eptnmiahn pueblem:

Coraub o

2 Cosbins bu miinize )
to maniniee
(+n aoieh is

Coiraton pucblen: pl) ydeu the

mnmze.

M
Coubaints
hjla) =0 : J=l2.
i1,2 -- n
gi(2) > O;
lou vauabe x.
? baund
Loueyvoduo
Lher value

Manina Minima ’ mazinna

Value ab
Vaue

, Local mzma &minina:

mining
dllerent local mainum l

qloal manina & minima:

dbaue maxina minina . Unique
wuich a) become mma fminla o enlse
Value a d
domain
 2-3 Paat)
2%
nina 0 >
=0 -4 32 - e,()
miniina manma And Q:
3
poiht tunig
point/saddle
value (second P
yaue ate gve devinatie
inna
azpual
(4)
vauiahe Mulkple
daunuatie. pautal ’
deuivatie Guadet’ Doieatvs
and
 Nazima -|

f(4)-a'-A14 -2-4424

-2-9+24 186

Mazima (-!, 9%) Minina (A, 1s6)

Q: f() at22-3

4e to -ve
,hocal minimO
plca)
-2 -2

2
of ue haue 2D pane
bom cach pont we
Can daw dangert
"fadient noUnal to tangent andl he ncunal to
cotpontirg tangot
Guadient s a necho gradient.

yadient
Whucton c qradint l be drent
?()=-Snr n
Aatovd
1,
(a)
oudeu
2 T()
yanmon
seues I- jauadake
(2-p)
p"o)=-| diveuging T(x) +
2-p)"-
puonimakon:

|-
(7-)
+
(7-)
t21
+
4
ton
2:|
pia) ayoeseues
N=01
=
08414 O4
°6 0+I
3!
[*0)
3! -2 51
5 +0
+ria,p) +
-L
D833 o0998
(*-o)
31
+o
+
 b)
(o, o
+yy b)
=0
=
t (y-)3Paggla,
(y-b)
--e'sina
eoy Pay
(o,5)
esn
(a-a) +
(a,b) y-t
b) 4e (o)
+
Ca, a fy
naiable
Aiso budeu
(a-a) o (a expaion
2 3Rla,b)
Ca,b) (7-a+
P (7a)'+ seues
+ -e'ainyfyz
(%y)
-esny
P(o,b) (a,b) point{
o)
po y(z4)
-einy coy
(Pae ayloe
(ab) - e
P(zy) (2,) =
(2y)
/ find lay Syy
a:@
 (hg
|- sus\
*
l-
(o-z) Gson
(o-x) (0)gon
si9-(G-B)
+
(.h)-o -(9-h)

gus
1-T T* s-k)
*1)
+o-t)
+oxE
*,(0-) (s-h)2z-ron,

axp
 --|-2- y-)
21 31

Gnadiat NeotorJarsban matiz Heian mata'z

Let f,y) be He then

V
’ Gpadieut vecto

Jocobian mai
 mabia:

2,0n

vechou n no:d vavuables.

No: eigen naluus &ergen

t%4) oer (0,b) f (o, b)

,(%g)<o
has a myima (a,b)
 soddle paint
fiz,y) at (ab) at pant p

T lay at (a )
Tal2,g) at (at4a bb)

Ab

(a+ Aa,b+4b)- f(p) + Vf p + (4p HAp

a Find h scond odeu ayou polynonual the n

P(7y) xy+ cos (a) nowd Hee pont p(42)- ls
appozinake -3,1) sing he ayloe pdyod
obtained .

f(zy) ft42) = l6 t Cs () -5
ay'+ coolauyo
t(42) 4 - sin -2) = 49

Ey (, 21y +2 Sin (xy) - t6-sin (-2)

Pan l2y) - Cos (ay) Raz(-42)-os 2)
fay (4,y- 2y -1co (xy)
(r4) fayl-4,2) = 4A Cos (-2)
Asy (-42) -8- (-2)
V.
v (4)4ho
-29in (242y)| |16-24in0

H=
|-co laay) 2y-2coo(a+2g) H(4,) ftoso 4-2 t010

|4-2090 -4C80
28-2c08(zt24) 27- 4coslt29)|
2
-12

houo -(3, )
old s (4,2)

&1.(a+ da, b+4 b) P(p+ V 4p

Ap + 4p H4p

3-15 + 20 +

=12
la,b)p)= Foe
2
neialle
(7p)"p') Tal

at
2ponb
itj

(a,D) (4a)

(y-b'
r-a'
 ’ Conver
Ue eb.
fropeukie
Nalonicaly. faningby
Coneset: e
cone 2,
zoadaining +(i-2) Nae uose
set
1, 2 2
d te
al pains
tDsuch oL
single D vecto
that on
ton
set o7 , a
meccsalynct and Coe

2a+(1-2)4,
jo+biininge line
soluticu 2I
l .t Conven
lill , nu
Hhen de eouwemel
o ED
Hue
then to
be ad
linean
*(cex unekon

2x,+ (62) %, D
(onvex

P(Az,+(-a)z;) 4 2 tlz,) + (1-2) Prz,)

f(a,)

ochod
daod ioning duo peinb on e cuse oill. be alsay
aboue Hhe cue blw
blw te pontr
fut denivatve
Latleast noV1-dBeONig

Laill be aluoays

as he locod mtiuima
 lineas puoinalou at fpoiht
eint
wder estimak toue value 4 e

Rurckan:
-Plz)

dest:

mabiz i porhe semdeleni'be is

d quau
all eige Nalues >o i=l--k
pontue dlenite
Heman Mabiz H:
hen
fonithe sevntde<em'te
conveN

pou'thne delu'te Hen

conve.
 2 2 2

21,23 - bi-472 - 274:

9 - 6t, -2a, -22, -b

-6

94 = 47, -27, t2%3 -4

22,
27; - 2a, +2%, -2

= 2

2 -2 4 = 2

=-2
= 2
2
 ¬>0
L
o
the
b] La the then
lyuomial such Pala)
that kunchten
R{a,b} f:
Weienstas
heouam:
delauile Positie
esise
70 l6. =
-3 24 z 222 2 2
-2(-4 -4) 6( = 2 4 -2
2(4+) - 4) 62
2
4 2
>0 20 = 24-4 - 6-2
dagoual puihoipal 4
mab
-2 27, + 23-2
2
2
2 4 "2
2 2 6 -2-G 6-2
 Gprmaliky, (nditous:
the Losains
) ndeu He
Mininiza min'za
-.. n
hj(a) =0,J- |2

near to te pon

oint caled docal cptma

chun he qpoamum

cotinality covditon:
fuat oudau
dtfontabe at
Vl0
Lony
optimunt point and conatiay
the suder necOsa

mucnamy qplinalis aunditon:

Secsvd ouceu dulleunkale
contvous and kaica
api mal pount
Heuian mabiz H ghould
Dulyi V(7) =D &
be
 2 2.

oplirval oinb < optmalit canditou

and oity lu second oudeu.

+2 -4

- 4

0! , + 47; -4-3a,
2
A-N2
4 + - 4 =0

-37, + f+97, -A=o

2
32, = 3x2.

X= 4-0 4

(a ,)= (3,1) $ (4,0)

- 4 - 6,

Roz (40)
4
’ideleike
tpktmal tount
 o
V-e
ane
3d,
elements 2
d,)t
check
(d,+
dàgonalfo
od
plinoplenednoten ()