Biometrics Complete

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Biometrics: Student’s Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing
A RESEARCH PAPER
Presented to
The Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School
San Francisco, Santa Catalina, Negros Oriental
In Partial Fulfillment for the Subject

Practical Research 2
by
Balasabas, Mhaien M. Kinkito, Eliza Mae D.
Bornelado, Daniel B. Mahait, Shella Mae Q.
Café, Zander Lei R. Onding, Ernie R.
Casuco, Penelope M. Paltingca, Jarel Peejay M.
Enumerabillon, Marian Jane P. Pis-an, Jora Mae G.
Gallarde, Mary Joy T. Tampos, Charl Arrin O.
Jamin, Jelyn C.
May 2024
DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

- SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
2
Republic of the Philippines

San Francisco, Santa Catalina, Negros Oriental
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject in Practical Research 2, this
research entitled “Biometrics: Student’s Perception on Face Recognition and Image
Processing” has been recommended for oral defense.
ARNEL L. NAMACPACAN, MA-English

Adviser
This research entitled “Biometrics: Student’s Perception on Face Recognition and

Image Processing” prepared and submitted by Jelyn Jamin, et.al. has been reviewed and
approved by the Research Committee.
GERARDO T. PALTINGCA, JR., EdD

Integrated Senior High School Principal

Adviser
Date signed ______________
JOANNIE DAWN A. SAGUBAN, MAED-English

Panel Member
Date signed ______________
LAHLAINE A. LALAMONAN, LPT

Panel Member
Date signed ______________

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APPROVED by the following PANEL OF EXAMINERS FOR ORAL DEFENSE on
May 17, 2024 with the rating of ____________.
GERARDO T. PALTINGCA, JR., EdD

Integrated Senior High School Principal

Adviser
Date signed ______________
JOANNIE DAWN A. SAGUBAN, MAED-English

Panel Member
Date signed ______________
LAHLAINE A. LALAMONAN, LPT

Panel Member
Date signed ______________

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DEDICATION
This research is lovingly dedicated to:
Our Grandparents
Our Parents
Our Guardians
Our Siblings
Our Aunties and Uncles
Our Cousins
Our Friends
Our Relatives
Our Colleagues
Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School

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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere appreciation and deepest gratitude to the following
individuals and organizations for their invaluable support, dedication, and contribution to the
completion of this research paper:
First and foremost, we would like to thank the Almighty Father for the wisdom, guidance,
and strength throughout this research journey.
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to our parents who have worked tirelessly to provide us
with the allowance needed for our daily sustenance and academic needs, we are immensely
grateful for your unwavering support, sacrifices, and encouragement.
We would like to extend our sincerest appreciation to our Integrated Senior High School
Principal of Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School, Dr. Gerardo T. Paltingca Jr. Ed.
D, for granting us permission to conduct our research and for generously providing us with an
extra printer.
We are also grateful to our mentors, Mr. Arnel M. Namacpacan and Mr. Oliver M.
Macapanas, for their advice, guidance, and assistance throughout the research process. Their
expertise and knowledge in the field significantly enhanced the quality of this paper. Also, for
providing us with the necessary resources, including the access to the printer for the printing of
our research paper.
THE RESEARCHERS

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Table of Contents
Title Page No.
Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………. 1
Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………… 2
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………… 5
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………. 6
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Scope ……………………………………………. 14
Introduction …………………………………………………………………... 14
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………. 16
Null Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………… 17
Significance of the Study …………………………………………………….. 18
Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………….. 19
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………. 20
Conceptual Framework of the Study ……………………………………….. 21
Review of Related Literature and Studies …………………………………... 22
Research Methodology ……………………………………………………… 25
Research Method ……………………………………………………. 25
Research Respondents ………………………………………………... 25
Research Environment ………………………………………………. 25
Research Instrument ………………………………………………… 25

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Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………… 26
Statistical Tool ………………………………………………………. 26
Chapter 2: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data …………………... 27
Chapter 3: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations …………. 35
Restatement of the Problem …………………………………………………... 35
Findings ………………………………………………………………………. 36
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………… 37
Recommendations ……………………………………………………………. 39
Cited References ……………………………………………………………… 41
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………. 43
Letter to the School Head ……...……………………………………………… 43
Research Instrument …………………………………………………………. 44
Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………... 46

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Abstract
This present study aims to check the Senior High School students’ perceptions of face
recognition and image processing technologies. It aims to understand students’ views on the
accuracy, security, and privacy of these technologies. A descriptive quantitative research design
was employed, using questionnaires to gather data from Grade 11 students at Don Emilio Macias
Memorial National High School.
A random sample of 42 students, including 19 HUMSS, 15 STEM, and 8 ABM students,
participated in the study. The questionnaire featured 15 questions, divided into sections on
accuracy, security, and privacy. Data analysis included frequency counts, weighted means, and
ANOVA to identify significant differences based on age, sex, and academic strand.
Findings indicate that most respondents are aged 17-19, with a majority being female.
Overall perceptions of face recognition and image processing were positive, with students
generally agreeing on the accuracy (weighted mean of 3.136), security (3.25), and privacy (3.26)
of these technologies. No significant differences in perceptions were found when grouped by
age, sex, or academic strand.
The study concludes that students broadly support face recognition and image processing
technologies, recognizing their benefits in terms of accuracy, security, and privacy. The
uniformity of perceptions across demographic groups suggests a consistent acceptance among
the student population.

