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PATTERN MULTIPLICATION:

Case (i): Radiation pattern of 4 isotropic sources

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Case (ii): Radiation pattern of 8

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Solved Problems:
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CONCEPT OF PHASED ARRAYS (SCANNING ARRAY):

Definition:

Applications: Advanced RADAR systems, Radio astronomy

Specialized phased array:

Phased array design:

Case (i) Wave arriving broadside

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Case (ii) Waves arriving at an angle of 45 degree

Case (iii) Mechanically ganged switch:

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Case (iv) Electronic switching (PIN diode):

Arrangement of phased array:

(i) Corporate structure:

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(ii) Line feed (End-fed):

(iii) Directional Coupler Feed:

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ADAPTIVE ARRAY (SMART ANTENNAS):

Definition:

Introduction:

Construction and working:

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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ANTENNA SYNTHESIS:

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BINOMIAL ARRAY: (ARRAY WITH NON UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION)

w -1)

Example:

for n=2, 1 c0 = =1 1 c1 = =1

Levels are 1, 1

Advantage: No sidelobes in the resultant pattern of the array.

Disadvantage:

1) Beamwidth of the main lobe is large, which is undesirable. (i.e.) increase in HPBW,
decreases directivity.
2) High excitation levels are required for the centre elements of large array (or) for design of
large array, larger amplitude ratio of sources is required.
Conditions for elimination of secondary lobes:
1.
2. The current amplitudes in radiating sources are proportional to the coefficients of the
successive terms of the binomial series.
Excitation level (Pascal Triangle):
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Example:
Let N = 5 sources and
binomial array has HPBW of 31 degree without secondary lobes. Main feature of binomial array

Field expression of binomial array (using pattern multiplication):

For a two point sources of same amplitude and phase, (its pattern has no minor lobe) the far field
pattern is,
E = 2E0
Enorm = cos

If another identical array of two point sources is superimposed on the above array, then the array
will take the shape as shown in figure and the far field pattern using pattern multiplication,
Enorm = cos2
The superimposition of two sources at the center increases its current amplitude to double in
comparison to source at the edges. (i.e.) 1:2:1

Enorm = cos (n-1)

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Although the centre source in Fig. b is shown separately one above the other for clarity but it
should have been superimposed as shown if Fig. c. This superimposition of two sources at the
centre increases its current amplitude to double in comparison to sources at the edges.
Design:
The normalized array factor,

The half power beam width,

Directivity,

Solved Problem:
1. s.
Determine HPBW and directivity.
Solution:
The coefficients of 10 elements are 1,9,36,84,126,126,84,36,9,1
For even

array,
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u= =
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