tpf;fg;gLk; kpd;Fkpo; gbf;fl;bd; fPNoAs;s Msp S1 ,dhy; mizf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; xU Msp %yk;
xspu;tpf;fg;gLk; L kpd;Fkpo; mNj Msp %yk; mizf;fg;gl KbAk;.

NkNy Rw;wpYs;s Msp X>Y vDk; epiyfspy; njhLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjd; cz;ikg; ngWkjp 1>0 %yk;
KiwNa tiff;Fwpf;fg;gLtNjhL L kpd;Fkpo; xspUk; kw;Wk; mizAk; epiyfspy; mjd; cz;ikg;
ngWkhdq;fs; 1.0 IKiwNa vLf;Fk; vdf; nfhs;f.

1) Nkw;Fwpj;j Rw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bd; tiff;Fwpf;Fk; cz;ik ml;ltiznahd;iw tbtikf;f.

2) NkNy gFjp (i) ,y; ePq;fs; ngw;w cz;ik ml;ltizia tiff;Fwpf;Fk; G+ypad; Nfhitnahd;iwg;
ngWf.
3) NkNy gFjp (II) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fr; rktYthd xU ju;f;fthapy; ahJ?
4) NkNy gFjp (II) ,y; ngw;w G+ypad; Nfhitia ngw NOT, AND, OR Mfpa thapy;fis khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jp ju;f;fr; Rw;W xd;iw tbtikf;f.

17) gpufhrkhd epiy> gpufhrk; Fiwe;j epiy Mfpa ,U nra;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpd; Rw;W fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,q;F Msp A>B Mfpa ,uz;Lk; %lg;gly;> jpwf;fg;gly; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ju;f;ftpay; ngWkhdk; 1>0 vDk;
ngWkhdj;ijAk; ,U fhYk; xspu;thap gpufhrkhd epiyapid Vw;gLj;Jjy; ju;fthapy; ngWkhdk; 1 vDk;
epiyapidAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,q;F A>B ,U MspfYk; %lg;gLk; NghNj gpufhrkw;w epiy cUthfpwJ
gpufhrkhd epiyapid Vw;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd G+ypad; nraw;ghl;Lf;F mtrpakhd gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;Ff.
1) Rw;wpy; ,UfhYk; xspu;tha; gpufhrkhf xspu;tjw;F mtrpakhd cz;ik ml;ltizia jUf.
2) ,jw;F nghUj;jkhd G+ypad; rkd;ghl;il jUf.
3) ,jw;F nghUj;jkhd ju;fthapy; ahJ?
4) ,jw;fhd ju;f;f Rw;iwj; jUf.
,uz;L Mspfspy; VjhtJ xd;W %lg;gLk;NghJ gpufhrkw;w epiyapid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F kpd;Rw;W
vt;thW khw;wp mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F nghUj;jkhd ju;fthapypid jUf.

14
18) NkYs;s tiuglkhdJ vd;dpay; kzpf;$L xd;wpd; fhl;rpg;gLj;jiy
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,q;F s0,s1,s3,s4,s5,s6 vd;gd xt;nthU fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
gFjpahFk;. ,jd; %yk; 0 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuahd ,yf;fj;ij fhl;rpg;gLj;j KbAk;.
xt;nthU fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk; 1 vd;w ju;ftpay; ngWkhdj;ijAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jhj
NghJ 0 vd;w ngWkhdj;ijAk; ngWfpwJ. 0 njhlf;fk; 6 ,d; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
epiyf;F Vw;wthW 09 tiuahd ,yf;fk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhf %d;W cs;sPL
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1) 4>0 vd;w ngWkhdj;ij ngWtjw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizia mikf;Ff.

2) 4>0 tpdhtpw;fhd G+ypad; rkd;ghl;il ngWf.
3) 4 ,w;fhd G+ypad; rkd;ghl;il G+ypad; tpjpfs; mbg;gilapy; RUf;Ff.
4) 0 ,w;fhd G+ypad; rkd;ghl;il fUzh]; tiuglj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; RUf;Ff.