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The study recommends that educational institutions consider integrating biometric
technologies to enhance security and efficiency. Further research should explore long-term
student experiences with these technologies and their impact on the educational environment.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PROBLEMS FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
1. What is the  Most of the  The majority  Include students of

profile of the respondents in of different ages in
respondents this study are respondents future studies to
in terms of in the age in this study see if older
age, sex and ranging from are age students feel
strand? 17-19 years old between 17- differently about
which has a 19 years old. the technology.
total of 23
students.
 The  Female  Try to have an
respondents of students equal number of
this study are outnumber male and female
mostly females male students in future
which there are students in studies to get a
30 in total and this study. more balanced
male which has view.
12.
 The respondent  The Largest  Make sure to
of this study is group of include a fair
mostly Grade students to number of students
11 HUMSS participate it from each
with the total from this academic strand to
of 19 students study are get a complete
followed by the Grade 11 picture
Grade 11 HUMSS.
STEM with the
total of 15
students and 8
students from
Grade 11 ABM
with the total

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of 42
respondents.
2. What is the  The  The survey  Since students
perception respondents shows strong think the
of the perceived agreement, technology is
respondents accuracy on with a accurate, keep
on face Face weighted informing them
recognition Recognition mean of about how it works
and image and Image 3.2153, and its benefits to
processing Processing falls indicating keep their trust.
in terms of under "Agree” that students
accuracy, with a generally
security, and weighted mean favor using
privacy? of 3.136. This Face
means that Recognition
generally, and Image
students agree Processing.
to use FR and
IP.
 The
respondents
perceived
security on
Face
Recognition
and Image
Processing falls
under "Agree”
with a
weighted mean
of 3.25. This
means that
generally,
students agree
to use Face
Recognition
and Image
Processing.
 The
respondents
perceived
privacy on
Face
Recognition
and Image
Processing falls

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under "Agree”
with a
weighted mean
of 3.26. This
means that
generally,
students agree
to use Face
Recognition
and Image
Processing.
3. Is there a  There is a  The  Look into other
significant significant respondents reasons why
difference difference are having students might
between the between the different think the
respondents’ perceived perception technology is
perceived accuracy of towards face accurate since age
accuracy on Face recognition doesn't seem to
face Recognition and image matter.
recognition and Image processing in
and image Processing terms of
processing when grouped accuracy.
when according to
grouped age.
according to
age?
4. Is there a  The significant  Students  Since gender
significant difference with doesn't change
difference between the different how students feel
between the perceived gender think about accuracy,
respondents’ accuracy of similarly check other factors
perceived Face about the that might be
accuracy on Recognition accuracy of important.
face and Image Face
recognition Processing Recognition
and image when grouped and Image
processing according to Processing.
when sex cannot be
grouped established.
according to
sex?
5. Is there a  The significant  Students  Since academic
significant difference from strands do not
difference between the different change views on
between the perceived academic accuracy, look at
respondents’ accuracy of backgrounds other things within

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perceived Face think each strand that

accuracy on Recognition similarly might matter.
face and Image about the
recognition Processing accuracy of
and image when grouped Face
processing according to Recognition
when strand cannot and Image
grouped be established. Processing.
according to
strand?
6. Is there a  The significant  Students of  Since age does not
significant difference all ages affect views on
difference between the generally security, focus on
between the perceived think improving security
respondents’ security of similarly features that
perceived Face about Face everyone can
security Recognition Recognition appreciate.
when and Image and Image
grouped Processing Processing is
according to when grouped secure.
age? according to
age cannot be
established.
7. Is there a  The significant  Male and  Since gender does
significant difference female not change views
difference between the students feel on security,
between the perceived that Face explore other
respondents’ security of Recognition factors that might
perceived Face and Image influence how
security Recognition Processing is students feel.
when and Image secure.
grouped Processing
according to when grouped
sex? according to
sex cannot be
established.
8. Is there a  The significant  Students  Look deeper into
significant difference from each academic
difference between the different strand to find what
between the perceived academic might affect their
respondents’ security of backgrounds views on security,
perceived Face have similar since the strand
security Recognition views on the itself does not
when and Image security of seem to matter.
grouped Processing Face
according to when grouped Recognition

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strand? according to and Image

strand cannot Processing.
be established.
9. Is there a  The significant  Students of  Keep strong
significant difference all ages think privacy measures
difference between the similarly that and make sure all
between the perceived Face age groups
respondents’ privacy of Face Recognition understand them
perceived Recognition and Image since age does not
privacy and Image Processing change views on
when Processing protect privacy.
grouped when grouped privacy.
according to according to
age? age cannot be
established.
10. Is there a  The significant  Male and  Since gender does
significant difference female not affect privacy
difference between the students views, look into
between the perceived have similar other reasons why
respondents’ privacy of Face views on the students might feel
perceived Recognition privacy of a certain way
privacy and Image Face about privacy.
when Processing Recognition
grouped when grouped and Image
according to according to Processing.
sex? sex cannot be
established.
11. Is there a  The significant  Students  Since students
significant difference from from different
difference between the different academic strands
between the perceived academic feel the same about
respondents’ privacy of Face backgrounds privacy, talk to
perceived Recognition think them in groups to
privacy and Image similarly understand their
when Processing about the concerns better.
grouped when grouped privacy of Make sure all
according to according to Face students know
strand? strand cannot Recognition about the privacy
be established. and Image measures and
Processing. review these
policies often to
keep them clear
and effective.

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
As a common biometric recognition method, face recognition (FR) has been well applied
in the fields of mobile phone unlocking, secure payment, intelligent door lock, and so on (Ming
He, 2021). Biometrics is a crucial field of research that has revolutionized many parts of our life,
including security, verification, and identity processes, in an era of rapid technology growth.
Face recognition and image processing are two of the most well-known biometric techniques,
providing unparalleled flexibility of use and effectiveness. Globally, the adoption of biometric
technologies in educational institutions has seen a steady rise, with approximately 20% of
schools worldwide incorporating these systems into various aspects of campus life (Global
Biometric Education Trends Report, 2023). This widespread adoption highlights the importance
of understanding student perceptions and attitudes towards biometric solutions, including FR and
image processing, within educational settings. In the Division of Negros Oriental, the potential
applications of biometric technologies, such as FR and image processing, include attendance
tracking, student identification and access control to school facilities. This research aims to
comprehend student perceptions and expectations regarding the implementation of these
biometric solutions specifically in monitoring gate entry and exit of students. By elaborating
student attitudes and preferences, the study seeks to inform the development and deployment of
biometric technologies aligned with the needs of the student population, ultimately promoting
efficiency and user acceptance in educational settings. In the Philippines, the utilization of
biometric technologies, including FR and image processing, offers significant potential for
enhancing security and streamlining administrative processes within educational institutions.

