Elements, Compounds

and Mixture
 Elements, compounds and mixtures
• All substances can be classified into one of these three types
• Element
• A substance made of atoms that all contain the same number of
protons (one type of atom) and cannot be split into anything simpler
• There is a limited number of elements and all elements are found on the
Periodic Table
• Eg hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
 Compound
• A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
• There is an unlimited number of compounds
• Compounds cannot be separated into their elements by physical means
• Eg copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), carbon dioxide
(CO2)
 Mixture
• A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds)
that are not chemically combined
• Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or
evaporation
• Eg sand and water, oil and water, sulphur powder and iron filings
 Metals and nonmetals
∙ The Periodic Table contains over 100 different elements
∙ They can be divided into two broad
types: metals and nonmetals
∙ Most of the elements are metals and a small number of elements
display properties of both types. These elements are
called metalloids or semimetals
•
• Properties of metals
• Conduct heat and electricity
• Are malleable and ductile (can be hammered and pulled into different
shapes)
• Tend to be lustrous (shiny)
• Have high density and usually have high melting points
• Form positive ions through electron loss (Cations)
• Form basic oxides
 Properties of nonmetals
• Do not conduct heat and electricity
• Are brittle and delicate when solid and easily break up
• Tend to be dull and nonreflective
• Have low density and low melting points (many are gases at room
temperature)
• Form negative ions through electron gain (except for hydrogen) Anion
• Form acidic oxides
 The Formation of Ions
• Ions
• An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by
the loss or gain of electrons
• This loss or gain of electrons takes place to gain a full outer shell of
electrons
• The electronic structure of an ion will be the same as that of a noble gas –
such as helium, neon and argon
 Ionisation of metals and non-metals
• Metals: all metals lose electrons to other atoms to become positively charged ions
• Non-metals: all non-metals gain electrons from other atoms to become negatively
charged ions
• Electrostatic attraction
• The positive and negative charges are held together by the strong electrostatic
forces of attraction between opposite charges.
• This is what holds ionic compounds together
 Formula
• NaCl
• HBr
• NH4
 Finding Average Mass number
• Avg Mass=[ ISOTOPE 1 Mass number x abundance/100]+[ ISOTOPE 2 Mass number x abundance/100]
• E.G B11 (80.1%) B 10(19.9%)
• [11 x 80.1/100]+[10 x 19.9/100]
• 10.80 amu
• Cu 63 (69.17), Cu 65 (30.83)
• 63.61 amu
• Mg 24, Mg 25, Mg 26 with Mg 24 abundance of 79% find the percentage of other which are in equal amount .
And find avg atomic mass
• Percentage 100-79/2
• Mg 25 and Mg 26 is 10.5%
• [24 x 79/100]+[25 x 10.5/100]+[26 x 10.5/100]
• 24.3 amu
 Describing Alloys
• Alloys are mixtures of metals, where the metals are mixed together but are not chemically
combined
• They can be made from metals mixed with nonmetals such as carbon
• Alloys often have properties that can be very different to the metals they contain, for
example they can have more strength, hardness or resistance to corrosion or
extreme temperatures
• Alloys contain atoms of different sizes, which distorts the regular arrangements of atoms
• This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other, so they are usually
much harder than the pure metal
• Brass is a common example of an alloy which contains 70% copper and 30% zinc