19) A,B kw;Wk; C MfpNahu; Xu; ,yj;jpudpay; thf;F (Vote) Kiwikapy; gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wdu;. xt;nthUtUk;
,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wf;F jUf;f cs;sPLfis toq;Ftjw;F nghj;jd;fis (buttons) itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. cs;sPL
0 MdJ tf;Ff;F vjpuhfTk;> cs;sPL 1 MdJ thf;Ff;F MjuthfTk; cs;sd. ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ff;fhf
xU jUf;fr; Rw;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

1) midj;J thf;F KbTfSf;Fkhd nka; ml;ltizapid tiuf.

2) nka; ml;ltizapypUe;J RUf;fhj xU G+ypad; Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
3) NkNy (b) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff. midj;J G+ypad; tpjpfisAk; njspthff;
Fwpg;gpLf.
4) AND, OR kw;Wk; NOT Mfpa gliyfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp ,yj;jpudpay; thf;F Kiwikf;fhd
jUf;fr; Rw;wpid tiuf?

20) xU ,urhad KiwtopahdJ Kiwtopfs; nghUj;jkw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk; NghJ vr;rupf;ifr; rkpf;iQ
xd;wpid (W-1) toq;Ffpd;wJ. Kiwtopapidf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;F xU jUf;fr; Rw;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
vr;rupf;ifr; rkpf;iQiag; (W-1) ngWfpd;wik rpy epge;jidfSld; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

cs;sP igdup ngWkjpfs; Kiwtop epge;jid

L
1 ,urhad tPjk; = 20 yPw;wu;/nrf;fd;
A 0 ,urhad tPjk; < 20 yPw;wu;/nrf;fd;
1 ntg;gepiy = 910C
B 0 ntg;gepiy > 910C
1 nrwpT > 5M
C 0 nrwpT = 5M

vr;rupf;ifr; rkpf;iQ (W-1) eilngWk; re;ju;g;gk;

,urhad tPjk; < 20 yPw;wu;/nrf;fd; my;yJ
ntg;gepiy > 910C C kw;Wk; nrwpT > 5M my;yJ
,urhad tPjk; = 20 yPw;wu;/nrf;fd; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy > 910C
,jw;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitapid vOJf.

AND> OR kw;Wk; NOT gliyfis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp (a) ,y; ngw;wg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr;
Rw;iw tiuf.
NkNy (a) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd nka; ml;ltizapid mikf;f.
nka;al;ltizapidg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW Kiwapy; RUf;fhj xU G+ypad; Nfhitapid
epakngUf;fq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif (SOP) tbtpy; ngWf.

15
21) xU gpujhd tPjpapD}lhf A,B vDk; ,U rkhe;ju Gifapujg; ghijfs; nry;fpd;wd. ve;j jpirapYk;
Gifapujk; gpuNtrpf;fhky; tpLk;NghNj gr;irk kpd;Fkpo; cspu;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhdd cUit ftdpf;f.
Gifapuj ghij A apD}lhf xU Gifapujk; gpuNtrpj;jy;> gpuNtrpf;fhky; tpLjy; vd;gd KiwNa 1>0 vDk;
ju;ftpay; ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk; gr;ir kpd;Fkpo; xspUk; NghNj gpujhd tPjpapD}lhf thfdq;fs; gadpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; gr;ir kpd;Fkpo; xspu;jy;> rptg;G kpd;Fkpo; xspu;jy; vd;gd 1>0 vDk; ju;ftpay; ngWkhdj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wJ.

gr;ir kpd;Fkpo; xspu;tjw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizia tbtikf;Ff.

cz;ik ml;ltizf;fhd G+ypad; rkd;ghL ahJ?
,jw;F nghUj;jkhd ju;ftpay; ahJ?
G+ypad; rkd;ghl;bw;fhd ju;f;f Rw;W ahJ?