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With the nation's commitment to advancing technology integration in education, biometric
systems are increasingly considered for applications such as attendance tracking, identification of
students and school access control. The Department of Education (DepEd) actively explores the
integration of biometric solutions to enhance efficiency and security across public and private
educational institutions nationwide. At the local level, within the Division of Negros Oriental,
there's a notable research gap concerning student perceptions and expectations regarding the
implementation of biometric technologies in educational contexts. While anecdotal evidence
suggests a growing interest in adopting such systems for administrative purposes, there's a lack
of comprehensive understanding regarding student attitudes, concerns, and preferences regarding
the use of FR and image processing within the division's schools. This research aims to address
this gap by examining the nuanced interactions between technology and human perception
specifically within the educational landscape of Negros Oriental. This study aims to provide
valuable insights into how students perceive and anticipate the integration of biometric solutions,
particularly FR and image processing, within their learning environments. By elaborating these
attitudes and expectations, the research endeavors to inform the development and deployment of
biometric technologies that align with the needs and preferences of students in the Division of
Negros Oriental. Through this exploration, we aspire to contribute to the advancement of tailored
biometric solutions that promote both efficiency and user acceptance in educational settings.

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Statement of the Problem
The present study aims to check on the perception of the Academic specifically Grade 11
HUMSS, ABM and STEM Track students on image processing and face recognition in Don
Emilio Macias Memorial National High School.
Specifically, this study seeks to find answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 strand;
2. What is the perception of the respondents on face recognition and image processing in
terms of:
2.1 accuracy;
2.2 security;
2.3 privacy;
3. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived accuracy on face
recognition and image processing when group according to age?
recognition and image processing when group according to sex?
recognition and image processing when group according to strand?
6. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security on face

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7. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security when
grouped according to sex?
8. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived privacy when
grouped according to age?
Null Hypotheses
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s perceived accuracy on face
recognition and image processing when grouped according to age.
Ho2: There is no significant difference between the respondents’ perceived quality on face
recognition and image processing when group according to sex.
Ho3: There is no significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security on face
recognition and image processing when group according to age.
Ho4: There is no significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security on face
recognition and image processing when group according to sex.
Ho5: There is no significant difference between the respondents’ perceived privacy when grouped
according to age.
Ho6: There is no significant difference between the respondents’ perceived privacy when grouped
according to sex.

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Significance of the Study
This study dives into the captivating world of biometrics, where we explore creating a
sensor for identifying people by integrating image processing and face recognition technologies
in an innovative way. It is not just another research project; it is something that really matters to
a lot of different people. It gives us all a chance to look at things from a fresh perspective and
opens up some exciting opportunities.
To the students. This research is like stepping into a thrilling adventure in the world of
high-tech innovation. They get to explore fascinating concepts like computer vision, artificial
intelligence, and sensor development, not just in theory but through hands-on experience. This
hands-on learning is not just about memorizing facts; it is about gaining practical skills that will
stick with them as they chart their paths in STEM careers. It is like gearing up with the tools they
need to tackle real-world challenges with confidence and creativity.
To the parents. This research offers a glimpse into their children's exciting journey. It
shows their dedication to solving real-world problems and preparing for a technology-driven
future. Parents see the value in equipping their children with these skills for success.
To the teachers. This research is a reminder of their vital role in shaping students'
educational journeys, including exploring new fields like biometrics. It highlights how
connecting classroom learning with real-world problems helps students grasp STEM concepts
better. By fostering a nurturing atmosphere, teachers empower students to thrive in areas like

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image processing and face recognition. Additionally, knowing that their students are engaged in
campus activities can bring teachers a sense of pride and fulfillment in their work.
To the researchers. This study conducted by Grade 12 STEM students represents a
practical application of academic knowledge. It provides them with hands-on experience in a
rapidly evolving field, offering insights that can shape their future careers in science and
technology. Moreover, it contributes to the broader body of knowledge in biometrics, potentially
paving the way for new avenues of research and development in image processing and face
recognition technologies.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study investigates the perception of Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics students of Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School San Francisco,
Santa Catalina, Negros Oriental about image processing and face recognition during the research
period from January 2024 to May 2024.
The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of integrating image processing and
face recognition technologies in enhancing campus security measures. It seeks to provide
valuable insights and recommendations for optimizing security protocols, fostering a safer
learning environment, and mitigating potential security threats.

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Definition of Terms
Algorithm - tells a computer or a person how to solve a problem or perform a task.
Automated – operated by largely automatic systems.
Biometric - features of a face to be recognized.
Burgeoning - growing, expanding, or developing rapidly.
DEMMNHS - Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School
Facial - referring to things that involve or relate to the face.
HUMSS - Humanities and Social Sciences
ID - Identification
Integration – the action of combining different components to work together as a whole.
STEM - Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

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Conceptual Framework of the Study
Biometrics: Student’s Perception on
Face Recognition and Image
Processing
Student’s Profile Intrinsic: Accuracy, Security, Privacy
Extrinsic: Lighting conditions,

Name: (optional)
Camera quality, Distance and angle,
Age:
Sex: Image resolution, and Database size
*Email address
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Review of Related Literature and Studies
This part of the study presents a comprehensive but succinct review of related readings
focusing on the variables that could contribute to describing, determining, and measuring level of
perception. As such, this part explores the significant results of similar studies, relates them to
the ongoing dialogs in the present undertaking, and provides basis for comparing the results of a
study with other studies to satisfy academic scholarships.
Image processing face recognition is a computerized technique that uses an algorithm to
locate and recognize a face in an image, and this technology has several uses according to Newth
(2023). A computer-based technique called image processing face recognition uses algorithms to
recognize and identify a human face through an image. This technology has various real-world
uses.
Face recognition is the problem of identifying and verifying people in a photograph by
their face (Brownlee, 2019). By analyzing a picture and looking at the facial traits of those
depicted in it, face recognition technology can identify who is being shown.
Facial recognition systems use this method to isolate certain features of a face that has
been detected in an image—like the distance between certain features, the texture of an
individual’s skin, or even the thermal profile of a face—and compare the resulting facial profile
to other known faces to identify the person (Crumpler, 2020). Through examining specific
characteristics of a recognized face in an image, such as the separations between facial features,
the texture of the person's skin, or even the thermal patterns on their face, facial recognition
algorithms can identify a person. These distinctive features combine to form a face profile, which
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is then compared against profiles of well-known individuals in order to identify the subject of the
picture. In essence, it's a sophisticated method of identifying people based on the unique
characteristics of their faces.
Face recognition technology has gained extensive use due to its secure and convenient
attributes as a form of biometric recognition (Deng, 2023). Using face recognition technology,
computers can recognize and identify the faces of individual. This technology analyzes patterns
like the shape of the eyes, nose, mouth, and other facial traits using cameras and specialized
software. It has become popular because it is a secure, safe and easy way to recognize
individuals based on their unique facial features.
Budiman, Fabian, Yaputera, Achmad and Kurniawan (2023) said that technology in the
form of face recognition with various algorithms that can be used. In identifying the faces of
individual’s using face recognition has many processes to use for solving the issue.
As mentioned in the article published by Andrejevic and Selwyn (2020), Facial
recognition technology is now being introduced across various aspects of public life. This
includes the burgeoning integration of facial recognition and facial detection into compulsory
schooling to address issues such as campus security, automated registration, and student emotion
detection.
Facial recognition technology is being used more in schools for different reasons. It helps
improve security by recognizing people who enter school grounds. But there are important
concerns about privacy and ethics when using this technology in schools. These concerns need
careful consideration and discussion.
Facial recognition applications offer a faster and non-disruptive way of tracking who is
present (Shashkina, 2022). To track the individuals, face recognition is the way to quicken the

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process. L. Li, Mu, S. Li, and Peng (2020) said that Face recognition has become the future
development direction and has many potential application prospects. Face recognition
technology is rapidly evolving due to advancements in artificial intelligence and machine
learning, offering numerous potential applications. It enhances security and authentication,
enabling data security, access management, and device unlocking, providing an efficient and
secure solution for verifying identity.
As machine learning algorithms became more powerful and the computer vision field
matured, face recognition systems started to utilize feature extraction and classification models
to identify faces in images (Rosebrock, 2021). As technology evolved and the understanding of
computer vision improved, Researchers created face recognition systems that work a bit like how
the people’s brains recognize faces in pictures. These systems use clever techniques from the
world of machine learning to get better at telling one face from another in images.
The image processing techniques can enhance the quality of face images, and then
improve the recognition precision of the face recognition system (Zeng, Qui, & Shi, 2021).
Image processing techniques have the power to make face pictures look better and, as a result,
boost the accuracy of the face recognition system.
Pew Research Center (2019) said that More than nine-in-ten Millennials (93% of those
who turn ages 23 to 38 this year) own smartphones, compared with 90% of Gen Xers (those ages
39 to 54 this year), 68% of Baby Boomers (ages 55 to 73) and 40% of the Silent Generation (74
to 91), according to a new analysis of a Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults conducted in
early 2019.

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Research Methodology
This part of the study discusses the research method, research respondents, research
environment, research instruments, research procedures, data gathering procedures and statistical
treatment of data. This section justifies the means in which the data were obtained and the
statistical techniques used in the presentation and interpretation of the data. All these helped in
the processing of the data and the formulation of the conclusions.
Research Method
The research design proposed is a descriptive quantitative research design. First, a sample
of Senior High School Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics students in Don
Emilio Macias Memorial National High School are selected. The participants will complete a
questionnaire to assess their perceptions on face recognition and image processing. Statistical
analysis would then be conducted to compare the perceptions and face recognition and image
process outcomes among the student’s perception.
Research Respondents
The researchers use random sampling technique in this study. The respondents of this
study are the grade 11 academic students, 8 ABM students, 19 HUMSS students and 15 STEM
students in Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School.
Research Environment
Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School, located in Barangay San Francisco
Santa Catalina Negros Oriental.
Research Instrument

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The researchers used printed form questionnaires in gathering data. The first part
shows the title of the study and is followed by the questions given by the researchers. Fifteen
questions divided in three parts, five questions in accuracy, five questions in security and also
five questions in privacy were given by the researchers in accordance to the topic.
Data Gathering Procedure
After preparing the questionnaires needed, the researchers make use of their vacant
time to send the google form they made to the respondents to answer the given form
questionnaire at Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School. There are a total 15
questions given, which are all about face recognition and image processing. Then, the
researchers studied the participants answers to complete and make the research successful.
Statistical Tool
Frequency count was used to determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
Weighted mean was used to get the perception of the respondents toward face recognition
and image processing.
ANOVA was used to get the significant difference between the respondents’ perception
toward face recognition and image processing when grouped according to age, sex, and strand.