22) fiyf;$lk; (art gallery) xd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpiyAau;e;j tiujy; (painting) xd;W ePd ghJfhg;G
Kiwik xd;wpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;glk; mkj;Jk; Msp (pressure switch) xd;wpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jug;gl;l czupfSf;fhd tpguf;$w;Wf;fs; gpd;tUkhW

epge;jid G+ypad;
ngWkjp
A mkj;Jk; Msp (Pressure Switch) glk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sNghJ 0

glk; ,lj;jpy; mf;fw;wg;gLk; NghJ 1

B xsp czup (Light Sensor) gfy; Neuj;jpy; xspczup 0
,uT Neuj;jpy; xsp czup 1
C fjT Msp (Door Switch) fjT Msp %bapUj;jy; 0
fjT Msp jpwe;jpUj;jy; 1

nka;al;ltizapid tbtikf;f
tu;zg;G+r;rpid ghJfhg;gjw;Fwpa jUf;fj;jpid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fwpa G+ypad; Nfhitapid epak SP (sum-of-
Product) tbtpy; vOJf.
NkNy (b) y; ngw;w G+ypad; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff. (midj;J nra;iffs; kw;Wk; ml;rufzpj tpjpfisAk;)
fhl;Lf.
NkNy (b)y; ngw;w RUf;fg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr;Rw;W tiuglj;jpid tiuf.

23) xU Fspu; toq;fp cgfuzkhdJ Mspay;yJ jd;dpaf;fkhf epWj;jg;gl KbAk; A vDk; Msp MdJ
Fspu; toq;fp ngl;bia ifapdhy; Kbtpl my;yJ epWj;jg;gad;gLfpwJ mNj Nghy; B,C,D vDk;
czu;thd;fs; MdJ KiwNa ntg;gg;gjd; kdpj tuT vd;gtw;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. czu;thd;fs;
MdJ gpd;tUk; cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 ntg;gepiy 240C f;F Fiwthd 0> mjpfkhdJ = 1

 <ug;gjd; FiwthdJ = 0> mjfs = 1
 xUtUk; miwapy; ,y;yhjNghJ = 0> cs;sNghJ = 1
gpd;tUk; epge;jidapy; Kiwikahd jd;dpaf;fkhf njhopw;gLk; (1)
 miwapy; xUtUk; ,y;yhjNghJ njhopw;glhJ
 <ug;gjd; Fiwthf> ntg;gepiy mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ

1) ,jw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizia jahupf;Ff?

2) ,jpypUe;J G+ypapd; rkd;ghl;il jUf?
3) mjid fUzh]; tiuglj;jpy; RUf;Ff.
4) ,jw;fhd ju;f;f Rw;iw tiuf?

24) %d;W czu;tpfisg; (detect ghtpj;J ge;jkhf cs;Eiotij (break ins) ,dq;fhz;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy;
myhu Kiwiknahd;W tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd ryd czu;tp> fz;zhbia cilf;Fk; NghJ
czUk; czu;tp> ,lg; gbg;gpid czUk; czu;tp vd;gdthFk; ,t;Tzu;tp nraY}f;FKs;s epiy (ju;f;fg;
ngWkhdk; mDg;Gk;) my;yJ nraY}f;fkw;w epiy (ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 0 I mDg;Gk;) Mfpa ,U epiyfisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

16
 ,k;Kiw gyte;jkhf cs; Eiotij RahjPdkhf ,dq;fz;L nghwpjpapLtjw;F (trigger) (ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk;
1 I mDg;GtJ) %d;W czupfSk; xUq;Nf nraY}f;fkilAk; NghJ my;yJ ,Ul;lbg;G czu;tpAld;
Vida ,U cau;tpfspy; VNjDk; xd;W ,aq;Fk; NghJ kl;LkhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j myhu Kiwikapd; njhlu;ghl;il tiff;Fwpf;Fk; cz;ik ml;ltizia tbtikf;f.

NkNy (a) ,y; tbtikj;j cz;ik ml;ltizia tiff;Fwpf;Fk; G+ypapd; Nfhitia tbtikf;f.

gFjp b (i) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypapd; Nfhitia G+ypapd; ,aw;fzpjj;ijg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff. ,r;RUf;fYf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpahdJ nra;iffisAk; G+ypapd; ml;rufzpj tpjpfisAk; njspthff; fhl;Lf.

gFjp b (ii) ,y; vspjhf;fpg; G+ypad; Nfhitf;Fupa ju;f;ff;$w;iwf; fl;likf;f.