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CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
This chapter presents the gathered data with their corresponding analyses and
interpretation. To facilitate better understanding, the researcher presented the results in tabular
and textual forms.
I. The Respondents’ Profile
Table 1
Profile of the Respondents
Category Frequency Percentage (%) Rank
Age
14-16 years old 18 42.9 2
17-19 years old 23 54.8 1
20 years old and above 1 2.3 3
Total 42 100
Sex
Male 12 28.6 2
Female 30 71.4 1
Total 42 100
Strand
ABM 8 19 3
HUMSS 19 45.2 1
STEM 15 35.7 2
42 100
As shown in Table 1, out of 42 respondents, 55% are in the age range of 17-19 years old,
consisting of 23 respondents. Additionally, 43% are in the age range of 14-16 years old,
consisting of 18 respondents. Lastly, 2% are in the age range of 20 years and above, consisting of
1 respondent. These findings indicate that majority of the respondents are belonging to the

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younger generations which according to Pew Research Center (2019) are more likely to embrace
and integrate emerging technologies into their daily lives.
For the profile of the respondents based on sex, the results show that females constituted
the majority with 71%, consisting of 30 respondents, while males constituted 29%, consisting of
12 respondents. Also, as shown in the table, the HUMSS strand constituted the majority with
45%, consisting of 19 respondents. STEM, on the other hand, constituted 36%, consisting of 15
respondents, and ABM with 19%, consisting of 8 respondents. Therefore, the majority of the
participants falling within the 17-19 age range are probably comfortable with using new
technologies. Younger people tend to be more open to trying out new technologies in their daily
lives and can provide good insights into how new technologies are being used.
II. The Respondents’ Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing
Table 2
Respondents’ Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing in terms of Accuracy
4 3 2 1 Weighted Interpretation
On Accuracy
SA A D SD Mean Description (I/D)
1. Face recognition technology is 12 29 1 0 3.26 A
accurate in identifying individuals.
2. I trust that image processing 9 32 1 0 3.19 A
techniques can enhance the
accuracy of digital images.
3. I believe that advancements in 7 32 3 0 3.09 A
image processing can improve the
accuracy of medical diagnoses.
4. I am confident that face 8 32 2 0 3.14 A
recognition technology can
accurately distinguish between
individuals.
5. I think that image processing 4 34 4 0 3.00 A
algorithms can accurately detect
and recognize objects in images.
Weighted Mean: 3.136
Legends:
Weighted Mean Rating Perception Rating Verbal Description
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1.00 – 1.40 SD Strongly Disagree

1.50 – 2.40 D Disagree
2.50 – 3.40 A Agree
3.50 – 4.00 SA Strongly Agree
As shown in Table 2 for the respondents’ perception on accuracy of face recognition and
image processing, majority of the respondents with a total weighted mean of 3.13 agreed that
face recognition technology, along with image processing techniques, is accurate in identifying
individuals and can enhance digital image accuracy. As stated by Rosebrock (2021), as machine
learning algorithms became more powerful and the computer vision field matured, face
recognition systems started to utilize feature extraction and classification models to identify faces
in images. The overall stance suggests a strong belief in the potential and accuracy of these
technologies.
Table 3
Respondents’ Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing in terms of Security
On Security
6. Face recognition technology enhances 15 26 1 0 3.33 SA
the security of personal devices (e.g.,
smartphones, laptops).
7. I am concerned about the security 12 29 1 0 3.26 A
risks associated with using face
recognition technology.
8. I believe that image processing 12 30 0 0 3.28 SA
techniques can improve the security of
digital information.
9. Face recognition technology can be 8 34 0 0 3.19 A
used to enhance the security of public
spaces (e.g., airports, government
buildings).
10. Image processing can help in 9 32 1 0 3.19 A
identifying security threats (e.g.,
weapons, suspicious behavior) in real-
time.
Weighted Mean: 3.25

30
Table 3 presents the respondents’ perception regarding the security aspects of face
recognition and image processing technologies. The weighted mean scores suggest a generally
positive perception among students, with most responses falling into the categories of “Strongly
Agree” (SA) and “Agree” (A).
For instance, the highest weighted mean score of 3.33 is for the statement “Face
recognition technology enhances the security of personal devices (e.g., smartphones, laptops).”
This indicates that a majority of respondents strongly agree with this statement. Similarly, the
statements “I believe that image processing techniques can improve the security of digital
information” and “I am concerned about the security risks associated with using face recognition
technology” also received high weighted mean scores, indicating agreement.
Moreover, the data also show that the respondents believe face recognition technology
can enhance the security of schools and that image processing can help in identifying security
threats in real-time. These perceptions align with the potential applications of these technologies
in enhancing security measures.
Overall results suggest that the respondents have a positive perception of the security
capabilities of face recognition and image processing technologies, believing that they can
enhance security for schools and in identifying security threats. This positive perception may be
attributed to the increasing use and effectiveness of these technologies in various security
applications.
Table 4
Students Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing in terms of Privacy
On Privacy
11. I am concerned about the potential 11 31 0 0 3.26 A
invasion of privacy related to the use of
face recognition technology.
12. I believe that strict privacy 15 27 0 0 3.35 SA
regulations should be implemented for

31
the use of face recognition technology.

13. Image processing techniques should 15 27 0 0 3.25 A
prioritize the protection of individuals'
privacy.
14. I am aware of the potential privacy 9 29 4 0 3.11 A
risks associated with sharing images
online.
15. Face recognition technology should 15 26 1 0 3.3 SA
allow individuals to control how their
biometric data is used and shared.
Weighted Mean: 3.26
The data from Table 4 provide insights into the respondents’ perceptions regarding the
privacy aspects of face recognition and image processing technologies. Overall, the weighted
mean scores suggest that the respondents have a positive attitude towards privacy concerns
related to these technologies, with most responses falling into the categories of “Strongly Agree”
(SA) and “Agree” (A).
For example, the highest weighted mean score of 3.35 is for the statement “I believe that
strict privacy regulations should be implemented for the use of face recognition technology.”
This indicates that a majority of the respondents strongly agree with schools needing strict
privacy regulations.
Similarly, the statements “Face recognition technology should allow individuals to
control how their biometric data is used and shared” and “I am concerned about the potential
invasion of privacy related to the use of face recognition technology” also received high
weighted mean scores, indicating agreement.
Moreover, the respondents believe that image processing techniques should prioritize the
protection of individuals’ privacy and are aware of the potential privacy risks associated with
sharing images online. These perceptions suggest that the respondents are of privacy issues and