,t; myhu Kiwikapy; myhuk; ngaupg;gLtJ rk;ke;jkhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;jpfspypUe;J njupatUtJ

ahnjdpy; ,t;thW gyte;jkhf cs;Ns Eioa Kay;tJ ,Ul;lbg;G Neuq;fspy; kl;Lk; vd Kd;ida
rk;gtq;fspypUe;J ntspg;gLfpwJ cq;fs; $w;wpid ePq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fs? cq;fs; tpilia
epahag;gLj;Jf.

25) 3khbf; fl;blj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; lift ,id ,af;Ftjw;fhf Ntz;b xU jUf;fr; Rw;wpid tbtikf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ . lift MdJ mirAk; epiyapy; cs;s NghJ ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; (1) MFk; . mirtpid
epWj;Jk; NghJ ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; (0) MFk; . %d;W khbfspd; fjTfshdJ B1 , B2 ,B3 MFk; .rhjhuz
epiyapy; mf; fjTfspy; cs;s rkpf;if fUtpfspd; ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 0 MFk; .lift MdJ fjtUfpy;
epWj;jg;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy; fjTf;fhd rkpf;if fUtpfspd; ju;f;fg;ngUkhdk; 01 MFk; .mg;nghOJ fjT
jpwf;fg;gLk; fjT jpwf;fg;gLtjw;fhd ju;f;fg;ngUkhdk; ௦1 MFk; .Vida fjTfs; %lg;gl;l epiyapy; fjT
jpwf;fg;gLk;
NkYs;s epfo;r;rpf;fhd cz;ik ml;ltidia tiuf
fjT jpwg;gjw;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitia vOJf
ju;f;fr; Rw;wpid tiuf
26) ghlrhiy xd;wpy; xypf;fg;gLk; bell KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk; epge;jidfspd; fPo; xypf;fg;gLfpwJ
xypf;fg;gLk; bell MdJ kpd;rhu Msp njhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ or fzzp s/w ,aq;Fk; NghJ xypf;Fk; Msp
njhopw;gl;lhy; A=1 njhspw;glhtpl;lhy; A=0 fzzp nkd;nghUs; ,aq;Fk;NghJ (B)=1 ,aq;fhtpl;lhy; B=0

1.NkYs;s Kiwikf;fhd ju;f;ftpay; rkd;ghL ahJ ?

2.cz;ik ml;ltidia tiuf ?
3.G+ypad; rkd;ghL ahJ ?
4.ju;f;f Rw;wpid tiuf ?

27) xU ,urhad KiwtopahdJ Kiwtopfs; nghUj;jkw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk;NghJ vr;rupf;ifr;

rkpf;iQ xd;wpid (W=1) toq;Ffpd;wJ. Kiwtopapidf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;F xU jUf;fr; Rw;W
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vr;rupf;ifr; rkpf;iQiag; (W= 1) ngWfpd;wik rpy epge;jidfSld; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

vr;rupf;ifr; rkpf;iQ (W = 1) eilngWk; re;ju;g;gk;.

,urhad tPjk; < 20 yPw;wu; /nrf;fd; my;yJ
ntg;gepiy > 910C kw;Wk; nrwpT > 5M my;yJ
,urhad tPjk;= 20 yPw;wu; /nrf;fd; kw;Wk;
ntg;gepiy > 910C

,jw;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitapid vOJf.

AND, OR kw;Wk; NOT gliyfis khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jp (a) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd
jUf;fr; Rw;iw tiuf.
NkNy (a) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd
nka; ml;ltizapid mikf;f.
nka;al;ltizapidg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW Kiwapy; RUf;fhj xU G+ypad; Nfhitapid epak
ngUf;fq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif (SOP) tbtpy; ngWf.