32
advocate for measures to protect privacy in the context of face recognition and image processing
technologies.
Overall findings suggest that the respondents have a strong belief in the importance of
privacy protection in the use of face recognition and image processing technologies, indicating a
critical awareness of privacy issues associated with these technologies.
III. Significant Difference between the Respondents’ Perception on Image
Processing and Face Recognition in terms of Accuracy, Security and Privacy
when grouped according to Age, Sex, and Strand
Table 5
Significant Difference between the Respondents’ Perceived Accuracy on Face Recognition
and Image Processing when grouped according to Age, Sex, and Strand
Category Computed p-value Decision Remark
Reject the null There is a significant

Age 0.02 hypothesis difference
0.73 Accept the null Significant difference
Sex hypothesis cannot be established
0.07 Accept the null Significant difference
Strand hypothesis cannot be established
(Level of significance: 0.05)
Table 5 examines the significant differences in respondents’ perceived accuracy of image
processing and face recognition when grouped to age, sex, and strand. The analysis reveals that
age significantly influence the perceived accuracy. Specifically, the p-value for age is 0.02,
indicating a significant difference since it is less than the 0.05 significance level. This suggests
that respondents’ perceptions of accuracy vary notably with age. Conversely, the p-value for

33
strand is 0.07 and sex is 0.73, well above the 0.05 significance level, implying no significant
difference in perceived accuracy based on strand and sex. Thus, while age significantly impacts
perceptions of image processing and face recognition accuracy, strand and sex does not.
Table 6
Significant Difference between the Respondents’ Perceived Security on Face Recognition
and Image Processing when grouped according to Age, Sex, and Strand
Accept the null Significant difference

Age 0.13 hypothesis cannot be established
Sex 0.71 hypothesis cannot be established
Strand 0.16 hypothesis cannot be established
Tabe 6 presents the results of hypothesis tests examining the relationships between age,
sex and strand with the security aspects of image processing and face recognition. The findings
indicate that there is no significant difference I the perceived security of these technologies when
grouped according to age, sex, and strand. These findings indicate that the respondents regardless
of their age, sex and strand are having similar perception toward face recognition and image
processing in terms of security.

34
Table 7
Significant Difference between the Respondents’ Perceived Privacy on Image Processing
and Face Recognition when grouped according to Age, Sex, and Strand

Age 0.32 hypothesis cannot be established
Sex 0.58 hypothesis cannot be established
Strand 0.26 hypothesis cannot be established
Table 7 presents the results of hypothesis tests examining the relationships between age,
sex, strand with the aspects of accuracy, security, and privacy in biometrics technology. The
findings indicate that age is significantly different to the accuracy of biometrics, suggesting that
as age changes, so does the accuracy of the technology.
Interestingly, strand of the individuals involved does show a significant difference with
the accuracy of biometrics, implying that the respondents regardless of their strand are having
similar perceived accuracy toward face recognition and image processing. This finding aligns
with Budiman, Fabian, Yaputera, Achmad, and Kurniawan (2023), who suggested that
technology in the form of face recognition with various algorithms can be used. The implication
here is that different strand may expose individuals to different levels or types of technology,
which could impact their familiarity or comfort with biometric systems, thus influencing the
accuracy of their interactions with such systems.

35
However, while age and strand might play a role in the accuracy of biometrics, they do
not appear to significantly impact its security or privacy. This suggests that factors beyond age
and academic program, such as training, user experience, and system design, may be more
influential in ensuring the security and privacy of biometric technologies. Sex, on the other hand,
does not seem to be a significant factor in any aspect of biometrics technology based on the
study’s results.
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the study’s summary of findings, the conclusions, and
recommendations in which significant suggestions have been given.
Restatement of the Problem
The present study aims to check on the perception of the Grade 12 Science Technology
Engineering Mathematics (STEM) students on image processing and face recognition in Don
Emilio Macias Memorial National High School.
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 strand;
2. What is the perception of the respondents on face recognition and image processing in
terms of:
2.1 accuracy;
2.2 security;

36
2.3 privacy?
3. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived quality on face
4. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived quality on face
recognition and image processing when group according to sex?
5. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security on face
6. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ perceived security when
grouped according to age?
Findings
Shown below are the findings of the study.
1. Most of the respondents in this study are in the age ranging from 17-19 years old
which has a total of 23 students.
2. The respondents of this study are mostly females which there are 30 in total
and male which has 12.
3. The respondents of this study are mostly Grade 11 HUMSS with the total of
19 students followed by the Grade 11 STEM with the total of 15 students
and 8 students from Grade 11 ABM with the total of 42 respondents.

37
4. The respondents perceived accuracy on Face Recognition and Image
Processing falls under "Agree” with a weighted mean of 3.136. This means
that generally, students agree to use FR and IP.
5. The respondents perceived security on Face Recognition and Image
that generally, students agree to use Face Recognition and Image
Processing.
6. The respondents perceived privacy on Face Recognition and Image
that generally, students agree to use Face Recognition and Image
Processing.
7. There is a significant difference between the perceived accuracy of Face
Recognition and Image Processing when grouped according to age.
8. The significant difference between the perceived accuracy of Face
Recognition and Image Processing when grouped according to sex cannot
be established.
9. The significant difference between the perceived accuracy of Face
Recognition and Image Processing when grouped according to strand
cannot be established.
10. The significant difference between the perceived security of Face
Recognition and Image Processing when grouped according to age cannot
be established.

38
be established.
13. The significant difference between the perceived privacy of Face
Recognition and Image Processing when grouped according to age cannot
be established.
be established.
Conclusion
With reference to the findings, the following conclusions are here by drawn:
1. The majority of respondents in this study are age between 17-19 years old.
2. Female students outnumber male students in this study.
3. The Largest group of students to participate it from this study are Grade 11
HUMSS.

39
4. The survey shows strong agreement, with a weighted mean of 3.2153,
indicating that students generally favor using Face Recognition and Image
Processing.
5. The respondents are having different perception towards face recognition
and image processing in terms of accuracy.
6. Students with different gender think similarly about the accuracy of face
recognition and image processing.
7. Students from different academic backgrounds think similarly about the
accuracy of face recognition and image processing.
8. Students of all ages think similarly that face recognition and image
processing is secure.
9. Male and female students feel that face recognition and image processing is
secure.
10. Students from different academic backgrounds have similar views on the
security of face recognition and image processing.
11. Students of all ages think similarly that Face Recognition and Image
Processing protect privacy.
12. Male and female students have similar views on the privacy of Face
Recognition and Image Processing.
13. Students from different academic backgrounds think similarly about the
privacy of Face Recognition and Image Processing.
Recommendations

40
1. Include students of different ages in future studies to see if older students feel
differently about the technology.
2. Try to have an equal number of male and female students in future studies to get
a more balanced view.
3. Make sure to include a fair number of students from each academic strand to get
a complete picture.
4. Since students think the technology is accurate, keep informing them about how
it works and its benefits to keep their trust.
5. Look into other reasons why students might think the technology is accurate
since age does not seem to matter.
6. Since gender does not change how students feel about accuracy, check other
factors that might be important.
7. Since academic strands do not change views on accuracy, look at other things
within each strand that might matter.
8. Since age does not affect views on security, focus on improving security features
that everyone can appreciate.
9. Since gender does not change views on security, explore other factors that might
influence how students feel.
10. Look deeper into each academic strand to find what might affect their views on
security, since the strand itself does not seem to matter.

41
11. Keep strong privacy measures and make sure all age groups understand them
since age does not change views on privacy.
12. Since gender does not affect privacy views, look into other reasons why
students might feel a certain way about privacy.
13. Since students from different academic strands feel the same about privacy, talk
to them in groups to understand their concerns better. Make sure all students know
about the privacy measures and review these policies often to keep them clear and
effective.
Cited References
Andrejevic and Selwyn (2020). Facial recognition technology in schools: critical questions and
concerns, Retrieved October 6, 2023 from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17439884.2020.1686014
Brownlee (2019). A Gentle Introduction to Deep Learning for Face Recognition, Retrieved
October 6, 2023 fromhttps://machinelearningmastery.com/introduction-to-deep-learning-
for-face-recognition/
Budiman et.al. (2023). Student attendance with face recognition (LBPH or CNN): Systematic
literature review, Retrieved October 6, 2023 from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705092202186X
Crumpler (2020). How Accurate are Facial Recognition Systems-and Why Does it Matter?,
Retrieved October 6, 2023 from

42
https://www.csis.org/blogs/strategic-technologies-blog/how-accurate-are-facial-
recognition-systems-and-why-does-it
Deng (2023). Face expression image detection and recognition based on big data technology,
Retrieved October 6, 2023 from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666603023000210
L.li. et.al. (2020). A review of face recognition technology, Retrieved October 6, 2023
fromhttps://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=IMAGE+PROCESSING+AND+FACE+RECOGNITION+&
btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696553571096&u=%23p%3DhtroDn3izhMJ
Newth (2023). What is Image Processing Face Recognition, Retrieved October 6, 2023 from
https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-image-processing-face-recognition.htm
Pew Research Center (2019). Millennials stand out for their technology use, but older
generations also embrace digital life, Retrieved May 15, 2023 from
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/09/09/us-generations-technology-use/?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3uDVrCiOlbxz78whj6LN3XbSVntIrp6Eu-
wUyszVQ729WP_rOk0AGTWPQ_aem_AcesR9-
eVroN4WWnJyp60b_8ecUwAUglJBMy8r7mDr3aSoUqBCIQLfajVwQ_2EUYh6VwHk
TsYrpaucJAqRoPLfR2
Rosebrock (2021). What is face recognition?, Retrieved October 6, 2023 from
https://pyimagesearch.com/2021/05/01/what-is-face-recognition/

43
Shashkina (2022). Business guide to facial recognition: benefits, applications, and issues to
consider, Retrieved October 6, 2023 from https://itrexgroup.com/blog/facial-recognition-
benefits-applications-challenges/
Zeng et.al. (2021). Image processing effects on the deep face recognition system, Retrieved
October 6, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33757182/
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A

44
APPENDIX B
BIOMETRICS: STUDENT’S PERCEPTION

ON FACE RECOGNITION AND IMAGE PROCESSING
SURVERY QUESTIONNAIRE
FOREWORDS: This questionnaire only tries to find out your demographic profile as one
criterion of finding out your perception on face recognition and image processing as Grade 12
STEM students in Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School. The results of the study
would then serve as a baseline data for a possible implementation of facial recognition system in
the school in monitoring gate entry of students. Rest assured that utmost confidentiality is
observed in the handling of the results of this present undertaking.
Part I. Demographic Profile
Name (Optional): _________________________________
Age: ______________ Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female

45
Part II. On Perceived Accuracy, Security and Privacy

Instructions: Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements by selecting
the most appropriate response.
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
On Accuracy
1. Face recognition technology is
accurate in identifying individuals.
2. I trust that image processing
techniques can enhance the accuracy of
digital images.
3. I believe that advancements in image
processing can improve the accuracy of
medical diagnoses.
4. I am confident that face recognition
technology can accurately distinguish
between individuals.
5. I think that image processing
algorithms can accurately detect and
recognize objects in images.
On Security
6. Face recognition technology enhances
the security of personal devices (e.g.,
smartphones, laptops).
7. I am concerned about the security risks
associated with using face recognition
technology.
8. I believe that image processing
techniques can improve the security of
digital information.
9. Face recognition technology can be
used to enhance the security of public
spaces (e.g., airports, government
buildings).
10. Image processing can help in
identifying security threats (e.g.,
weapons, suspicious behavior) in real-
time.
On Privacy
11. I am concerned about the potential
invasion of privacy related to the use of
face recognition technology.
12. I believe that strict privacy
regulations should be implemented for

46
the use of face recognition technology.