17
28) Kiwikfs; tbtikg;ghsu; xUtu; tPjp
tpsf;Ffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa Kiwik xd;wpid
tbtikf;fpd;whu;. tPjp tpsf;fhdJ ifKiwikapdhy;
(manual) my;yJ fbifapdhy; (timer) my;yJ xsp
czupapdhy; (sensor) njhopw;gLj;jg;glyhk; (on). tpsf;F
njhopw;gL epiyapy; (on-1) my;yJ njhopw;glh epiyapy;
(off-0) ,Uf;fyhk;. tPjp tpsf;fhdJ fbif njhopw;gL
epiyapy; ,Ug;gNjhL R+oy; ,Ul;lhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
tpsf;F jd;dpaf;fkhf Msp njhopw;gLj;jg;gLk; [The street
light can be switched on manually or will automatically be switched on when the timer is on and the sensor indicates the
environment is dark].,f; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwik gpd;tUk; epge;jidfSld; / njhopw;ghLfSld; tpsf;fpidj;
jpwikahfj; njhopw;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
tPjp tpsf;F ifKiwikapdhy; njhopw;gLj;jg;glyhk; (on) my;yJ epWj;jg;glyhk; (off).
fbif njhopw;gLk; epiyapy; (on) my;yJ njhopw;glh epiyapy; (off) ,Uf;fyhk;.
xsp czupahdJ R+oy; xspahfNth my;yJ ,Ul;lhfNth ,Ug;gijf; fhl;Lk;.
jug;gl;l czupfSf;fhd tpguf;$w;Wf;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

,j; jUf;fj;jpw;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

NkNy (a) y; ngwg;gl;l Nfhitf;fhd nka;al;ltizapid tbtikf;f.
NkNy (a) y; ngwg;gl;l Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr; Rw;wpid AND,OR kw;Wk; NOT jUf;fg;gliyfis khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jp mikf;f.
nka;al;ltizapidg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW Kiwapy; RUf;fhj xU G+ypad;
Nfhitapid epak ngUf;fq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif (SOP) tbtpy; ngWf.

29) mZciy xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy epge;jidfs; G+u;j;jpahFk;NghJ

kzp xypf;fpd;wJ. jUf;fr;Rw;wpdJ tUtpisT X MdJ ngWkjp 1
MFk;NghJ kzpapid xypf;fpd;wJ. Kiwikf;fhd cs;sPLfshtd:

(a) G+ypad; Nfhitapid vOJf.

(b) NkNy (a) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd nka;al;ltizapid

tbtikf;f.
(c) NkNy (a) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr;Rw;wpid tiuf.
(d) NkNy (a) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapid epak SOP (Sum-Of-Product) tbtpy; vOJf.

30) Fwpj;j xU ghJfhg;G miwapDs; cs;Eiotjw;F

xNunahU fjT kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J G+l;lg;gl;l
epiyapNyNa ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fjtpw;F Kd;dhy; %d;W
fUtpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd iftpuy;
milahsj;ij gjpT nra;tjw;Fhpa fUtp (Finger print
scanner), ,ufrpa FwpaPl;L vz;iz (Secrete code)
cs;Eiog;gjw;Fhpa fUtp, Msilahs ml;ilapYs;s
fhe;jg;gl;bia (Magnetic stripe) thrpj;jwptjw;Fhpa fUtp
MFk;. Fwpj;j xU egh; mg;ghJfhg;G miwf;Fs;
18
 cs;Eiotjw;F fjT jpwf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gpd;, jdJ iftpuy; milahsj;ij mjw;Fhpa fUtpapy;
fl;lhakhf gjpTnra;tJld;, ,ufrpa FwpaPl;L vz;iz mjw;Fhpa fUtpapYk; my;yJ Msilahs
ml;ilapid mjw;Fhpa fUtpapYk; cs;Eioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mf;
fUtpfSf;Fhpa juTfs; rhpahf ,Ug;gpd; fjthdJ jpwf;fg;gLk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j re;jh;g;gq;fSf;Fhpa G+ypad;
ngWkhdq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

fjT jpwf;fg;gLtjw;Fhpa epiyikia tifFwpg;gjw;F cz;ik ml;ltizia tbtikf;Ff.

tpdh (i) y; ngw;w cz;ik ml;ltizf;Fhpa G+ypad; Nfhitnahd;iwg; ngWf.
tpdh (ii) y; ngwg;gl;l Nfhitapid g+ypad; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp RUf;Ff. (gad;gLj;jpa tpjpfis
njspthff; Fwpg;gplTk;.)
RUf;fpg; ngwg;gl;l Nfhitf;Fhpa jh;f;fr; Rw;wpid tiuf.