13. Image processing techniques should
prioritize the protection of individuals'
privacy.
14. I am aware of the potential privacy
risks associated with sharing images
online.
15. Face recognition technology should
allow individuals to control how their
biometric data is used and shared.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Mhaien M. Balasabas
Phone Number: 09554920252
Address: Manalongon, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: mhaienbalasabas95@gmail.com

47
Educational Attainment
Secondary (SH): Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School (2023-2024)
Secondary (HS): Casiano Z. Napigkit National High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Manalongon Nicholas N. Lajot Central School (2017-2018)
Name: Daniel B. Bornelado
Address: Aponoy, San Francisco, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: danielborneladooo@gmail.com
Education Attainment

48
Secondary (HS): Baligo Integrated National High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Platero Elementary School (2017-2018)

49
Name: Zander Lei R. Café
Address: Purok 3, Manalongon, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: imzandercafe@gmail.com
Secondary (HS) Santa Catalina Science High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Manalongon Nicolas Nalam Lajot Central School (2017-2018)

50
Name: Penelope M. Casuco
Address: Manalongon Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: penpencasuco@gmail.com
Secondary (JH): Casiano Zamora Napigkit N. Lajot Central School (2021-2022)

51
Name: Marian Jane P. Enumerabillon
Address: Sto. Nino San Pedro, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: marianponting@gmail.com
Educational Attainment:
Secondary (JH): Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Carmen Teves Tia Memorial Elementary School (2017-2018)

52
Name: Mary Joy T. Gallarde
Address: San Francisco, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email: gallardemaryjoy56@gmail.com
Secondary (HS): Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Hingles Elementary School (2017-2018)

53
Name: Jelyn C. Jamin
Address: Manalongon Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: Jelynjamin18@gmail.com
Secondary (JH): Casiano Zamora Napigkit National High School (2021-2022)

54
Name: Eliza Mae D. Kinkito
Address: Baybay, San Pedro, Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: elizamae.kinkito2005@gmail.com
Secondary (SH): Don Emilio Macias Memorial Nation High School (2023-2024)
Secondary (JH): Don Emilio Macias Memorial Nation High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Elias R. Macias Memorial Elementary School (2017-2018)

55
Name: Shella Mae Q. Mahait
Address: Sto. Niño, San Pedro Negros Oriental
Email Address: shellamaemahait@gmail.com
Elementary: Carmen Teves Tia Memorial Elementary School (2017-2018)

56
Name: Ernie R. Onding
Email Address: ernieonding06@gmail.com
Elementary: San Francisco Elementary School (2017-2018)

57
Name: Jarel Peejay M. Paltingca
Email Address: paltingcajareelpeejay@gmail.com

58
Name: Jora Mae Gajensan Pis-an
Address: Kathi, San Francisco Santa Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: jorahpisan@gmail.com

59
Name: Tampos, Charl Arrin O.
Address: Omanod, San Pedro, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental
Email Address: charlarrin2006@gmail.com
Secondary (SH) Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School (2023-2024)
Secondary (JH): Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School (2021-2022)
Elementary: Elias R. Macias Memorial Elementary School (2017-2018)


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1

Biometrics: Student’s Perception on Face Recognition and Image Processing

The Faculty of the Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment for the Subject

Balasabas, Mhaien M. Kinkito, Eliza Mae D.

Bornelado, Daniel B. Mahait, Shella Mae Q.

Café, Zander Lei R. Onding, Ernie R.

Casuco, Penelope M. Paltingca, Jarel Peejay M.

Enumerabillon, Marian Jane P. Pis-an, Jora Mae G.

Gallarde, Mary Joy T. Tampos, Charl Arrin O.

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Republic of the Philippines

ARNEL L. NAMACPACAN, MA-English

This research entitled “Biometrics: Student’s Perception on Face Recognition and

GERARDO T. PALTINGCA, JR., EdD

ARNEL L. NAMACPACAN, MA-English

JOANNIE DAWN A. SAGUBAN, MAED-English

LAHLAINE A. LALAMONAN, LPT

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

APPROVED by the following PANEL OF EXAMINERS FOR ORAL DEFENSE on

May 17, 2024 with the rating of ____________.

GERARDO T. PALTINGCA, JR., EdD

ARNEL L. NAMACPACAN, MA-English

JOANNIE DAWN A. SAGUBAN, MAED-English

LAHLAINE A. LALAMONAN, LPT

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This research is lovingly dedicated to:

Our Aunties and Uncles

Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

completion of this research paper:

and strength throughout this research journey.

grateful for your unwavering support, sacrifices, and encouragement.

our research paper.

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Title Page No.

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………. 1

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………… 2

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………. 6

Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………. 9

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Scope ……………………………………………. 14

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………. 16

Null Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………… 17

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………….. 18

Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………….. 19

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………. 20

Conceptual Framework of the Study ……………………………………….. 21

Review of Related Literature and Studies …………………………………... 22

Research Methodology ……………………………………………………… 25

Research Method ……………………………………………………. 25

Research Respondents ………………………………………………... 25

Research Environment ………………………………………………. 25

Research Instrument ………………………………………………… 25

DON EMILIO MACIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………… 26

Statistical Tool ………………………………………………………. 26

Chapter 2: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data …………………... 27

Chapter 3: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations …………. 35

Restatement of the Problem …………………………………………………... 35

Cited References ……………………………………………………………… 41

Letter to the School Head ……...……………………………………………… 43

Research Instrument …………………………………………………………. 44

Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………... 46