31) gpd;tUk; G+ypad; tpjpfisg; gpNuupf;f.

(i) j Nkhfdpd; tpjp (De Morgan’s Law)
(ii) Nru;j;jp tpjp (Associative Law)
(b) ehzankhd;W %d;W jilitfs; vwpag;gLfpd;wJ. Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,U jilitfs; jiy tpOe;jhy;
ntw;wpahFk;. A,B,C Mfpait cs;sPLfshFk;. W tUtpisthFk;. A,B,C Mfpa cs;sL P fspy; jiy
tpOe;jhy; 1 vdTk;> G+ tpOe;jhy; 0 vdTk;> W MdJ ntw;wp ngw;why;
1 vdTk;> ,y;yhtpl;lhy; 0 vdTk; nfhz;L>
(i) nka; ml;ltizia mikf;f.
(ii) W w;fhd G+ypad; Nfhitapid SOP (sum of product) tbtpy; vOJf.
(iii) G+ypad; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp NkNy (ii) y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhitapidr; RUf;Ff.
(iv) NkNy (iii) y; ngwg;gl;l RUf;fg;gl; G+ypad; Nfhitf;fhd jUf;fr;Rw;wpid tiuf.

32) a) (i) fPNojug;gl;lcz;ikml;ltizapy; P, Q, R vd;gtw;iwcs;sPLfshfTk; X

,idntspaPlhfTk; nfhz;L, ,t; cz;ik ml;ltizf;Fhpa G+ypad;
Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

(ii) ePh; ngw;wG+ypad; NfhitapidG+ypad; tpjpfisg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff.

(RUf;FjYf;Fg; ghtpj;jtpjpfisFwpg;gpLf.)
(iii) NkNyRUf;fpg; ngwg;gl;lNfhitf;Fhpajh;f;fr; Rw;wpidtiuf.

NkNyfhl;lg;gl;ljh;ff ; r; Rw;Wf;FhpaG+ypad; NfhitiavOJf.

(ii) tpdh b(i) y; ngwg;gl;lNfhitiaG+ypad; tpjpfisg; ghtpj;Jr; RUf;Ff(gad;gLj;jpatpjpfisnjspthff;
Fwpg;gplTk;.)
(iii) RUf;fpg; ngwg;gl;lNfhitf;Fr; rkdhdjh;f;fthapiyj; jUf.

33) tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; xd;wpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; jd;dpaf;f #upafy LED tpsf;fhdJ Light Sensor, Timer
vDk; czupfs; kw;Wk; Manual Switch Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bD}lhf xspUfpd;wJ.
gpd;tUk; epyikapidf; fUJf.
manual switch (X) njhopw;gLk; epiyapy; (on)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 1
manual switch (X) njhopw;glhepiyapy; (off)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 0
Timer (Y)njhopw;gLk; epiyapy; (on)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 1(6.00 pm - 6.00 am)
Timer (Y)njhopw;glhepiyapy; (off)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 0 (6.00 am - 6.00 pm)
Light sensor (Z)njhopw;gLk; epiyapy; (on)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 1 ( Day time)
Light sensor (Z)njhopw;glhepiyapy; (off)ju;f;fg; ngWkhdk; 0 (Evening and night)

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 Light sensor MdJ #oy; ,Ushf (Evening and Night) ,Ug;gjpidczUk; NghJ>my;yJmanual switch on epiyapy;
,Ug;gJls; Timer czupapd; Neuk; 6.00 pm njhlf;fk;6.00 am ,w;F ,ilg;gl;Lfhzg;gLk; NghJk; LED
tpsf;fhdJxspUk;.
(i) Nkw;Fwpj;j LED tpsf;fpd; njhopw;ghl;il tifFwpf;Fk; g+ypfd; NfhitiavOJf.
(ii) Nkw;Fwpj;j LED tpsf;fpd; njhopw;ghl;il tifFwpf;Fk; cz;ikml;ltiziatiuf.
(iii) NkNy (ii) ,y; ePu; ngw;w cz;ik ml;ltizapypUe;J RUf;fhj SOP g+yf; NfhitiangWf.
(iv) NkNygFjp (iii) ,y; ePu; ngw;wRUf;fhjg+ypfd; Nfhitf;Fupa ju;f;fRw;wpid cyfyhtpa thapy;fis
nkhj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp tiuf.

34) ,yj;jpudpay; Kiwik xd;W %d;W Mspfs; A,B,C Mfpait rupahd Kiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lhy;
khj;jpuNk njhopw;gLk;. A kw;Wk; B mofpa 2 ck; njhopw;gLk; epiyapy; ,Uj;jy;/ A njhopw;glh
epiyapYk;>B kw;Wk; C Mfpa ,uz;Lk; njhopw;gL epiyapYk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ tUtpisT rkpf;if(X=1)
eilngWk; vLNfhs; ON-1,OFF-0.

,k; Kiwikf;fhd nka; ml;ltizia mikf;f

,t; ,yj;jpudpay; Kiwikapid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd G+ypad; nraw; $w;wpid epak SOP tbtpy;
vOJf
G+ypad; tpjpfis gad;gLj;jp NkNy b) ,y; ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; $w;wpid RUf;Ff
NkNy ngwg;gl;l RUf;fg;gl;l Nfhitf;Fwpa jUf;fRw;iw tiuf

35) Kiwik tbtikg;ghsu; xUtu; tPjp tpsf;Ffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwikapid tbtikj;jhu;. tPjp
tpsf;Ffs; if top Kiwikapdhy; njhlq;fg;gl KbAk;/ fb nra;Ak; cjtpAld; ,Ul;L mbf;Fk;NghJ
mbf;Fk;NghJ xsp czup %ykhf fPNo fl;Lg;gl;L cupikf;fhd jUf;f Rw;W jug;gLfpd;wJ. ,uT ,Ul;bd;
NghJ tpsf;Ffs; xspu njhlq;Fk;.
vLNfhs;fs;: Msp / fbif/ xsp czup
ju;f;fg; gliy tUtpisit A ,B ,C rhu;gpy; jUf
A,B,C tU tpistpw;fhd nka; ml;ltiz tiuf
NkNy A ,y; tU tpistpid epak SOP tbtpy; jUf
NkNy C ,y; ngwg;gl;l epak SOP ,iz POS tbtpy; jUf

36) xUq;fpize;j ju;f;fRw;W MdJ mjd; cs;sPLfs; ,ize;j jrk rk tYthdJ Xu; ,ul;il vz;
MfNth > %d;wpd; klq;fhfNth fhzg;gbpd; tu tpisthf1 ,iz jUtJld; mJ Xu; Kf;Nfhz vz;zhf
mikapd; tU tpisit 0 Mf;Ffpd;wJ. ntspaPl;bd; mjpcau; Kf;Nfhz vz;zhdJ Ie;jhk; Kf;Nfhz
vz;zhf mikfpd;wJ vdpd;>
cz;ikia ml;ltiz tiuf
,k;Kiwikia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F cupa G+ypad; nraypid epakSOP ,y; vOJf
NkNy 2 ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; nraypid G+ypad; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspjhf;Ff
NkNy 2 ngwg;gl;l G+ypad; Nfhit ,iz fhpNzh tiuglk; %yk; RUf;Ff
NkNy jug;gl;l RUf;fg;gl;l Nfhit Fwpa ju;f;f Rw;iwtiuf
mbg;gil ju;f;f gliyia khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp tiuf
UNIVERSAL GATE I gad;gLj;jp tiuf

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